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CHAPTER 2
Being Ethical and Socially Responsible
INSTRUCTOR MANUAL RESOURCES
2.1 A Word from the Authors....................................................................................................... 41
2.2 Transition Guide ..................................................................................................................... 41
2.3 Quick Reference Guide........................................................................................................... 43
2.4 Learning Objectives................................................................................................................ 44
2.5 Brief Chapter Outline.............................................................................................................. 44
2.6 Comprehensive Lecture Outline ............................................................................................. 45
2.7 Textbook Answer Keys........................................................................................................... 58
2.7a Return to Inside Business...................................................................................... 58
2.7b Review Questions ................................................................................................. 58
2.7c Discussion Questions............................................................................................ 61
2.7d Video Case 2.1: Scholfield Honda—Going Green with Honda ........................... 62
2.7e Case 2.2: Unilever’s Plan for Green and Clean Growth....................................... 62
2.7f Building Skills for Career Success ....................................................................... 63
2.8 Quizzes I and II....................................................................................................................... 66
2.9 Answer Key for Quizzes I and II ........................................................................................... 69
2.10 Classroom Exercises............................................................................................................... 69
2.10a Homework Activities............................................................................................ 69
2.10b Classroom Activities............................................................................................. 70
2.10c Exercise Handouts ................................................................................................ 70

Chapter 2 Being Ethical and Socially Responsible 41
41 Chapter 2 Being Ethical and Socially Responsible
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
2.1 A WORD FROM THE AUTHORS
The material on ethics and social responsibility is presented early in the text to underscore the im-
portance of business’s role in our society. In this context, we define business ethics and discuss the
major factors believed to influence the level of ethical behavior in an organization. We also examine
several types of ethical issues.
As in Chapter 1, we turn to American history to trace the evolution of socially responsible business
practices. Next, we define and contrast two contemporary views of social responsibility: the eco-
nomic model and the socioeconomic model. In the process, we present arguments both for and
against increased social responsibility in business. We consider social changes in three specific
areas: consumerism, employment practices, and the environment. We identify public and private
agencies that regulate or monitor business practices in these areas, including the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission and the Environmental Protection Agency. Finally, we outline the steps in
the development and implementation of an effective corporate program for social responsibility.
2.2 TRANSITION GUIDE
New in Chapter 2: Being Ethical and Socially Responsible
A new Inside Business feature describes how Panera cares about its communities by “suggested
funding levels” rather than specific prices for its meals.
New URL information about the student Web site is provided in the first part of the chapter.
Information has been added about John and Timothy Rigas of Adelphia Communications Corp.
and how Adelphia’s investors lost more than $60 billion.
A new Personal Apps describes how business ethics apply to customers, managers, and employ-
ees.
In the “Fairness and Honesty” section, information about how more than 1,500 clients of Ander-
son’s Ark and Associates lost about $31 million has been added.
The Ethical Challenges and Successful Solutions feature has been deleted.
The whistle-blowing section has been updated, and the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 is
now included in the discussion.
In the “Social Responsibility” section, the General Mills Foundation’s philanthropic activities are
revised and updated.
A discussion of IBM’s Corporate Service Corps., a “corporate version” of the Peace Corps, is
now included.
A new example of GE’s $20 million grant to Milwaukee Public Schools to improve academic
achievement is now included.
Charles Schwab Foundation’s philanthropic efforts are updated.
A new example of how ExxonMobil celebrated 2011 International Women’s Day by granting $6
million to support economic opportunities for women around the world has been added.

A new example of how AT&T responded to the high school drop-out crisis with a $100 million
philanthropic program is given.
The Sustaining the Planet feature about major companies and nonprofit groups has been deleted.
A new Personal Apps explains that we should keep consumer rights in mind when we shop
around for goods and services or have a problem with a purchase.
A new Ethical Success or Failure? feature reveals how everything we do online is being tracked
by business.
Figure 2.3, “Comparative Income Levels,” has been updated to reflect the latest census data
available.
Figure 2.4, “Relative Earnings of Male and Female Workers,” has been updated to reflect the
latest census data available.
A new Sustaining the Planet feature describes how Xerox approaches its corporate social respon-
sibility and citizenship by designing waste-free products.
The Spotlight feature, “Recession and Responsibility,” has been deleted.
British Petroleum’s 2012 settlement to pay out $7.8 billion has been added to the discussion of
the Deepwater Horizon disaster.
A new Entrepreneurial Success feature describes how growing numbers of young entrepreneurs
are starting businesses with the goal of using their skills for a socially responsible purpose.
The Entrepreneurial Success feature about recycling entrepreneurs has been deleted.
A new Return to Inside Business featuring Panera Cares is provided at the end of the chapter.
A new Case 2.2 describes Unilever’s plan for green and clean growth.
The Building Skills for Career Success section contains a new Social Media Exercise.
The Exploring the Internet feature in Building Skills for Career Success has been deleted.

2.3 QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE
Instructor Resource Location
Transition Guide IM, pp. 41–42
Learning Objectives Textbook, p. 35; IM, p. 44
Brief Chapter Outline IM, pp. 44–45
Comprehensive Lecture Outline IM, pp. 45–57
Ethical Success or Failure? Is Personal Data Really Pri-
vate?
Textbook, p. 53
At Issue: How should employers deal with proselytiz-
ing?
IM, p. 55
Sustaining the Planet Social Responsibility at Xerox Textbook, p. 59
Entrepreneurial Success Social Entrepreneurs of Tomor-
row
Textbook, p. 61
Inside Business Panera Cares About Its Communities Textbook, p. 36
Return to Inside Business Textbook, p. 63
Questions and Suggested Answers, IM, p. 58
Marginal Key Terms List Textbook, p. 64
Review Questions Textbook, p. 64
Questions and Suggested Answers, IM, pp. 58–61
Discussion Questions Textbook, p. 65
Video Case 2.1 (Scholfield Honda—Going Green with
Honda) and Questions
Textbook, p. 65
Questions and Suggested Answers, IM, p. 62
Case 2.2 (Unilever’s Plan for Green and Clean Growth)
and Questions
Textbook, p. 66
Building Skills for Career Success Textbook, pp. 66–67
Suggested Answers, IM, pp. 63–65
IM Quiz I & Quiz II IM, pp. 66–68
Answers, IM, p. 69
Classroom Exercises IM, pp. 69–70

