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Title: New lands within the Arctic circle
Author: Julius Payer
Release date: September 7, 2019 [eBook #60258]
Most recently updated: October 17, 2024
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Albert László, Greg Bergquist and the Online
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THE ARCTIC CIRCLE ***](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/14448-250628012926-decff237/85/Solution-Manual-for-Introductory-Statistics-9th-by-Mann-15-320.jpg)
Solution Manual for Introductory Statistics 9th by Mann
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- 5. DESCRIPTION Introductory Statistics, 9th Edition is written for a one or two semester first course in applied statistics and is intended for students who do not have a strong background in mathematics. The only prerequisite is knowledge of elementary algebra. Introductory Statistics is known for its realistic examples and exercises, clarity and brevity of presentation, and soundness of pedagogical approach. 1. Title Page 2. Copyright Page 3. Dedication 4. Preface 5. Acknowledgments 6. Contents 7. CHAPTER 1 Introduction 8. 1.1 Statistics and Types of Statistics 9. Case Study 1–1 2014 Lobbying Spending by Selected Companies 10. Case Study 1–2 Americans Life Outlook, 2014 11. 1.2 Basic Terms 12. 1.3 Types of Variables 13. 1.4 Cross-Section Versus Time-Series Data 14. 1.5 Population Versus Sample 15. 1.6 Design of Experiments 16. 1.7 Summation Notation 17. Uses and Misuses 18. Glossary 19. Supplementary Exercises 20. Advanced Exercises 21. Self-Review Test 22. Technology Instructions 23. Technology Assignments 24. CHAPTER 2 Organizing and Graphing Data 25. 2.1 Organizing and Graphing Qualitative Data 26. Case Study 2–1 Ideological Composition of the U.S. Public, 2014 27. Case Study 2–2 Millennials’ Views on Their Level of Day-to-Day Banking Knowledge 28. 2.2 Organizing and Graphing Quantitative Data 29. Case Study 2–3 Car Insurance Premiums per Year in 50 States 30. Case Study 2–4 Hours Worked in a Typical Week by Full-Time U.S. Workers 31. Case Study 2–5 How Many Cups of Coffee Do You Drink a Day? 32. 2.3 Stem-and-Leaf Displays 33. 2.4 Dotplots 34. Uses and Misuses 35. Glossary
- 6. 36. Supplementary Exercises 37. Advanced Exercises 38. Self-Review Test 39. Technology Instructions 40. Technology Assignments 41. CHAPTER 3 Numerical Descriptive Measures 42. 3.1 Measures of Center for Ungrouped Data 43. Case Study 3–1 2013 Average Starting Salaries for Selected Majors 44. Case Study 3–2 Education Level and 2014 Median Weekly Earnings 45. 3.2 Measures of Dispersion for Ungrouped Data 46. 3.3 Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data 47. 3.4 Use of Standard Deviation 48. Case Study 3–3 Does Spread Mean the Same as Variability and Dispersion? 49. 3.5 Measures of Position 50. 3.6 Box-and-Whisker Plot 51. Uses and Misuses 52. Glossary 53. Supplementary Exercises 54. Advanced Exercises 55. Appendix 3.1 56. Self-Review Test 57. Technology Instructions 58. Technology Assignments 59. CHAPTER 4 Probability 60. 4.1 Experiment, Outcome, and Sample Space 61. 4.2 Calculating Probability 62. 4.3 Marginal Probability, Conditional Probability, and Related Probability Concepts 63. Case Study 4–1 Do You Worry About Your Weight? 64. 4.4 Intersection of Events and the Multiplication Rule 65. 4.5 Union of Events and the Addition Rule 66. 4.6 Counting Rule, Factorials, Combinations, and Permutations 67. Case Study 4–2 Probability of Winning a Mega Millions Lottery Jackpot 68. Uses and Misuses 69. Glossary 70. Supplementary Exercises 71. Advanced Exercises 72. Self-Review Test 73. Technology Instructions 74. Technology Assignments 75. CHAPTER 5 Discrete Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions 76. 5.1 Random Variables 77. 5.2 Probability Distribution of a Discrete Random Variable 78. 5.3 Mean and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable 79. Case Study 5–1 All State Lottery 80. 5.4 The Binomial Probability Distribution 81. 5.5 The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution
