![Venus 2 nd planet No moons Brightest object in the sky (b/c its closest and reflects light [albedo .75]) Thick clouds of sulfuric acid cover the sky 1 day=243 Earth days 1 year=almost 1 day (244 Earth days) Spins clock wise, opposite most planets (??collision)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/space-lecture-1209574058359320-9/85/Space-Lecture-13-320.jpg)
Space Lecture
- 1. Space: The Final Frontier Chapters 28-31
- 2. Space Exploration Probes- unmanned missions have and continue to explore space Manned- began in 1950’s 1957- Sputnik 1- Soviets satellite Earth (unmanned) 1961- Vosok 1- Yuri Gagarin 1 st in outer space (Russian) Mercury Mission- (US) Alan Shepard (5/5/61) 1963- Project Gemini- 2 Person Missions 1967- Apollo- Goal to go to the moon- 7/20/69- Apollo 11 landed on moon
- 4. Rocket- Launches spacecraft, after launch it is jettisoned Control module- Holds 3 crew, all emergency and launch operations Service Module- Contained bulk of equipment, oxygen tanks, jettisoned Lunar module- contained landing EQ, jettisoned
- 8. Gravity Isaac Newton- English scientist who made huge advances in motion, gravitation, optics and mathematics Law of Universal Gravitation- Every pair of bodies (in universe) attract every other with force proportional to the product of their masses 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2
- 9. Inner Planets Terrestrial Planets- “terra~” Earth; Earth-like planets Refers to the 4 inner planets Close to Earth’s size Have rocky surfaces
- 10. Mercury Closest planet to the sun No moons 1 day (rotation on axis)= 1407.6 hours 1 year (orbit around sun)= 1.5 roations 2 years=3days 1/3 Size of Earth Almost no atmosphere- O 2 and Na
- 11. Mercury- cont’d Temp- 427 °C (day) and -173°C (night) Largest difference in solar system Interior- high density iron/nickel core 42% of planet Like if crust and mantle were removed (maybe a collision)
- 13. Venus 2 nd planet No moons Brightest object in the sky (b/c its closest and reflects light [albedo .75]) Thick clouds of sulfuric acid cover the sky 1 day=243 Earth days 1 year=almost 1 day (244 Earth days) Spins clock wise, opposite most planets (??collision)
- 14. Venus-Cont’d Atmosphere-although closest to Earth, physically atmosphere is very different CO 2 and N 2 High Atmospheric pressure 92 X Earth’s (ie under 915 m of water) Clouds- made of sulfuric acid Greenhouse Effect- no liquid water, it’s the hottest planet
- 15. Venus- Cont’d Surface- Smoothed by lava flows Interior- size and density similar to Earth Interior similar ?
- 17. Earth- 3 rd Rock from Sun Water in all 3 states Atmosphere, N 2 , O 2 , CO 2 Precession – wobble in rotation, takes 26,000 years to complete a cycle
- 19. The Moon Unique in solar system, 4th largest in solar system Radius is 27% of Earth’s Radius Mass is more than 1% of Earth's Moon is also farther away than most moons Also solid, rocky body Only large moon among inner planets
- 21. Lunar Surface Moon is brightest object in OUR sky Albedo- amount of sunlight a surface reflects Moon’s is .07 (7%) very small Earth .31 (31%) Moon is mostly black (made of basalt) why is moon so bright? Its close! Temperature- daytime 127 °C; nighttime -173°C (no atmosphere)
- 22. Lunar Surface No Erosion ( No atmosphere, no weather except creep and impacts) Highlands- light in color, covered in craters, made of breccias Maria (“ocean”) dark, smooth plains, formed from volcanic eruptions (basalt) 3 KM lower than highlands Regolith- loose dark rock formed from impacts- in places meters thinck
- 23. Moon cont’d Age- Highlands- 3.8-4.6 billion years old Maria- 3.1- 3.8 billion years old Why? During bombardment lava welled up form interior Moons plate tectonics- not really EQ monthly- due to tides It has layers like Earth Core is small ~ 350 Km thick Crust is thickest on far side of moon
- 24. How was the Moon formed? 1. Capture theory- not accepted Moon was captured by Earth during formation of Solar System What slowed the moon down? Earth and Moon made of nearly the same material, what’s the chances of that? 2. Simultaneous formation Formed at near same time Collision cause moon to break off of Earth
- 25. Mars “ Red Planet” 4 th Planet Atmosphere similar to Venus, lower pressure less greenhouse effect CO 2 , N 2 , Ar, O 2 Surface- lots of iron in soil South deeply cratered North- plains lava flows 4 shield volcanoes Olympus Mons- largest size of Arizona largest mountain in solar system Erosional Channels- must have been liquid water, have not found it yet Ice at poles- carbon dioxide, dry ice Interior- Iron/ Nickel/ Sulfur core – solid core
- 26. Mars- Cont’d 2 Moons Phobos (the God of Panic)- closest moon in solar system, very tiny, spiraling inward either burn up or become a ring Deimos (means flight after overwhelming defeat)- smallest moon in solar system
- 29. Asteroid Belt Belt of sub- planetary debris between inner planets and outer planets orbiting sun Similar in composition to planets but much smaller, the largest one is Ceres (1/4 size of Moon) Called Meteoroid if falls toward a planet If produces light from burning in atmosphere meteor If it strikes the ground meteorite
- 30. Gas Giants Outer Planets Interiors filled with gases and they all have very tiny solid cores
- 31. What’s a planet?? According to IAU resolution a 'planet': must be in orbit around the Sun . must be massive enough to be a sphere by its own gravitational force. More specifically, its own gravity should pull it into a shape of hydrostatic equilibrium . must have cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.