2.4 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, students should be able to:
1. Understand what is meant by business ethics.
2. Identify the types of ethical concerns that arise in the business world.
3. Discuss the factors that affect the level of ethical behavior in organizations.
4. Explain how ethical decision making can be encouraged.
5. Describe how our current views on the social responsibility of business have evolved.
6. Explain the two views on the social responsibility of business and understand the arguments for
and against increased social responsibility.
7. Discuss the factors that led to the consumer movement and list some of its results.
8. Analyze how present employment practices are being used to counteract past abuses.
9. Describe the major types of pollution, their causes, and their cures.
10. Identify the steps a business must take to implement a program of social responsibility.
2.5 BRIEF CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Business Ethics Defined
II. Ethical Issues
A. Fairness and Honesty
B. Organizational Relationships
C. Conflict of Interest
D. Communications
III. Factors Affecting Ethical Behavior
A. Individual Factors Affecting Ethics
B. Social Factors Affecting Ethics
C. “Opportunity” as a Factor Affecting Ethics
IV. Encouraging Ethical Behavior
A. Government’s Role in Encouraging Ethics
B. Trade Associations’ Role in Encouraging Ethics
C. Individual Companies’ Role in Encouraging Ethics
V. Social Responsibility
VI. The Evolution of Social Responsibility in Business
A. Historical Evolution of Business Social Responsibility

VII. Two Views of Social Responsibility
A. The Economic Model
B. The Socioeconomic Model
C. The Pros and Cons of Social Responsibility
1. Arguments for Increased Social Responsibility
2. Arguments Against Increased Social Responsibility
VIII. Consumerism
A. The Six Basic Rights of Consumers
1. The Right to Safety
2. The Right to Be Informed
3. The Right to Choose
4. The Right to Be Heard
5. Additional Consumer Rights
B. Major Consumerism Forces
IX. Employment Practices
A. Affirmative Action Programs
B. Training Programs for the Hard-Core Unemployed
X. Concern for the Environment
A. Effects of Environmental Legislation
1. Water Pollution
2. Air Pollution
3. Land Pollution
4. Noise Pollution
B. Who Should Pay for a Clean Environment?
XI. Implementing a Program of Social Responsibility
A. Developing a Program of Social Responsibility
1. Commitment of Top Executives
2. Planning
3. Appointment of a Director
4. The Social Audit
B. Funding the Program
2.6 COMPREHENSIVE LECTURE OUTLINE
Most managers today are finding ways of balancing a growing agenda of socially responsible activi-
ties with the drive to generate profits.
I. BUSINESS ETHICS DEFINED. Ethics is the study of right and wrong and of the morality
of choices individuals make. Business ethics is the application of moral standards to business
situations.

Teaching Tip: Ask students how they decide what is right and what is wrong. Is there an internal
mechanism or process they use or a code? Follow up by asking where they learned their personal
code.
II. ETHICAL ISSUES. Businesspeople face ethical issues every day, and some of these issues
can be difficult to assess. These issues arise out of a business’s relationship with investors,
customers, employees, creditors, and competitors.
A. Fairness and Honesty. Fairness and honesty in business are important ethical concerns.
Businesspeople must obey all laws and regulations as well as refrain from knowingly
deceiving, misrepresenting, or intimidating others.
B. Organizational Relationships. It may be tempting to place personal welfare above the
welfare of others or of the organization. Relationships with customers and co-workers
often create ethical problems such as taking credit for others’ ideas or work, not meeting
one’s commitments, and pressuring others to behave unethically.
C. Conflict of Interest. Conflict of interest results when a businessperson takes advantage
of a situation for his or her own personal interest rather than for the employer’s interest.
D. Communications. Business communications, especially advertising, can present ethical
questions. Advertisers must take precautions to guard against deception.
III. FACTORS AFFECTING ETHICAL BEHAVIOR. The factors that affect the level of eth-
ical behavior in organizations are individual, social, and opportunity. (See Figure 2.1.)
A. Individual Factors Affecting Ethics
1. Individual Knowledge of an Issue. A decision maker with a greater amount of
knowledge regarding a situation may take steps to avoid ethical problems, whereas
a less-informed person may take action unknowingly that leads to an ethical quag-
mire.
2. Personal Values. An individual’s moral values and central, value-related attitudes
also clearly influence his or her business behavior.
3. Personal Goals. The types of personal goals an individual aspires to and the manner
in which these goals are pursued have a significant impact on that individual’s be-
havior in an organization.
B. Social Factors Affecting Ethics
1. Cultural Norms. A person’s behavior in the workplace, to some degree, is deter-
mined by cultural norms, and these social factors vary from one culture to another.
2. Co-workers. The actions and decisions of co-workers constitute another social fac-
tor believed to shape a person’s sense of business ethics.

3. Significant Others. The moral values and attitudes of “significant others”—
spouses, friends, and relatives—can also affect an employee’s perception of what is
ethical and unethical behavior in the workplace.
4. Use of the Internet. Even the Internet presents new challenges for firms whose em-
ployees enjoy easy access to sites through convenient high-speed connections at
work. An employee’s behavior online can be viewed as offensive to co-workers
and possibly lead to lawsuits against the firm if employees engage in unethical be-
havior on controversial Web sites not related to their job.
Teaching Tip: A classroom can be considered a workplace for the time students are there. Ask stu-
dents to take a minute and write down three examples of ethical behavior in the classroom and three
examples of unethical behavior. Beyond the obvious cheating issues, students may mention things
such as one student constantly monopolizing the instructor’s time, etc.
C. “Opportunity” as a Factor Affecting Ethics
1. Presence of Opportunity. Opportunity refers to the amount of freedom an organiza-
tion gives an employee to behave unethically if he or she makes that choice.
2. Ethical Codes. The existence of an ethical code and the importance management
places on this code are other determinants of opportunity.
3. Enforcement. The degree of enforcement of company policies, procedures, and eth-
ical codes is a major force affecting opportunity.
IV. ENCOURAGING ETHICAL BEHAVIOR. Most authorities agree that there is room for im-
provement in business ethics. A more problematic issue is whether business can be made more
ethical in the real world.
A. Government’s Role in Encouraging Ethics. The government can establish acceptable lev-
els of behavior by passing more stringent regulations. For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
of 2002 gives those who report corporate misconduct sweeping new legal protection.
B. Trade Associations’ Role in Encouraging Ethics. Trade associations can, and often do,
provide ethical guidelines for their members to follow.
C. Individual Companies’ Role in Encouraging Ethics
1. Codes of ethics that companies provide to their employees are perhaps the most ef-
fective way to encourage ethical behavior. A code of ethics is a written guide to ac-
ceptable and ethical behavior as defined by an organization that outlines uniform
policies, standards, and punishments for violations.
2. However, codes cannot possibly cover every situation.
a) Companies must also create an environment in which employees recognize
the importance of following the written code.