- 7. 82. 5.6 The Poisson Probability Distribution 83. Case Study 5–2 Global Birth and Death Rates 84. Uses and Misuses 85. Glossary 86. Supplementary Exercises 87. Advanced Exercises 88. Self-Review Test 89. Technology Instructions 90. Technology Assignments 91. CHAPTER 6 Continuous Random Variables and the Normal Distribution 92. 6.1 Continuous Probability Distribution and the Normal Probability Distribution 93. Case Study 6–1 Distribution of Time Taken to Run a Road Race 94. 6.2 Standardizing a Normal Distribution 95. 6.3 Applications of the Normal Distribution 96. 6.4 Determining the z and x Values When an Area Under the Normal Distribution Curve Is Known 97. 6.5 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution 98. Uses and Misuses 99. Glossary 100. Supplementary Exercises 101. Advanced Exercises 102. Appendix 6.1 103. Self-Review Test 104. Technology Instructions 105. Technology Assignments 106. CHAPTER 7 Sampling Distributions 107. 7.1 Sampling Distribution, Sampling Error, and Nonsampling Errors 108. 7.2 Mean and Standard Deviation of x 109. 7.3 Shape of the Sampling Distribution of x 110. 7.4 Applications of the Sampling Distribution of x 111. 7.5 Population and Sample Proportions; and the Mean, Standard Deviation, and Shape of the Sampling D 112. 7.6 Applications of the Sampling Distribution of p 113. Uses and Misuses 114. Glossary 115. Supplementary Exercises 116. Advanced Exercises 117. Self-Review Test 118. Technology Instructions 119. Technology Assignments 120. CHAPTER 8 Estimation of the Mean and Proportion 121. 8.1 Estimation, Point Estimate, and Interval Estimate 122. 8.2 Estimation of a Population Mean: σ Known 123. Case Study 8–1 Annual Salaries of Registered Nurses, 2014 124. 8.3 Estimation of a Population Mean: σ Not Known 125. 8.4 Estimation of a Population Proportion: Large Samples
- 8. 126. Case Study 8–2 Americans’ Efforts to Lose Weight Still Trail Desires 127. Uses and Misuses 128. Glossary 129. Supplementary Exercises 130. Advanced Exercises 131. Self-Review Test 132. Technology Instructions 133. Technology Assignments 134. CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Tests About the Mean and Proportion 135. 9.1 Hypothesis Tests: An Introduction 136. 9.2 Hypothesis Tests About µ: σ Known 137. Case Study 9–1 Average Student Loan Debt for the Class of 2013 138. 9.3 Hypothesis Tests About µ: σ Not Known 139. 9.4 Hypothesis Tests About a Population Proportion: Large Samples 140. Case Study 9–2 Are Upper-Income People Paying Their Fair Share in Federal Taxes? 141. Uses and Misuses 142. Glossary 143. Supplementary Exercises 144. Advanced Exercises 145. Self-Review Test 146. Technology Instructions 147. Technology Assignments 148. CHAPTER 10 Estimation and Hypothesis Testing: Two Populations 149. 10.1 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Independent Samples: σ1 and 150. 10.2 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Independent Samples: σ1 and 151. 10.3 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Independent Samples: σ1 and 152. 10.4 Inferences About the Mean of Paired Samples (Dependent Samples) 153. 10.5 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Proportions for Large and Independent Sa 154. Uses and Misuses 155. Glossary 156. Supplementary Exercises 157. Advanced Exercises 158. Self-Review Test 159. Technology Instructions 160. Technology Assignments 161. CHAPTER 11 Chi-Square Tests 162. 11.1 The Chi-Square Distribution 163. 11.2 A Goodness-of-Fit Test 164. Case Study 11–1 Are People on Wall Street Honest and Moral? 165. 11.3 A Test of Independence or Homogeneity 166. 11.4 Inferences About the Population Variance
- 9. 167. Uses and Misuses 168. Glossary 169. Supplementary Exercises 170. Advanced Exercises 171. Self-Review Test 172. Technology Instructions 173. Technology Assignments 174. CHAPTER 12 Analysis of Variance 175. 12.1 The F Distribution 176. 12.2 One-Way Analysis of Variance 177. Uses and Misuses 178. Glossary 179. Supplementary Exercises 180. Advanced Exercises 181. Self-Review Test 182. Technology Instructions 183. Technology Assignments 184. CHAPTER 13 Simple Linear Regression 185. 13.1 Simple Linear Regression 186. Case Study 13–1 Regression of Weights on Heights for NFL Players 187. 13.2 Standard Deviation of Errors and Coefficient of Determination 188. 13.3 Inferences About B 189. 13.4 Linear Correlation 190. 13.5 Regression Analysis: A Complete Example 191. 13.6 Using the Regression Model 192. Uses and Misuses 193. Glossary 194. Supplementary Exercises 195. Advanced Exercises 196. Self-Review Test 197. Technology Instructions 198. Technology Assignments 199. APPENDIX A Explanation of Data Sets 200. APPENDIX B Statistical Tables 201. ANSWERS TO SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES AND SELF-REVIEW TESTS 202. INDEX 203. Key Formulas 204. Standard Normal Distribution Table 205. The t Distribution Table 206. EULA
