Space Part 1
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GCSE Physics AQA Topic– Space physics
- 2. Overview Space physics (physicsonly) Solar system: stability of orbital motions;satellites (physics only) • Our solar system • Thelife cycle of astar • Orbital motion, naturaland artificial satellites Red shift (physicsonly) • Redshift • Bigbang theory
- 3. LearnIT! KnowIT! Solar system: stability of orbital motions;satellites (physics only) • Our solar system • Thelife cycle of astar • Orbital motion, natural and artificial satellites
- 4. Space physics; orbital motions and satellites – Our solar system Our solar system is asmall part of agalaxy called the Milky Way. Our star (The Sun) is just one of approximately 300 000 000 000 starsinour galaxy.Thewhole solar system is too small to seeon this picture of the Milky Way. There is thought to be amassiveblackhole at the centre of the Milky Way. TheUniverse is thought to have formed about 13.7billion yearsago. Thesolar system formed around 4.6billion yearsago.
- 5. Space physics; orbital motions and satellites – Our solar system The solar system is any object that is bound by gravity to aSun.All objects in the solar systemorbit TheSun. Our solar systemthere is: • one star – theSun • eightplanets • dwarf planets • natural satellitescalled moons that orbitplanets. Other objectsin Thesolar system include: • Comets • Asteroids • Satellites Dust, ice and rocks makeup the remainingmass.
- 6. Space physics; orbital motions and satellites – Formation of the sun and solar system (a) Theuniverse contains ‘clumps’of dust and gas each called anebula. (b) Gravitational attraction pulls this dust and gastogether. (c) Forming the Sun(astar). (d) Fusion reactions lead to an equilibrium between the gravitational collapse of thestar and the expansion of astar due tofusion energy. (e) The remaining parts of the solar system form from the remaining dust and gas.
- 7. Space physics; orbital motions and satellites – Stability of the sun TheSun,like all stars,releases energythrough nuclearfusion reactions in the core. Twoisotopes of Hydrogen (Deuterium and Tritium) are forced together under high temperature and pressure.Nuclearfusion occurs to form Helium andaneutron. Atiny amount of mass is converted into a large amount of energy,which is whystars emit alot ofenergy. Theheat produced in the fusion processmakesthestar expand through thermalpressure. Gravitational attraction is pulling the massof thestar inwards. In astable star, thermal expansion and gravitational attraction are equal sothe star remains the samesize. Thisbalance canchangelater in astar’s life when agreat increase in thermal pressure cancauseit toexpand.
- 8. Space physics; orbital motions and satellites – Life cycle of a star Stars go through a life cyclewhich is differentfor massivestars and smaller stars. Stars about the same size asthe Sun Starsmuch biggerthan theSun Nebula (Cloudof gas and dust) Protostar Main sequencestar RedGiant Whitedwarf Blackdwarf Red supergiant Supernova Neutronstar Blackhole Small stars live a lot longer than massive stars as they useup their fuel moreslowly. TheSun will bea main sequence star for 20billion years.Massive stars can lastless than a million years.
- 9. Space physics; orbital motions and satellites – Stars and the elements • Fusion processes in stars produce all of the naturally occurring elements. • Elements heavier than iron are produced inasupernova. • Theexplosion of a massive star (supernova) distributes theelements throughout the universe. How fusion processeslead to to the formationof new elements: Starsbegin with hydrogen astheir “fuel”. Hydrogen nuclei join to becomes helium during the fusion process. Further fusion processescontinue tocreate larger elements (asbig asiron on the periodictable). Elements bigger than iron are produced in asupernova.Thesupernovae distribute elements throughout theUniverse.
- 10. Space physics; orbital motions and satellites – Orbits and speed Sun Gravity Gravity pulls the Earth (andother planets) towards the sun.Theplanetis effectively “falling” towards the sun but is travelling fast enough sothat it constantly missesfalling into thesun. This is like a cannon firing a cannonball at just the right speed so it does not escape into spaceor fall down toEarth. Thisis how planets, moons andartificial satellites remain in orbit around larger objects in space. Theforce of gravity increases the closer an object orbits. Toavoid beingpulled into the sun, aplanet must be travelling faster, the closer it is to the sun. This is why Mercury’s orbit of the sun takes 3Earth months whereas it takes Neptune 165Earth years to orbit the sun.
- 11. Space physics; orbital motions and satellites – Orbits and speed (HT) In aperfectly circular orbit, abody will travel at constant speed to maintain its orbital distance. However,gravity is constantly changing the directionof the body.Asvelocity depends on speedand direction, the velocity is constantly changing even though speed remains thesame. Thisapplies to planets, moons andsatellites. Planets velocity is in a straightline. Gravity causes body to change direction so velocity must be changing
- 12. QuestionIT! Solar system: stability of orbital motions;satellites (physics only) • Our solar system • Thelife cycle of astar • Orbital motion, naturaland artificial satellites
- 13. Solar system: stability of orbital motions; satellites (physics only) – QuestionIT 1. Name the star in our solarsystem. 2. How many planets in our solarsystem? 3. What is the difference between amoon and adwarfplanet? 4. What do we call the natural satellites in the solar system? 5. Name the galaxy our solar system is partof. 6. How wasthe sun formed, and what causedthis tohappen?