b) Managers must provide direction by fostering communication, actively en-
couraging ethical decision making, and training employees to make ethical
decisions.
c) Assigning an ethics officer who coordinates ethical conduct gives employees
someone to go to if they aren’t sure of the right thing to do.
d) An ethics officer meets with employees and top management to provide ethi-
cal advice, establishes and maintains an anonymous confidential service to an-
swer questions about ethical issues, and takes action on ethics code violations.
3. See Figure 2.2 for Texas Instruments’ code of ethics.
4. Unethical practices often become ingrained in an organization.
5. Employees with high personal ethics may take a controversial step called whistle-
blowing—informing the press or government officials about unethical practices
within one’s organization.
a) Whistle-blowing can have serious repercussions for an employee.
b) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 protects whistle-blowers who report corpo-
rate misconduct. Any executive who retaliates against a whistle-blower can be
held criminally liable and imprisoned for up to 10 years.
c) The Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 protects federal employees who
report an agency’s misconduct.
6. When firms set up anonymous ethical hotlines to handle ethically questionable sit-
uations, employees may be more likely to engage in whistle-blowing.
7. When firms create an environment that educates employees and nurtures ethical
behavior, whistle-blowing is greatly reduced because fewer ethical problems arise.
8. See Table 2.1 for general guidelines for making ethical decisions.
V. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
A. Social responsibility is the recognition that business activities have an impact on society
and the consideration of that impact in business decision making.
1. Social responsibility can cost companies a considerable amount of money, but it is
also good business.
B. Examples of Socially Responsible Organizations
1. Through Young Eagles, underwritten by S. C. Johnson, Phillips Petroleum, Lock-
heed Martin, Jaguar, and other corporations, 22,000 volunteer pilots take a half
million youngsters on free flights to teach flying basics.
2. The General Mills Foundation, created in 1954, is one of the largest U.S. company-
sponsored foundations and has awarded over $535 million to communities since its
creation. Millions of dollars have been donated to Feeding America.
3. Dell’s outreach programs include projects that bring technology to underserved
communities around the world. Globally, the Michael and Susan Dell Foundation

has contributed more than $700 million to improve student performance and in-
crease access to education.
4. Improving public schools around the world continues to be IBM’s top social priori-
ty. Its efforts are focused on preparing the next generation of leaders and workers.
IBM launched the World Community Grid in 2004. It combines excess processing
power from thousands of computers in a virtual supercomputer that enables re-
searchers to gather and analyze unprecedented quantities of data aimed at advanc-
ing research on genomics, diseases, and natural disasters. IBM’s Corporate Service
Corps. is a group of high performing employees that provide technology-related as-
sistance to foreign governments and communities including economic develop-
ment, health care, and entrepreneurship.
5. General Electric Company (GE) has a long history of supporting the communities
where its employees work and live through its unique combination of resources,
equipment, and employee and retiree volunteers. The company devotes its efforts
in philanthropy to making communities around the world stronger. For example,
the GE Foundation awarded $20 million to Milwaukee Public Schools as part of
GE’s Developing Futures™ in Education program to help students compete in a
global economy.
6. With the help of dedicated Schwab volunteers, the Charles Schwab Foundation
provides programs and funding to help adults and children learn the basics of fi-
nancial literacy. Since 1993, the Schwab Foundation has distributed an average of
$4 million a year to 2,300 nonprofit organizations.
7. Improving basic literacy skills in the United States is among the Verizon Founda-
tion’s major priorities because of its enormous impact on education, health, and
economic development. Recently, Verizon employees and retirees donated more
than 608,000 hours of service and, with the Verizon Foundation, contributed over
$25 million in combined matching gift funds, making Verizon Volunteers one of
the largest corporate volunteer incentive programs in the United States.
8. ExxonMobil’s commitment to education spans all levels of achievement. The Na-
tional Math and Science Initiative and the Mickelson ExxonMobil Teachers Acad-
emy are programs emphasizing long-term educational improvement. The company
supports new generations pursuing studies and careers in math and science. Recent-
ly, ExxonMobil employees and retirees contributed a total of $238 million to
communities worldwide. In addition, the company celebrated 2011 International
Women’s Day by granting $6 million to support economic opportunities for wom-
en around the world.
9. AT&T has built a tradition of supporting education, health and human services, the
environment, public policy, and the arts in the communities it serves. Since 1984,
AT&T has invested more than $600 million in support of education. To respond to

the high school drop-out crisis, AT&T launched Aspire, a $100 million job shad-
owing program that has reached more than 23,000 students in over 200 cities.
10. At Merck & Co., Inc., the Patient Assistance Program makes the company’s medi-
cines available to low-income Americans and their families at no cost. For over 50
years, Merck has provided its medicines completely free of charge to people in
need through this program. Since 1957, the Merck Company Foundation has con-
tributed more than $560 million to develop programs that help improve the health
and well-being of people around the world.
These are just a few illustrations from a long list of companies big and small that at-
tempt to behave in socially responsible ways.
VI. THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN BUSINESS
A. Historical Evolution of Business Social Responsibility. During the first quarter of the
twentieth century, businesses were free to operate pretty much as they chose.
1. Working conditions were often deplorable by today’s standards.
a) The average work week exceeded 60 hours in most industries.
b) There was no minimum-wage law.
c) There were no employee benefits.
d) Work areas were crowded and unsafe, and industrial accidents were the rule
rather than the exception.
2. During this period, consumers were generally subject to the doctrine of caveat
emptor, a Latin phrase meaning “let the buyer beware.”
a) Victims of unscrupulous business practices could take legal action, but going
to court was very expensive and consumers rarely won their cases.
b) There were no consumer groups or government agencies to hold sellers re-
sponsible for their activities.
3. Prior to the 1930s, government became involved in day-to-day business activities
only when there was an obvious abuse of the free-market system and competition
was endangered. (See Table 2.2 for a list of early government regulations affecting
business.)
B. The collapse of the stock market on October 29, 1929, triggered the Great Depression
and years of economic problems for the United States.
1. Public pressure mounted for government to “do something” about the economy and
about worsening social conditions.
2. As a result, laws were passed to correct what many viewed as monopolistic abuses
of big business, and various social services were provided for individuals.
VII. TWO VIEWS OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. Government regulation and public
awareness are external forces that have increased the social responsibility of business. But

business decisions are made within the firm—and there, social responsibility begins with the
attitude of management. There are two models of social responsibility.
A. The Economic Model. The economic model of social responsibility holds that society
will benefit most when business is left alone to produce and market profitable products
that society needs.
B. The Socioeconomic Model. The socioeconomic model of social responsibility holds
that business should emphasize not only profits but also the impact of its decisions on
society.
C. The Pros and Cons of Social Responsibility. The merits of the economic and socio-
economic models have been debated for years. Each side seems to have four arguments.
1. Arguments for Increased Social Responsibility. Proponents of the socioeconom-
ic model offer the following arguments:
a) Business cannot ignore social issues because business is a part of our society.
b) Business has the technical, financial, and managerial resources needed to tackle
today’s complex social issues.
c) By helping to resolve social issues, business can create a more stable envi-
ronment for long-term profitability.
d) Socially responsible decision making by business firms can prevent increased
government intervention, which would force businesses to do what they fail to
do voluntarily.
2. Arguments Against Increased Social Responsibility. Opponents of the socioeco-
nomic model offer these arguments:
a) Business managers are responsible primarily to stockholders, so management
must be concerned with providing a return on owners’ investments.
b) Corporate time, money, and talent should be used to maximize profits, not to
solve society’s problems.
c) Social problems affect society in general, so individual businesses should not
be expected to solve these problems.
d) Social issues are the responsibility of government officials who are elected for
that purpose and who are accountable to the voters for their decisions.
3. Table 2.3 compares the economic and socioeconomic viewpoints in terms of busi-
ness emphasis.
4. Today, few firms are either purely economic or purely socioeconomic in outlook;
most have chosen some middle ground between the two.
a) However, our society generally seems to want—and even to expect—some
degree of social responsibility from business.
b) Thus, within this middle ground between the two extremes, businesses are
leaning toward the socioeconomic view.