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- 14. The Project Gutenberg eBook of New lands within the Arctic circle
- 15. This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: New lands within the Arctic circle Author: Julius Payer Release date: September 7, 2019 [eBook #60258] Most recently updated: October 17, 2024 Language: English Credits: Produced by Albert László, Greg Bergquist and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW LANDS WITHIN THE ARCTIC CIRCLE ***
- 16. TWILIGHT AT MIDDAY, FEBRUARY 1874. NEW LANDS WITHIN THE ARCTIC CIRCLE. NARRATIVE OF THE DISCOVERIES OF THE AUSTRIAN SHIP “TEGETTHOFF” IN THE YEARS 1872-1874. BY JULIUS PAYER,
- 17. ONE OF THE COMMANDERS OF THE EXPEDITION. WITH MAPS AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS FROM DRAWINGS BY THE AUTHOR. Translated from the German, with the Author’s Approbation. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 549 AND 551 BROADWAY. 1877.
- 18. AUTHOR’S PREFACE. In laying this book before the Public I desire, in the first instance, to acknowledge without reserve my sense of the great merits of my colleague, Lieutenant Weyprecht. The reader of the following pages will learn with what unwearied, though fruitless, energy he struggled to free the Tegetthoff from her icy prison, and what dauntless courage and unfailing command of resources he displayed in our hazardous retreat from the abandoned ship, till the moment of our happy rescue. The order and discipline maintained on board ship, and in the terrible march over the Frozen Ocean, as well as in the perilous boat voyage after leaving the ice-barrier, were mainly due to his distinguished abilities. He had supreme command of the expedition, as long as its duties were strictly nautical; when the operations of sledging and surveying began, I had the responsibility of a separate and independent command. Nor ought I to be slow to pay my tribute of respect to the perseverance and constant self-denial of Lieutenant Brosch and Midshipman Orel. It would be difficult to determine, whether they shone more as officers of the ship, or as observers of scientific phenomena. The highly important duty of managing the stores and provisions was discharged also by Lieutenant Brosch with a conscientiousness that secured the confidence of all. To the watchful skill of Dr. Kepes we owed it, that the health and constitution of the members of the expedition suffered so little from all their hardships and privations. The conduct of the crew was on the whole praiseworthy. Their obedience to command, their perseverance and resolution shown on every occasion, will be cited as an example of what these virtues and qualities can achieve amid the most appalling dangers and trials. With regard to my narrative, I make no claim for it founded on its literary excellence; rather I sue for indulgence to its manifold shortcomings. I have not written for the man of science, though I have
- 19. not shunned a few scientific details. Nor have I aimed at presenting a record, which might be profitable to those who shall follow us in the same career of discovery, though some hints will be found in my pages which will not be without their use to those who may consult them for information and guidance. Rather I have endeavoured to narrate our sufferings, adventures, and discoveries in a manner which shall be interesting to the general reader who reads to amuse himself. The magnetical and meteorological observations, so carefully taken and tabulated by Weyprecht, Brosch, and Orel, together with the sketches of the Fauna of the Frozen Ocean, drawn by myself from the collection of Dr. Kepes, were presented to the Imperial Academy of Sciences of Vienna, and will in due time be published under the auspices of that august body.