- 14. Solar system: stability of orbital motions; satellites (physics only) – QuestionIT 7. List the major bodies found in the solar system. 8. What is anebula? 9. What determines the life cycle astar willtake? 10. Describe the lifecycle of astar the size of the sun. 11. Describe the lifecycle of astar more massive than thesun.
- 15. Solar system: stability of orbital motions; satellites (physics only) – QuestionIT 12. What processesproduce all of the naturally occurring elements? 13. Where are elements heavier than ironproduced? 14. How are these elements distributed throughout theuniverse? 15. What force enables planets and satellites to maintain their circular orbits?
- 16. Solar system: stability of orbital motions; satellites (physics only) – QuestionIT 16. Main sequence stars are stable despite opposing forces actingon the star. Describe forcesAandB. A 17. The international space station takes 92 mins to orbit the Earth. The Moon takes 27.3 days to orbit the Earth. Explain why these orbital times aredifferent. B
- 17. Solar system: stability of orbital motions; satellites physics only) (HT) – QuestionIT 18. Thediagram shows asatellite orbiting the Earth. Explain how the Earth’s gravity can result in the satellites velocity changing but not its speed. 19. Explain why satellites in apolar orbit must travel at much higher speeds than asatellite in ageostationaryorbit.
- 18. LearnIT! KnowIT! Red shift (physicsonly) • Redshift • Bigbang theory
- 19. Redshift Thereare billions of galaxies in the Universe.We can see them because the stars within them give off lightwhichtravelsto Earth. Nearbystar Distantgalaxy Light from anearby star appearswhite asthe wavelength of lightemitted coversthe whole visiblespectrum. Thelight we receive from adistant galaxy hashad its wavelengthincreased. Aslonger wavelengths of light are the red end of the spectrum, the light appearsredder than from the nearby star – this is called RED SHIFT. Red shift happensbecausethe galaxyis moving away from usat high speed,causing the wavelengths of light tobe stretched.
- 20. Redshift Light emitted by ahot object produces acontinuous spectrum. When light is emitted by astar, the light hasto travel through thegases which makeup the star. Thesegasesabsorb specific wavelengths of light, leavingblack lines in the spectrum. Absorption spectra from starsin every galaxy would look the sameif all the galaxieswere afixed distance from the Earth. Galaxieshavedifferent amountsof red shift which meansthey are moving awayfrom usat different speeds. Thefastera galaxy is moving,the furtherawayit is. Spectrum from a starin our galaxy – no redshift Spectrum from a starin another galaxy – some redshift Spectrum from a distant galaxy – a lot of red shift
- 21. Redshift Summary • Redlight hasalonger wavelength than blue light. • Most distant galaxies show an increase in wavelength oflight. • Thefurther away the galaxies the faster they are movingand the bigger the increase inwavelength. • Thiseffect is called the RED-SHIFT. • Theobserved red-shift provides evidence that the universeis expanding and supports the Big Bangtheory.
- 22. Big Bangtheory Likeaballoon expanding, all galaxies are moving away from each other and from apoint of origin. Only the fastest moving galaxieswould be on the surface of this model. Slower moving galaxieswould be on the inside but still moving awayfrom the centre. Theseobservations haveprovided evidence of an expandingUniverse. Galaxies Universe expands overtime Redshift measurements of many galaxieshavegiven evidence that all galaxiesare moving away from asingle point of origin at different speeds. This hasled to the Big Bang theorythat the Universe expanded from asingle point ofmatter around 13.7 billion yearsago.
- 23. Understanding the Universe Over the last century, much hasbeen discovered about ourUniverse: • Theageof the Universe. • TheUniverse is more than just ourgalaxy. • Thesizeof the Universe. • There are probably billions of other planets beyond ourSolar System. • TheUniverse is expanding. • Cosmicmicrowave background radiation supporting the BigBangtheory. However,there is still much we do not yet understand about the Universe. • Dark matter and dark energy – continued expansion and accelerationof the Universe suggests there must be a lot more matter and energy than we can see. This is described as dark matter/energy that we have yet to find. • Fateof the Universe.Isthe Universe going tocontinue forever or collapse back to apoint and startagain? • Isour Universe just one of aseriesofmultiverses? • Doeslife exist anywhere else in the Universe?
- 24. QuestionIT! Red shift (physicsonly) • Redshift • Bigbang theory
- 25. Red shift and Big Bang theory – QuestionIT 1. Which colour of light hasthe longestwavelength? 2. The diagram shows the spectrum of light from astar in our galaxy. Copythe secondbox by adding the spectra you would expect froma star in adistant galaxy. 3. Thelight reaching Earth from distant galaxiesexhibits redshift. Explain why red shift occurs. Blue Red Blue Red
- 26. Red shift and Big Bang theory – QuestionIT 4. GalaxyA Galaxy B If galaxyAhasamuch bigger red shift than galaxy B,what doesthis tell you about galaxyA? 5. Which theory about the origin of the Universe does red shift of galaxies support? 6. Approximately how many years agodid the Universe begin? (Circlethe correct answer) 14 million 14 billion 14 trillion
- 27. Red shift and Big Bang theory – QuestionIT 7. What does the diagram suggestis happening to the Universeover time? 8. Describe the current theory of how theUniverse began. 9. Atoms are only thought to makeup about 5%of the knownUniverse. What do scientists think the remaining 95%is made upof? 10. Themost distant galaxiesin the Universe are thought tobe: (tick the correct box) Thebiggest galaxies Slowing down Accelerating Thecoldest