VIII. CONSUMERISM. Consumerism consists of all those activities that are undertaken to pro-
tect the rights of consumers. The consumer movement issues fall into three categories: envi-
ronmental protection, product performance and safety, and information disclosure.
A. The Six Basic Rights of Consumers. During the 1960s, President John F. Kennedy de-
clared that the consumer was entitled to a new “bill of rights.”
1. The Right to Safety. The right to safety means that products purchased by con-
sumers must be safe for their intended use, include thorough and explicit directions
for proper use, and have been tested by the manufacturer to ensure product quality
and reliability. American business firms must be concerned about product safety
for several reasons.
a) Federal agencies have the power to force businesses that make or sell defec-
tive products to take corrective actions.
b) Consumers and the government have been winning an increasing number of
product-liability lawsuits against sellers of defective products.
c) The consumer is demanding safe products.
2. The Right to Be Informed. The right to be informed means that consumers must
have access to complete information about a product before they buy it. In addi-
tion, manufacturers must inform consumers about the potential dangers of using
their products.
3. The Right to Choose. The right to choose means that consumers have a choice of
products, offered by different manufacturers and sellers, to satisfy a particular
need.
a) The government has encouraged competition through antitrust legislation.
b) Competition and the resulting freedom of choice provide an additional benefit
for consumers by reducing prices.
4. The Right to Be Heard. The right to be heard means that someone will listen and
take appropriate action when customers complain.
a) Today, businesses are listening more attentively, and many larger firms have
consumer relations departments that can easily be contacted via toll-free
phone numbers.
b) Most large cities and some states have consumer affairs offices to act on citi-
zens’ complaints.
5. Additional Consumer Rights. In 1975, President Ford added the right to consum-
er education which entitles people to be fully informed about their rights as con-
sumers. In 1994, President Clinton added the sixth right—the right to service,
which entitles consumers to convenience, courtesy, and responsiveness from manu-
facturers and suppliers.

Teaching Tip: Go to the Federal Trade Commission’s site and view the rights provided to consum-
ers (http://www.ftc.gov/consumer). Students may want to know about these rights.
B. Major Consumerism Forces. Major advances in consumerism have come through fed-
eral legislation. Major federal laws that have been passed since 1960 to protect consum-
er rights are listed and described in Table 2.4.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 was
passed by the House of Representatives to protect consumers and investors.
IX. EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES. Everyone who works for a living should have the oppor-
tunity to land a job for which he or she is qualified and to be rewarded on the basis of ability
and performance. Although this is an important issue for society, over the years this oppor-
tunity has been denied to members of various minority groups.
1. A minority is a racial, religious, political, national, or other group regarded as dif-
ferent from the larger group of which it is a part and that is often singled out for un-
favorable treatment.
2. The federal government responded to the outcry of minority groups during the
1960s and 1970s by passing a number of laws forbidding discrimination in the
workplace.
a) Now, almost 50 years after passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, abuses
still exist.
b) There is a disparity among income levels for whites, blacks, and Hispanics.
(See Figure 2.3.)
c) Lower incomes and higher unemployment rates also affect Native Americans,
handicapped persons, and women.
3. Responsible managers have instituted several programs to counteract the results of
discrimination.
A. Affirmative Action Programs. An affirmative action program is a plan designed to in-
crease the number of minority employees at all levels within an organization.
1. Employers with federal contracts of more than $50,000 per year must have written
affirmative action plans. The objective of such programs is to ensure that minori-
ties are represented within the organization in approximately the same proportion
as in the surrounding community.
2. Affirmative action programs have been plagued by two problems.
a) The first problem involves quotas. In the beginning, many firms pledged to
recruit and hire a certain number of minority members by a specific date. To
achieve this goal, they were forced to consider only minority applicants for
job openings.

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“Which are of very recent introduction and very insecure tenure,”
added I.
“They formed the corner-stone of the great charter on which our
English state is built—a charter that has become our glory and the
world’s envy.”
“To be broken into and rifled within a century; to be set under the
foot of a Henry VIII. and pinned to the petticoat of an Elizabeth; to
be mocked at in the death of a Mary, Queen of Scots, and a Charles;
to be thrown out of window by a Cromwell. Our charters and our
liberties! Oh! we are a thrifty race. We can pocket them all when it
suits our convenience, and flaunt them to the world on exhibition-
days. Our charter did not save young Raymond Herbert his neck for
sticking to his faith during the Reformation, though I believe that
same charter provided above all things that the church of God
should be free; and a Chief-Justice Herbert sat on the bench and
pronounced sentence on the boy, not daring to wag a finger in
defence of his own flesh and blood. Of course the Catholic Church
was not the church of God, for so the queen’s majesty decreed; and
to Chief-Justice Herbert we owe these lands, such of them as were
saved. Great heaven! we talk of nobility—English nobility; the
proudest race under the sun. The proudest race under the sun, who
would scorn to kiss the Pope’s slipper, grovelled in the earth, one
and all of them, under the heel of an Elizabeth, and the other day
trembled at the frown of a George the Fourth!”
I need not dwell on the fact that in those days I had a particular
fondness for the sound of my own voice. I gloried in what seemed to
me startling paradoxes, and flashes of wisdom that loosened bolts
and rivets of prejudice, shattered massive edifices of falsehood,
undermined in a twinkling social and moral weaknesses, which, of
course, had waited in snug security all these long years for my
coming to expose them to the scorn of a wondering world. What a
hero I was, what a trenchant manner I had of putting things, what a
keen intellect lay concealed under that calm exterior, and what a
deep debt the world would have owed me had it only listened in