- 20. PRELIMINARY NOTICE BY THE TRANSLATOR. It will be interesting to English readers to learn a few particulars concerning the two leaders of the Austrian North Polar Expeditions. Carl Weyprecht was born in Hesse-Darmstadt in 1838, and in his eighteenth year entered the Austrian navy. Ten years afterwards he was present at the action between the Austrian and Italian fleets at Lissa—July 20, 1866; was promoted to the rank of lieutenant of the second class, and decorated with the order of the Iron Cross in recognition of his services in that battle. It was shortly after this, that Weyprecht volunteered to take the command of a small vessel, manned by only four seamen, which was to sail from Hammerfest to explore the Arctic Ocean. This dauntless offer was the basis of the first German North Polar expedition. When, however, permission to act in this capacity was obtained, Lieutenant Weyprecht was serving on board the Austrian frigate Elizabeth, which formed one of the squadron sent by the Austrian Government to bring home the body of the ill-fated Maximilian. Immediately on his return to Europe he repaired to Gotha, eager to place his services at the command of the expedition which had meantime been planned by Petermann and a committee of patrons of Arctic exploration. But unhappily, just at this moment his health, which had suffered from fever caught at New Orleans, failed, and the command of the expedition, known as the first German North Polar Expedition (May 24-October 10, 1868), was undertaken by Captain Koldewey. It was only in 1871 that he recovered his health, and in the June of that year began, in the Isbjörn, his life of Arctic experience and discovery. In the following year, 1872, he was appointed to the naval command of the expedition which sailed in the Tegetthoff, whose strange and eventful history is recorded in the following pages. His companion and colleague, Julius Payer, was born at Schönau in Teplitz, Bohemia, in 1841, and received his education as a soldier at the Wiener-Neustadt Military Academy, 1856-59, where General Sonnklar
- 21. was his teacher in geographical science, and early imbued his mind with a love for the grandeurs of the glacier world. With the rank of “Ober- Lieutenant” he served in the campaign of 1866 in Italy, and was decorated for his distinguished services at the battle of Custozza. Afterwards, while serving with his regiment in Tyrol, he gained great celebrity as one of the most successful Alpine climbers, and turned his experience as a mountaineer to profit in his surveys of the Orteler Alps and glaciers. Payer gained his first experience as an Arctic discoverer in the second German North Polar Expedition, under Koldewey and Hegemann—June 15, 1869-Sept. 11, 1870. His services during that expedition were of a most distinguished character. He shared in the most important discoveries which were then made, specially those of König Wilhelm’s Land, and of the noble Franz-Josef Fjord. He acquired in East Greenland the experience of sledging, which was of such eminent use in his explorations of the great discovery of the Tegetthoff Expedition—Kaiser Franz-Joseph Land. He shines too as an author in his descriptions of Greenland scenes, in the Second German North Polar Voyage, published in 1874 by Brockhaus of Leipzig, and partially reproduced in an English translation by the Rev. L. Mercier and Mr. H. W. Bates. For these services, on the return of the expedition, he was again decorated, receiving the order of the Iron Crown. In the voyage of the Isbjörn, June 21-Oct. 4, 1871, we find him associated with Weyprecht in the pioneering voyage described in the earlier part of this work, and lastly as joint commander of the renowned Tegetthoff expedition, June, 1872-September, 1874. The Gold Medals entrusted to the Royal Geographical Society were awarded in 1875: the Founder’s Medal to Lieutenant Weyprecht, and the Patron’s Medal to Lieutenant Julius Payer. As these pages are passing through the Press, the country has been deeply moved by the unexpected intelligence of the return of the Arctic Expedition. Gratulations on its safe and happy return have been unanimously and eagerly expressed by all the organs of public opinion. Disappointment, however, has, we fear, fallen on many minds as, after the first feelings of joy at the safe arrival of the officers and crews of the Alert and Discovery, they read the brief telegraphic summary sent by