- 32. Jupiter Largest planet, 5 th from sun Diameter is 11times Earth’s, 10 x smaller than the sun 70% of all planetary mass Rings- discovered in 1994 Atmosphere- low density Hydrogen and Helium Below hydrogen is liquid metallic hydrogen (only exists under high pressure) Electric currents cause magnetic field
- 34. Jupiter’s Rotation Fast 1 day= 10 Earth Hours (shortest in Solar system) 1 year= 11.86 Earth years Fatter than taller due to fast rotation Rotation causes clouds to form Belts- low, warm, dark clouds Zones- high cool, light clouds Great Red Spot- Large storm 300 yrs old
- 37. Jupiter's 4 (major) Moons 63 Moons Io- discovered by Galileo, ice and rock, SO 2 atmosphere, heated by gravity (Jupiter) molten inside, constant volcanic eruptions, has mtns taller than Mt Everest
- 38. Jupiter’s Moons Cont’d Europa- found by Galileo; Composed of frozen water; Has layers similar to Earth; thin oxygen atmosphere produced by breaking of water molecules Ganymede- Largest moon in solar system; thin ozone layer produced by breaking of water molecules; frozen water Callisto- 3 rd largest in solar system; covered in craters, least dense large moon
- 39. Saturn 6 th planet, 2 nd largest 57 known moons, Titan is largest 2 nd largest in solar system Has a thick atmosphere of methane and nitrogen, possible like Earth’s early atmosphere, methane exists in all forms Rings- made of rock and ice 7 major rings and many ringlets Very thin and the oldest are outside Atmosphere- less dense than water Hydrogen and helium Ammonia ice cloud Magnetic Filed 578x Earth’s aligned with rotation 1 day=10.656 Earth hours 1 year= 29.4 Earth years
- 42. Uranus 7 th Planet- 11 rings 27 moons Atmosphere- blue (methane) Methane, hydrogen and helium Some clouds Strong magnetic field Uranus rotates sideways 1 day = -17.24 Earth hours 1 year = 84.02 Earth years
- 44. Neptune 8 th and LAST planet Atmosphere- H, He, CH 4 (methane) Blue in color Great dark storm (gone in 1994) others replaced Has supersonic winds (fastest in solar system) unknown cause Moons – 17 Triton is largest- retrograde (backwards) rotation; thin atmosphere; nitrogen geysers caused by melting of ice cap by sun Rings 6
- 45. Neptune Cont’d 1 Day=16.11 Earth hours 1 year= 164.79 Earth years
- 48. Pluto? 1 st dwarf planet Smaller than planet Partially rock and partially ice 1 moon Charon
- 50. Formation of the Solar System Collapsing interstellar cloud formed a solar nebula sun Nebula slowed allowing planets to form
- 52. Comet Small, icy bodies with highly eccentric orbits 1-10 km in size Coma- head with nucleus Tail- always points away from the sun b/c it is pushed away
- 54. Stars- The Sun The Sun- 330,000 times mass of Earth Density- near gas giants, but the center 13 times density of lead Gaseous throughout Temp 1x10 7 K, 18,000,000 °F Atmosphere- (photosphere) most light comes from here Chromosphere- above photosphere visible during eclipse Corona- Extends from chromosphere
- 55. The Sun Continued Solar Winds- extend outwards (ions cause Northern and Southern lights Sun Spots- Colder Darker areas of the sun- cycle every 11.2-22.4 years Solar flares- violent eruptions of ions and particles causes disruptions of electrical things on Earth
- 57. The Sun- Interior Fusion- 2 atomic nuclei combine Fission- Splitting of a nucleus Hydrogen fusion drives sun’s energy It’s ½ through its life- 5 billion years left Composition- 70.4% hydrogen, 28% Helium, trace of other elements
- 58. Other Stars Constellations- a group of stars Binary- two stars gravitationally pulled together
- 59. Measuring Stars Masses of other “suns”- .1 100 x our sun Magnitude- Brightness of a star Classification- O, B, A, F, G, K, M O is hottest, M is coolest Our sun is a G 2
- 60. Life Cycle of a Star Depends on the size of the star Normal Size (0-4 times sun) Fusion grows Red Giant formed Looses outer layers Explodes into white dwarf If carbon forms at core stable
- 62. Life Cycle Giant 4-8 times Sun Red Giant expansion becomes Super giant Contracts because of loss of outer shell Super Nova- if no mass is lost (at least not much) iron is created at core No more energy continues to contract Neutron Star (very dense) Drawn inward and explodes black hole
- 63. Black Hole Massive Star that implodes (due to gravity), and contracts inward Gravity is so intense that not even light can escape
- 64. Galaxies Group of stars, planets, etc Milky Way- Barred spiral Galaxy, our home Halo of globular cluster High Star density at center Our sun has orbited it 20 times Black hole in the middle
- 66. Types of Galaxies Spiral- arms coming off of center Barred-spiral– Similar to Milky Way Elliptical- Irregular- no shape Galaxies are found in groups Local Group- Milky way and 35 other galaxies
- 67. Universe All Galaxies are contained in Universe Planet Example- The Universe as a Earth A Galaxy would be similar to a Country (USA) A solar system would be similar to a County (Susquehanna) A Planet would be similar to a School District (Mountain View)
- 68. Expanding Universe All galaxies are moving away from each other (Hubble, 1929) Hubble’s Law- Speed of the movement is dependant on the distance (the further we are from something the faster we are moving away from it) Took 10 years to gather data to calculate the constant Big Bang Theory- All was created from a single explosion at the center of the universe 13.7 billion years