time to my Cassandra warnings, it will be quite unnecessary for me
to point out.
“I suppose I ought to be very much ashamed of myself,” said
Kenneth good-humoredly; “but I still confess that I find my own
country the most interesting of any that I have seen. It may be that
the very variety, the strange contradictions in our national life and
character, noticed by our radical here, are in themselves no small
cause for that interest. If we have had a Henry VIII., we have had
an Alfred and an Edward; if we have had an Elizabeth, we have also
had a Maud; if our nobles cowered before a woman, they faced a
man at Runnymede, and at their head were English churchmen,
albeit not English churchmen of the stamp of to-day. If we broke
through our charter, let us at least take the merit of having restored
something of it, although it is somewhat mortifying to find that
centuries of wandering and of history and discovery only land us at
our old starting-point.”
“I give in. Bah! we are spoiling the night with history, while all
nature is smiling at us in her beautiful calm.”
“Ah! you have driven away the nightingale; it sings no more,” said
Fairy.
“Surely some one can console us for its absence,” said Kenneth,
glancing at Nellie.
“I do not understand Italian,” she laughed back.
“Your denial is a confession of guilt. I heard Roger call you Fairy.
There be good fairies and bad. You would not be placed among the
bad?”
“Why not?”
“Because all the bad fairies are old.”
“And ride on broomsticks,” added I.
Unlike her brother, who had not a note of music in him, Fairy had
a beautiful voice, which had had the additional advantage of a very

careful cultivation. She sang us a simple old ballad that touched our
hearts; and when that was done, we insisted on another. Then the
very trees seemed to listen, the flowers to open as to a new
sunlight, and shed their sweetness in sympathy, as she sang one of
those ballads of sighs and tears, hope and despair and sorrowful
lamentation, caught from the heart of a nation whose feelings have
been stirred to the depths to give forth all that was in them in the
beautiful music that their poet has wedded to words. The ballad was
“The Last Rose of Summer,” and as the notes died away the foliage
seemed to move and murmur with applause, while after a pause the
nightingale trilled out again its wonderful song in rivalry. There was
silence for a short time, which was broken by Kenneth saying:
“I must break up Fairy-land, and go back to the Black Bull.”
But of this we would not hear. It was agreed that Kenneth should
take up his quarters with us. The conversation outlasted our usual
hours at Leighstone. Kenneth sustained the burden; and with a
wonderful grace and charm he did so. He had read as well as
travelled, and more deeply and extensively than is common with
men of his years; for his conversation was full of that easy and
delightful illustration that only a student whose sharp angles have
been worn off by contact with the world outside his study can
command and gracefully use, leaving the gem of knowledge that a
man possesses, be it small or great, perfect in its setting. Much of
what he related was relieved by some shrewd and happy remark of
his own that showed him a close observer, while a genial good-
nature and tendency to take the best possible view of things diffused
itself through all. It was late when my father said:
“Mr. Goodal, you have tempted me into inviting an attack of my
old enemy by sitting here so long. There is no necessity for your
going to-morrow, is there, since you are simply on a walking tour?
Roger is a great rambler, and there are many pretty spots about
Leighstone, many an old ruin that will repay a visit. Indeed, ruins are
the most interesting objects of these days. My walking days, I fear,
are over. A visitor is a Godsend to us down here, and, though you

ramblers soon tire of one spot, there is more in Leighstone than can
be well seen in a day.”
Thus pressed, he consented, and our little party broke up.
“Are you an owl!” I asked Kenneth, as my father and sister retired.
“Somewhat,” he replied, smiling.
“Then come to my room, and you shall give your to-whoo to my
to-whit. I was born an owl, having been introduced into this world, I
am informed, in the small hours; and the habits of the species cling
to me. Take that easy-chair and try this cigar. These slippers will
ease your feet. Though not a drinking man, properly so called, I
confess to a liking for the juice of the grape. The fondness for it is
still strong in the sluggish blood of the Norse, and I cannot help my
blood. Therefore, at an hour like this, a night-cap will not hurt us. Of
what color shall it be? Of the deep claret tint of Bordeaux, the dark-
red hue of Burgundy, or the golden amber of the generous
Spaniard? Though, as I tell you, not a drinking man, I think a good
cigar and a little wine vastly improves the moonlight, provided the
quantity be not such as to obscure the vision of eye or brain. That is
not exactly a theory of my own. It was constantly and deeply
impressed upon me by a very reverend friend of mine, with whom I
read for a year. Indeed I fear his faith in port was deeper than his
faith in the Pentateuch. The drunkard is to me the lowest of animals,
ever has been, and ever will be. Were the world ruled—as it is
scarcely likely to be just yet—by my suggestions, the fate of the
Duke of Clarence should be the doom of every drunkard, with only
this difference; that each one be drowned in his own favorite liquor,
soaked there till he dissolved, and the contents ladled out and
poured down the throat of whoever, by any accident, mistook the
gutter for his bed. You will pardon my air; in my own room I am
supreme lord and master. Kenneth, my boy, I like you. I feel as
though I had known you all my life. That must have been the reason
for my unruly, ungracious, and unmannerly explosion down-stairs at
dinner. I have an uncontrollable habit of breaking out in that style

sometimes, and the effect on my father, whom I need not tell you I
love and revere above all men living, is what you see.”
He smoked in silence a few seconds, and then, turning on me,
suddenly asked:
“Where did you learn your theology?”
The question was the last in the world that would have presented
itself to me, and was a little startling, but put in too earnest a
manner for a sneer, and too kindly to give offence. I answered
blandly that I was guiltless of laying claim to any special theology.
“Well, your opinions, then—the faith, the reasons, on which you
ground your life and views of life. Your conversation at times drifts
into a certain tone that makes me ask. Where or what have you
studied?”
“Nowhere; nothing; everywhere; everything; everybody; I read
whatever I come across. And as for theology—for my theology, such
as it is—I suppose I am chiefly indebted to that remarkably clever
organ of opinion known as the Journal of the Age.”
A few whiffs in silence, and then he said:
“I thought so.”
“What did you think?”
“That you were a reader of the Journal of the Age. Most
youngsters who read anything above a sporting journal or a
sensational novel are. I have been a student of it myself—a very
close student. I knew the editor well. We were at one time bosom
friends. He took me in training, and I recognized the symptoms in
you at once.”
“How so?”
“The Journal of the Age—and it has numerous admirers and
imitators—is, in these days, the ablest organ of a great and almost
universal worship of an awful trinity that has existed since man was

first created; and the name of that awful trinity is—the devil, the
world, and the flesh.”
I stared at him in silent astonishment. All the gayety of his
manner, all its softness, had gone, and he seemed in deadly earnest,
as he went on:
“This worship is not paraded in its grossest form. Not at all. It is
graced by all that wit can give and undisciplined intellect devise. It
has a brilliant sneer for Faith, a scornful smile for Hope, and a chill
politeness for Charity. I revelled in it for a time. Heaven forgive me! I
was happy enough to escape.”
“With what result?”
“Briefly with this: with the conviction that man did not make this
world; that he did not make himself, or send himself into it; that
consequently he was not and could never be absolutely his own
master; that he was sent in and called out by Another, by a Greater
than he, by a Creator, by a God. I became and am a Catholic, to find
that what for a time I had blindly worshipped were the three
enemies against whom I was warned to fight all the days of my life.”
“And the Journal of the Age?”
“The editor cut me as soon as he found I believed in God in
preference to himself. He is the fiercest opponent of Papal Infallibility
with whom I ever had the honor of acquaintance.”
“I cannot say that your words and the manner in which you speak
them do not impress me. Still, it never occurred to me that so
insignificant a being as Roger Herbert was worthy the combined
attack of the three formidable adversaries you have named. What
have the devil, the world, and the flesh to do with me?”
“Yes, there is the difficulty, not only with Roger Herbert, but with
everybody else. It does seem strange that influences so powerful
and mysterious should be for ever ranged against such wretched
little beings as we are, whom a toothache tortures and a fever kills.
Yet surely man’s life on earth is not all fever and its prevention,