- 22. Captain Nares: “Pole impracticable,”—“No land to northward.” Popular enthusiasm looked rather for the conquest of the Pole; expected, perhaps, to read, one day, that the Union Jack had been hoisted there, to commemorate the triumph of England’s perseverance at last rewarded. Few, we apprehend, would pass through the chill of these two clauses of the message to mark the hope contained in the third —“voyage otherwise successful.” In what special respects the success proclaimed was achieved, we must patiently wait for a future record to reveal; but while awaiting the history which no doubt will be written to justify and prove this announcement, let us exercise our loyal belief in the skill and courage of our countrymen, and feel persuaded that what men could do under their circumstances no doubt was done by them. The interest which will be excited afresh in Arctic discovery and adventure, will doubtless sharpen the interest in the volumes which record the fortunes of the Austrian expedition; and we venture to affirm —without undue partiality—that, though the history of Arctic exploration and discovery abounds in records of lofty resolution and patient endurance of almost incredible hardships, the narrative of the voyage of the Tegetthoff will be found to fall below none in these high qualities. The mere destiny of the vessel itself equals, if it does not exceed, in the element of the marvellous, anything which has before been recorded. Surely this is borne out when we think, that on August 20, 1872, the Tegetthoff was beset off the coast of Novaya Zemlya; remained a fast prisoner in the ice, spite of all the efforts made by her officers and crew to release her; drifted during the autumn and the terrible winter of 1872 —amid profound darkness—whither they knew not; drifted to the 30th of August in the following year (1873), till, as if by magic, the mists lifted, and lo! a high, bold, rocky coast—lat. 79° 43′ E., long. 59° 33′— loomed out of the fog straight ahead of them. Close to this land—which could be visited with safety only twice, on the 1st and 3rd of November of that year—the ship remained still fast bound in the ice. Not till the winter of 1873 had passed, and the sun had again returned, was it possible to explore the land, which had been so marvellously discovered. On the 10th of March, 1874, the sledge journeys commenced, and terminated May 3rd, after 450 miles had been passed over, and the surveys and explorations completed, which enabled Payer to write the description of Kaiser Franz-Josef Land (pp. 258-270), which shows that
- 23. other still undefined lands, with an archipelago of islands, have been added to the geography of the earth. But the perils of the expedition did not end here. On the 20th of August, 1874, it was resolved to abandon the Tegetthoff in the ice, and to return in sledges and boats to Europe. Captain Nares tells us, in his telegraphic despatch, that the sledging parties of the Alert and Discovery compassed on an average one-and-a-quarter mile per day on the terrible “Sea of Ancient Ice,” and discovered, after the experience gained in seventy miles passed under these conditions, that the “Pole was impracticable.” If our readers wish to have a conception of the toils and perils of the Austrian sledge parties on their return from the Tegetthoff let them mark the single image presented to the mind by the statement (p. 364):—“After the lapse of two months of indescribable efforts, the distance between us and the ship was not more than nine English miles.” Had the ice on the Novaya Zemlya seas remained as obstinate as it seems to have done in the new desolation, the “Sea of Ancient Ice,” escape would have been as impossible to the Tegetthoff’s crew, as advance towards the Pole was to the sledge parties of our last Arctic expedition. But fortunately, soon after, “leads” opened out in the ice; the boats were launched, and after about another month of alternate rowing and sledging, the ice barrier was happily reached in the unusually high latitude 77° 40′; and the brave men who three months before had left the Tegetthoff were saved. This is perhaps the most marked analogy between the perils of the two expeditions; so far as those of our own are yet known. But the scientific conclusions of Lieutenant Payer, as set forth in the general Introduction to his narrative, strikingly harmonize with the actual discoveries of the Alert and Discovery. Already it is authoritatively announced, that there is no open Polar Sea; that this hypothesis is as baseless as the existence of President’s Land. In the fourth chapter of that Introduction (pp. 25-31), our author has analysed with great sagacity the various theories on which that hypothesis was made to rest, working up to the conclusion, that no such sea exists. The demonstration of experience now takes the place of enlightened argument and opinion; fact and theory are here at one.
- 24. Nor can we forbear to direct attention to another statement in the same chapter. Let our readers mark the prophetic spirit of the following passage: “All the changes and phenomena of this mighty network lead us to infer the existence of frozen seas up to the Pole itself; and according to my own experience, gained in three expeditions, I consider that the states of the ice between 82° and 90° N. L. will not essentially differ from those which have been observed south of latitude 82°; I incline rather to the belief that they will be found worse instead of better” (p. 30). And “worse instead of better” they have been found, as we cannot doubt, when we weigh the ominous significance of the designation the “Sea of Ancient Ice.” History may or may not verify the position which the telegram so briefly resumes—“The Pole impracticable.” Impracticable no doubt it was, if the condition of the ice seen by our expedition in that awful sea be its normal condition. All that it was possible for men to dare and achieve, England will feel that her officers and sailors dared and achieved under the circumstances they encountered. It may be, that later experience will show, that even that Sea may present to future explorers an aspect less tremendous; yea, that in some seasons, which science may yet predict, when her theories of the sun-spots are matured and formulated, open water will be found, as perhaps it was found in the year of the expedition of the Polaris, where the heroic sledging parties from the Alert and Discovery saw nothing and found nothing, but piled-up barriers of ice rising to the height of 150 feet. It would be idle to predict, in the face of these results, that the Pole shall yet be reached. Any confident prediction in this spirit would, at the present moment, be singularly inopportune, as well as unwise. But despair would be equally unjustifiable, while its influence would be most hurtful and depressing, especially if Arctic exploration and the attainment of the Pole were supposed to be identical propositions. There are two things: reaching the North Pole, and the exploration of the Polar region. If the former appeals more to the imagination, and readily calls forth the emotions which are fed by the love of the marvellous, the latter enlists the sympathies of those who take a broader view of the necessities of Arctic exploration. These have found a powerful representative in one whose services entitle him to speak with authority, in the naval chief of the Tegetthoff expedition. At a meeting of the
- 25. German Scientific and Medical Association held at Gratz in September of 1875, Weyprecht read a paper on the principles of Arctic exploration, in which, according to the summary of its contents, which appeared in Nature, October 11, 1875, he maintains, that the Polar regions offer, in certain important respects, greater advantages than any other part of the globe for the observation of natural phenomena—Magnetism, the Aurora, Meteorology, Geology, Zoölogy, and Botany. He deplores, that while large sums have been spent and much hardship endured for geographical knowledge, strictly scientific observations have been regarded as holding a secondary place. Though not denying the importance of geographical discovery, he maintains, that the main purpose of future Arctic expeditions should be the extension of our knowledge of the various natural phenomena which may be studied with so great advantage in those regions. He insists in that paper on the following propositions:—“1. Arctic exploration is of the highest importance to a knowledge of the laws of nature. 2. Geographical discovery in those regions is of superior importance only in so far as it extends the field of scientific investigation in its strict sense. 3. Minute Arctic topography is of secondary importance. 4. The geographical Pole has for science no greater significance than any other point in high latitude. 5. Observation stations should be selected without reference to the latitude, but for the advantages they offer for the investigation of the phenomena to be studied. 6. Interrupted series of observations have only a relative value.” The suggestions thrown out by Lieutenant Weyprecht have been taken up by one whose mind seems to rise instinctively to all high aims and objects. Prince Bismarck forthwith appointed a German Commission of Arctic Exploration, consisting of some of the most eminent men of science of whom Germany can boast, who reported to the Bundesrath in a memoir, the recommendations of which were unanimously adopted. From Nature, November 11, 1875, which we have already quoted, we borrow the following résumé of that report:— “1. The exploration of the Arctic regions is of great importance for all branches of science. The Commission recommends for such exploration the establishment of fixed observing stations. From the principal station, and