toothache and its cure, or a course of eating, doctoring, and
tailoring. If we believe at all in a life that can never end, in a soul,
surely that is something worth thought and care. An eternal life that
must range itself on one side or the other seems worthy of a
struggle between the powers of good and evil, if good and evil there
be. Nay, man is bound of his own right, of his own free will, of his
very existence, to choose between one and the other, to be good or
be bad, and not stumble on listlessly as a thing of chance, tossed at
will from one to the other. We do not sufficiently realize the greatest
of our obligations. We should feel disgraced if we did not pay our
tailor or our wine-merchant; but such a thought never presents itself
to us when the question concerns God or the devil, or that part of us
that does not wear clothes and does not drink wine.”
He had risen while he was speaking, and spoke with an energy
and earnestness I had never yet witnessed in any man. Whether
right or wrong, his view of things towered so high above my own
blurred and crooked vision that I felt myself crouch and grow small
before him. The watch-tower of his faith planted him high up among
the stars of heaven, while I groped and struggled far away down in
the darkness. Oh! if I could only climb up there and stand with him,
and see the world and all things in it from that divine and serene
height, instead of impiously endeavoring to build up my own and
others’ little Babel that was to reach the skies and enable us to
behold God. But conversions are not wrought by a few sentences
nor by the mere emotions of the heart; not by Truth itself, which is
for ever speaking, for ever standing before and confronting us, its
mark upon its forehead, yet we pass it blindly by; for has it not been
said that “having eyes they see not, and having ears they hear not”?
“Kenneth,” I said, stretching out my hand, which he clasped in
both of his, “the subject which has been called up I feel to be far too
solemn to be dismissed with the sneer and scoff that have grown
into my nature. Indeed, I always so regarded it secretly; but perhaps
the foolish manner in which I have hitherto treated it was owing
somewhat to the foolish people with whom I have had to deal from
my boyhood. They give their reasons about this, that, and the other

as parrots repeat their lesson, with interjectory shrieks and
occasional ruffling of the poll, all after the same pattern. You seem
to me to be in earnest; but, if you please, we will say no more about
it—at least now.”
“As you please,” he replied. “Here I am at the end of my cigar. So
good-night, my dear boy. Well, you have had my to-whit to your to-
whoo.”
And so a strange day ended. I sat thinking some time over our
conversation. Kenneth’s observations opened quite a new train of
thought. It had never occurred to me before that life was a great
battle-field, and that all men were, as it were, ranged under two
standards, under the folds of which they were compelled to fight.
Everything had come to me in its place. A man might have his
private opinions on men and things, as he collects a private museum
for his own amusement; but in the main one lived and died, acted
and thought, passed through and out of life, in much the same
manner as his neighbor, not inquiring and not being inquired into too
closely. Life was made for us, and we lived it much in the same way
as we learned our alphabet, we never knew well how, or took our
medicine, in the regulation doses. Sometimes we were a little
rebellious, and suffered accordingly; that was all. Excess on any side
was a bore to everybody else. It was very easy, and on the whole
not unpleasant. We nursed our special crotchets, we read our
newspapers, we watched our children at their gambols, we chatted
carelessly away out on the bosom of the broad stream along which
we were being borne so surely and swiftly into the universal goal.
Why should we scan the sky and search beneath the silent waters,
trembling at storms to come and treacherous whirlpools, hidden
sand-banks, and cruel rocks on which many a brave bark had gone
down? Chart and compass were for others; a pleasant sail only for
us. There was a Captain up aloft somewhere; it was his duty and not
ours to see that all was right and taut—ours to glide along in
slumbrous ease, between eternal banks of regions unexplored; to
feast our eyes on fair scenes, and lap our senses in musical repose.
That was the true life. Sunken rocks, passing storms, mutinies

among the crew, bursting of engines—what were such things to us?
Had we not paid our fares and made our provision for the voyage,
and was not the Captain bound to land us safely at our journey’s
end, if he valued his position and reputation?
The devil, the world, and the flesh! What nightmare summoned
these up, and set them glaring horribly into the eyes of a peaceful
British subject? What had the devil to do with me or I with the devil?
What were the world and the flesh? Take my father, now; what had
they to do with him? Or Fairy? Why, her life was as pure as that sky
that smiled down upon her with all its starry eyes. Let me see; there
were others, however, who afforded better subjects for investigation.
Whenever you want to find out anything disagreeable, call on your
friends and neighbors. There was the Abbot Jones, now; let us
weigh him in the triple scale. How fared the devil, the world, and the
flesh with the Abbot Jones? He was, as I said to Kenneth, a very
genial man; he had lived a good life, married into an excellent
family, paid his bills, had a choice library, a good table, was an
excellent judge of cattle, and a preacher whom everybody praised.
Abbot Jones was faultless! There was not a flaw to be found in him
from the tip of his highly-polished toe to the top of his highly-
polished head. He had a goodly income, but he used it cautiously;
for Clara and Alice were now grown up, and were scarcely girls to
waste their lives in a nunnery, like my cousins, the daughters of
Archdeacon Herbert, who adored all that was sweetly mortifying and
secluded, yet, by one of those odd contradictions in female and
human nature generally, never missed a fashion or a ball. Yes, Abbot
Jones was a good and exemplary man. To be sure, he did not walk
barefoot or sandal-shod, not alone among the highways, where men
could see and admire, but into the byways of life, down among the
alleys of the poor, where clustered disease, drunkenness, despair,
death; where life is but one long sorrow. But then for what purpose
did he pay a curate, unless to do just this kind of dirty, apostolic
work, while the abbot devoted himself to the cares of his family, the
publication of an occasional pamphlet, and that pleasant drawing-
room religion that finds its perfection in good dinners, sage maxims,