- 26. supported by it, exploring expeditions are to be made by sea and by land. “The Commission is of opinion that the region to be explored by organised German Arctic explorers is the great inlet to the higher Arctic regions situated between the eastern shore of Greenland and the western shore of Spitzbergen.... “3. It appears desirable, and, so far as scientific preparations are concerned, possible, to commence these Arctic expeditions in 1877.” “4. The Commission is convinced that an exploration of the Arctic regions, based on such principles, will furnish valuable results, even if limited to the region between Greenland and Spitzbergen; but it is also of opinion, that an exhaustive solution of the problems to be solved can only be expected when exploration is extended over the whole Arctic zone, and when other countries take their share in the undertaking. “The Commission recommends, therefore, that the principles adopted for the German undertaking be commended to the governments of the states which take interest in Arctic inquiry, in order to establish, if possible, a complete circle of observing stations in the Arctic zones.” Thus we are brought face to face with two different purposes, which may be termed, respectively, the romantic and the scientific purposes of Arctic discovery. To the former the attainment of the Pole has hitherto been the all in all of a geographical discovery. “The Pole impracticable,” telegraphed by Captain Nares, as the result of the expedition which has returned baffled to our shores, is a stern reproof to all who would still advocate a dash at the Pole as the worthiest purpose of Arctic discovery. Aims and endeavours not so glaring, nor appealing in the same degree to the love of the marvellous, are suggested in the sagacious proposals of Lieutenant Weyprecht, to whom science will not refuse her calmer
- 27. and more measured respect, and in whom, as Captain of the Tegetthoff, all who love deeds of daring and energy will find a congenial spirit. To Lieutenant Payer has fallen the distinguished honour of being not only the colleague in command and friend of Weyprecht, but the historian of their common sufferings and common glory in an enterprise, the fame of which the world, we believe, will not willingly let die.
- 29. THE FROZEN OCEAN page 1-10 1. The ice-sheet of the Arctic region.—2. “Leads” and “ice-holes” defined.—3. Pack-ice and drift-ice.—4, 5, 6. Various designations of ice-forms.—7. Estimate of the thickness of ice.—8. Rate of its formation.—9. Old ice.—10, 11. Characteristics of young ice.—12. Results of the unrest in Arctic seas.—13. The snow-sheet described.—14. Colour of field-ice.—15. Characteristics of sea-ice. —16. Specific gravity of ice.—17. Irregularity of the forms of ice.— 18. Temperature of the Arctic Sea.—19. Noise caused by disruption.—20. The ice-blink.—21. The water-sky.—22. Evaporation.—23. Calmness of the sea beneath the ice.—24. Overturning of icebergs.—25. Change of the sea’s colour near ice. —26. Icebergs described.—27. Noise caused by the overturning of icebergs. CHAPTER II.
- 30. NAVIGATION IN THE FROZEN OCEAN page 11-19 1. Preparatory study necessary for Polar navigators.—2. Choice of a favourable year necessary.—3. Navigation in coast-water recommended.—4. Failure often caused by leaving the coast-water. —5. Distance possible to accomplish in one summer.—6. The best time of year.—7. Steam-power recommended.—8. The rate of speed.—9. The build of Arctic ships.—10. Tactics of a ship in the ice.—11. Small vessels preferred.—12. Iron ships not suitable.—13. Two vessels to be employed.—14. “Besetment” and how to avoid it.—15. The use of a balloon recommended.—16. The “crow’s- nest.”—17. Winds and calms.—18. A winter harbour or “dock.” CHAPTER III.
- 31. THE PENETRATION OF THE REGIONS WITHIN THE POLAR CIRCLE; THE PERIOD OF THE NORTH- WEST AND NORTH-EAST PASSAGES page 20-24 1. The Pole.—2. Old fancy of reaching India through the ice.—3, 4, 5. The first Polar navigators.—6-10. The North-West and North-East Passages.—11. Strange tales of the old discoverers.—12. The Polar world becomes the object of scientific investigation.—13. M’Clintock perfects the art of sledging. CHAPTER IV.
- 32. THE INNER POLAR SEA page 25-31 1. The Arctic Sea compared to the glaciers of the Alps.—2, 3. Old fancies respecting an Inner Polar Sea.—4. Improbability of such a sea existing.—5. Influence of the Gulf Stream.—6. The Polynjii seen by Wrangel.—7. State of the ice in different years as found by various expeditions.—8. Probability that the most northerly regions do not differ from those already discovered.—9. Improbability that the Pole can be reached by a ship.—10. The English expedition to penetrate Smith’s Sound. CHAPTER V.
- 33. THE FUTURE OF THE POLAR QUESTION page 32-36 1. Material advantage from Arctic voyages.—2. The commercial value of the North-West and North-East Passages no longer thought of.—3. The Polar question a problem of science.—4. The increase of the safety and convenience with which the ice-navigation is now performed.—5. The means of conducting Polar expeditions perfected.—6. Sledge expeditions afford the chief hope of success. —7. Not much more to be expected from ships.—8. The route by Smith’s Sound recommended.—9. The English expedition.—10. Lieutenant Weyprecht’s plan for united scientific investigation. CHAPTER VI.
- 34. POLAR EQUIPMENTS page 37-46 1. Past experience to be consulted.—2. The commander.—3. Selection of the crew.—4. Discipline and pay.—5. The best men to be obtained.—6. Special qualifications.—7. The medical man.—8. An artist or photographer desirable.—9. Old ideas of equipment.—10. The greatest possible comfort necessary.—11. A table of the sizes of the vessels in various expeditions.—12. The best kind of ships.— 13. The allowance of food.—14. Spirituous liquors.—15. The ship becomes a house in the winter.—16. The quarters of the men.—17. Lamps and candles.—18. Clothing of the crew.—19. Instruments and ammunition.—20. The cost of different expeditions. The Pioneer Voyage of the Isbjörn page 49-69 1. A pioneer expedition resolved on.—2, 3. Route to the east of Spitzbergen.—4. The Isbjörn chartered for the service.—5. Attempts to gain information on the probable state of the ice.—6. An unfavourable ice-year predicted.—7. The expedition leaves Tromsoe.—8. The coast of Norway described.—9. The Isbjörn in the ice.—10. Seeking a harbour.—11. Cape Look-out.—12. Two ships met with.—13. In the ice.—14. The return to the ice-barrier. —15. The geological formation of the western coast.—16. Arrive at Hope Island.—17. Ice disappeared.—18. Whales abound.—19. Splendid effects of colour.—20. In a sea.—21. A run along the west coast of Novaya Zemlya.—22. Storms compel us to keep to sea.— 23. Object of the voyage.—24. The Austro-Hungarian Expedition of 1872.-25. The plan of the Austro-Hungarian Expedition. VOYAGE OF THE “TEGETTHOFF.” CHAPTER I.
- 35. FROM BREMERHAVEN TO TROMSOE page 73-77 1. The qualities requisite for a Polar navigator.—2. The crew of the Tegetthoff—3. The Tegetthoff lifts her anchor.—4. The vessel.—5. Crossing the sea.—6. The languages spoken on board the Tegetthoff.—7. The officers and crew of the Tegetthoff.—8. Arrive at Tromsoe.—9. The first and last voyage of the Tegetthoff begins. CHAPTER II.
- 36. ON THE FROZEN OCEAN page 78-92 1. Within the frozen ocean.—2. The sea of Novaya Zemlya.—3. We continue our course by steam.—4. The decay of ice.—5. Effects of light.—6. We meet the Isbjörn.—8-10. The Barentz Islands described by Professor Höfer.—11. Preparations for future contests with the ice.—12. Inclosed in the land-ice.—13. We celebrate the birthday of Francis Joseph I.—14. Our prospects do not improve.— 15. The Tegetthoff finally beset. CHAPTER III.
- 37. DRIFTING IN THE NOVAYA ZEMLYA SEAS page 93-100 1. Winter begins.—2. The impossibility of reaching the coast of Siberia. —3. Unsuccessful efforts to get free.—4. The name-day of the Emperor Francis Joseph I.—5. Encounters with polar bears.—6. A “snow-finch” visits the ship.—7. Novaya Zemlya recedes gradually from our gaze. CHAPTER IV.
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