and cautious deportment? If the curate neglected his duty, that was
clearly the curate’s fault, and not the abbot’s. If the abbot were
clothed, not exactly in purple, but in the very best of broadcloth, and
fasted only by the doctor’s orders, prayed not too severely, fared
sumptuously every day of his life, he paid for every inch of cloth,
every ounce of meat, every drop of that port for which his table was
famous; for he still clung to the clerical taste for a wine that at one
time assumed a semi-ecclesiastical character, and certain crumbs
from his table went now and then to a stray Lazarus. Yes, he was a
faultless man, as the world went. He did not profess to be consumed
with the zeal for souls. His life did not aim at being an apostolic one.
He had simply adopted a profitable and not unpleasant profession. If
a S. Paul had come, straggling, footsore, and weary, into Leighstone,
and begun preaching to the people and attacking shepherds who
guarded not their fold, but quietly napped and sipped their port,
while the wolves of irreligion, of vice and misery in every form,
entered in and rent the flock from corner to corner, the abbot would
very probably have had S. Paul arrested for a seditious vagrant and
a disturber of the public peace.
Take my uncle, the archdeacon; what thought he of the world, the
flesh, and the devil? As for the last-named enemy of the human
race, he did not believe in him. A personal devil was to him simply a
bogy wherewith to frighten children. It was the outgrowth of
mediæval superstition, a Christianized version of a pagan fable. The
devil was a gay subject with Archdeacon Herbert, who was the
wittiest and courtliest of churchmen. His mission was up among the
gods of this world; his confessional ladies’ boudoirs, his penance an
epigram, his absolution the acceptance of an invitation to dinner. He
breathed in a perfumed atmosphere; his educated ear loved the
rustle of silks; he saw no heaven to equal a coach-and-four in Rotten
Row during the season. It was in every way fitting that such a man
should sooner or later be a bishop of the Church Established. He was
an ornament to his class—a man who could represent it in society as
well as in the pulpit, whose presence distilled dignity and perfume,
and whose views were what are called large and liberal—that is to

say, no “views” at all. What the three enemies had to do with my
uncle I could not see. I could only see that he would scarcely have
been chosen as one of The Twelve; but then who would be chosen
as one of The Twelve in these days?
I went to the window and looked out. The moon was going down
behind S. Wilfrid’s, and Leighstone was buried in gloomy shadow.
Down there below me in the darkness throbbed thousands of hearts
resting a little in peaceful slumber till the morning came to wake
them again to the toil and the struggle, the pleasure and the pain,
the good and the evil, of another day. The good and the evil. Was
there no good and evil waiting down there by the bedside of every
one, to face them in the morning, and not leave them until they
returned to that bedside at night? Was there a great angel
somewhere up above in that solemn, silent, ever-watchful heaven,
with an open scroll, writing down in awful letters the good and the
bad, the white and the black, in the life of each one of us? Were we
worth this care, weak little mortals, human machines, that we were?
What should our good or our evil count against the great Spirit,
whom we are told lives up above there in the passionless calm of a
fixed eternity? Did we shake our puny fists for ever in the face of
that broad, bent heaven that wrapped us in and overwhelmed us in
its folds, what effect would it have? If we held them up in prayer,
what profited it? Who of men could storm heaven or search hell?
And yet, as Kenneth said, a life that could not end was an awful
thing. That the existence we feel within us is never to cease; that
the power of discriminating between good and evil, define them,
laugh at them or quibble about them as we may, can never die out
of us; that we are irresistibly impelled to one or the other; that they
are always knocking at the door of our hearts, for we feel them
there; that they cannot be blind influences, knowing not when to
come or when to go, but the voices of keen intelligences acting over
the great universe, wherever man lives and moves and has his
being; that they are not creations of our own, for they are
independent of us; we may call evil good and good wicked, but in
the end the good will show itself, and the evil throw off its disguise

in spite of us—what does all this say but that there is an eternal
conflict going on, and that, will he or will he not, every man born
into the world must take a share in it?
That being so, search thine own heart, friend. Leave thy uncle,
leave thy neighbor, and come back to thyself. Let them answer for
their share; answer thou for thine. Which is thy standard? It cannot
be both. What part hast thou borne in the conflict? What giants
killed? What foes overcome? Hast thou slain that doughty giant
within thee—thine own self? Is there no evil in thee to be cast out?
No stain upon the scutcheon of thy pure soul? No vanity, no pride,
no love of self above all and before all, no worship of the world, no
bowing to Mammon or other strange gods, not to mention graver
blots than all of these? Let thy neighbor pass till all the dross is
purged out of thee. There is not a libertine in all the world but would
wish all the world better, provided he had not to become better with
it. Thy good wishes for others are shared by all men alike, by the
worst as by the best. Begin at home, friend, and root out and build
up there. Trim thy own garden, cast out the weeds, water and tend
it well. The very sight of it is heaven to the weary wayfarer who,
having wandered far away from his own garden, sinks down at thy
side, begrimed with the dust of the road and the smoke of sin. You
may tear him to pieces, you may lacerate his soul, you may cast
him, bound hand and foot, into the outer darkness, yet never touch
his heart. But he will stand afar off and admire when he sees thy
garden blowing fair, and all the winds of heaven at play there, all the
dews of heaven glistening there, all the sunshine of heaven beaming
there; then will he come and creep close up to thee, desiring to take
off the shoes from his feet, soiled with his many wanderings in foul
places. Then for the first time he feels that he has wandered from
the way, will see the stains upon him, and with trembling fingers
hasten to cast them off, and, standing barefoot and humble before
Him who made thee pure, falter out at length, “Lord, it is good for
us to be here.”
TO BE CONTINUED.

CALDERON’S AUTOS SACRAMENTALES.
CONCLUDED.
II.
I. BALTASSAR’S FEAST.[55]
Of all Calderon’s autos, this is the one which has been the most
generally admired, both on account of its intense dramatic power
and popular character.
It has been translated several times into German (see note at end
of previous article on the autos), and into English by Mr. MacCarthy.
The latter says in his preface: “This auto must be classed with
those whose action relates directly to the Blessed Sacrament,
because it puts before us, in the profanation of the vases of the
Temple by Baltassar, a type of the desecration of the Holy
Sacrament, and symbolizes to us, in the punishment that follows this
sacrilege, the magnitude and sublimity of the Eucharistic Mystery.
Although this immediate relation between the action of the auto and
the sacrament becomes only manifestly clear in the last scene,
nevertheless all the preceding part, which is only preparing us for
the final catastrophe, stands in immediate connection with it, and,
through it, with the action of the auto. The wonderful simplicity of
this relation, and the lively dramatic treatment of the subject, allow
us to place this auto, justly, in the same category with those that,
comparatively speaking, are easy to be understood, and which, like
The Great Theatre of the World, have especial claims upon
popularity, even if many of its details contain very deep allusions, the
meaning of which, at first sight, is not very intelligible.”
The auto opens in the garden of Baltassar’s palace with a scene
between Daniel and Thought, who, dressed in a coat of many colors,
represents the Fool.

After a long description of his abstract self he states that he has
this day been assigned to King Baltassar’s mind, and ironically
remarks that he, Thought, is not the only fool, and apologizes for his
rudeness in not listening to Daniel:
“It were difficult to try
To keep up a conversation,
We being in our separate station,
Wisdom thou, and Folly I.”
Daniel answers that there is no reason why they should not
converse, for the sweetest harmony is that which proceeds from two
different chords.
Thought hesitates no longer, and informs Daniel that he is thinking
of the wedding which Babylon celebrates this day with great
rejoicings. The groom is King Baltassar, son and heir of
Nabuchodonosor; the happy bride the fair Empress of the East,
Idolatry herself.
That the king is already wedded to Vanity is no hindrance, as his
law allows him a thousand wives.
Daniel breaks forth in lamentations for God’s people and the
unhappy kingdom; while clownish Thought asks if Daniel himself is
interested in the ladies, since he makes such an outcry over the
news, and insinuates that envy and his captivity are the causes of
his grief.
With a flourish of trumpets enter Baltassar and Vanity at one side,
and Idolatry, fantastically dressed, at the other, with attendants,
followers, etc.
The king courteously welcomes his new wife, who replies that it is
right that she should come to his kingdom, since here first after the
Flood idolatry arose.

The king declares that his own idea, his sole ambition, has been to
unite Idolatry and Vanity, and then suddenly becomes absorbed in
thought while fondly regarding his wives; to their questions as to the
cause of his suspense he answers that, fired by their beauty, he
wishes to relate the wondrous story of his conquests.
Wonderful indeed is the story which follows, extending, in the
original, through three hundred and fifty uninterrupted lines.
In the introduction the king relates the strange fate of his father,
Nabuchodonosor, whose worthy successor he declares himself to be,
and describes his vaulting ambition, which will not be satisfied until
he is the sole ruler over all the region of Senaar, which beheld the
building of the Tower of Babel; this leads to an account of the
Deluge, so poetical and characteristic that we give its finest portion
here:[56]

“First began a dew as soft
As those tears the golden sunrise
Kisseth from Aurora’s lids;
Then a gentle rain, as dulcet
As those showers the green earth drinks
In the early days of summer;
From the clouds then water-lances,
Darting at the mountains, struck them;
In the clouds their sharp points shimmer’d,
On the mountains rang their but-ends;
Then the rivulets were loosened,
Roused to madness, ran their currents,
Rose to rushing rivers, then
Swelled to seas of seas. O Summit
Of all wisdom! thou alone
Knowest how thy hand can punish!
… Then a mighty sea-storm rushed
Through the rents and rocky ruptures,
By whose mouths the great earth yawns,
When its breath resounds and rumbles
From internal caves. The air
… Roared confined, the palpitation
Of its fierce internal pulses
Making the great hills to shake,
And the mighty rocks to tremble.
The strong bridle of the sand,
Which the furious onset curbeth
Of the white horse of the sea
With its foam-face silver fronted,
Loosened every curbing rein,
So that the great steed, exulting,
Rushed upon the prostrate shore,
With loud neighing to o’errun it.”

The ark alone is saved, and Nimrod resolves to anticipate a second
Deluge, and erect a more ambitious refuge. The building of the
Tower of Babel and the Confusion of Tongues then follow, and the
king closes his long monologue with the determination to rebuild
Nimrod’s tower, urged to the task by the opportune conjunction of
Idolatry and Vanity.
These express their gratification at this lofty scheme, and offer to
perpetuate the fame of his great deeds.
The king, exulting, exclaims: “Who shall break this bond?”
Daniel, advancing, “The hand of God!” and returns the same
answer to the king’s angry question, “What can save thee from my
power or defend thee?”
Baltassar is profoundly moved, but spares Daniel because Vanity
loathes the captive and Idolatry disdains his religion.
In the fourth scene the prophet addresses the Most High, and
cries: “Who can endure these offences, these pretences of Vanity
and displays of Idolatry? Who will end so great an evil?”
“I will,” answers Death, who enters, wearing a sword and dagger,
and dressed symbolically in a cloak covered with figures of
skeletons.
Daniel. “Awful shape, to whom I bow
Through the shadowy glooms that screen thee,
Never until now I’ve seen thee:
Fearful phantom, who art thou?”
Death’s answer in the following monologue is most impressive and
beautiful. Our space, unfortunately, will let us quote but a part:

“Daniel, thou Prophet of the God of Truth,
I am the end of all who life begin,
The drop of venom in the serpent’s tooth,
The cruel child of envy and of sin.
Abel first showed the world’s dark door uncouth,
But Cain threw wide the door, and let me in;
Since then I’ve darkened o’er life’s checker’d path,
The dread avenger of Jehovah’s wrath.
… The proudest palace that supremely stands,
’Gainst which the wildest winds in vain may beat;
The strongest wall, that like a rock withstands
The shock of shells, the furious fire-ball’s heat—
All are but easy triumphs of my hands,
All are but humble spoils beneath my feet;
If against me no palace-wall is proof,
Ah! what can save the lowly cottage-roof?
Beauty, nor power, nor genius, can survive,
Naught can resist my voice when I sweep by;
For whatsoever has been let to live,
It is my destined duty to see die.
With all the stern commands that thou mayst give,
I am, God’s Judgment, ready to comply;
Yea, and so quickly shall my service run
That ere the word is said the deed is done!”
Death then recounts some of his past achievements to prove his
readiness to inflict punishment on the king.
Daniel, however, expressly forbids him to kill Baltassar, and gives
him leave only to awaken him to a sense of coming woe and the fact
that he is mortal.
This Death does by appearing to the king and showing him a small
book lost by him some time before (i.e., the remembrance of his

mortality, which he had forgotten), in which is written his debt to
Death.
He leaves the terror-stricken monarch with an admonition to
remember his obligation.
Thought, hovering between Vanity and Idolatry, soon, however,
effaces the impression left by the terrible visitor.
The king and Thought, lulled by their combined flatteries, fall
asleep, while Death enters and delivers the following monologue,
which, as Mr. MacCarthy truly says, “belongs unquestionably to the
deepest and most beautiful poetry that has ever flown from the pen
of Calderon”:

Death. “Man the rest of slumber tries,
Never the reflection making
That, O God! asleep and waking,
Every day he lives and dies;
That a living corse he lies,
After each day’s daily strife,
Stricken by an unseen knife,
In brief lapse of life, not breath,
A repose which is not death;
But what is death teaches life:
Sugared poison ’tis, which sinks
On the heart, which it o’ercometh,
Which it hindereth and benumbeth.
And can a man, then, live who poison drinks?
’Tis forgetting, when the links
That gave life by mutual fretting
To the Senses, snap, or letting
The imprisoned Five go free,
They can hear not, touch, or see;
And can a man forget this strange forgetting?
It is frenzy, that which moves
Heart and eyes to taste and see
Joys and shapes that ne’er can be:
And can a man be found who frenzy loves?
’Tis a lethargy that proves
My best friend; in trust for me,
Death’s dull, drowsy weight bears he,
And, by failing limb and eye,
Teaches man the way to die:
And can a man, then, seek this lethargy?
’Tis a shadow, which is made
Without light’s contrasted aid,
Moving in a spectral way,
Sad, phantasmal foe of day:
And can a man seek rest beneath such shade?

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