Spaceframe and prefabrication

BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
SUB: BUILDING , MATERIAL AND COUNSTRUCTION
NAME : PIYUSH
PRIYANK
DHAVAL
TIRTH
KISHAN
DRASTI
YUVARAJSINGH
RITESH
3RD SEM TOPIC: SPACE FRAME AND PREFABRICATION SUB: BMC
CLASS-A COLLEGE : BMCA PAGE NO.:01

NO. INDEX PAGE NO.
CHAPTER-1 SPACE FRAME
1) INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
HISTORY OF SPACE FRAME
02
2) TYPES OF SPACE FRAME
CURVATURE CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION BY ARRAGEMENT
07
3) CONNECTOR
NODUS
TRIODETIC
TUBBALL NODE
HEMI SPHIRICAL
14

CHAPTER:1
SPACE FRAME

DEFINATION
• A SPACE FRAME OR SPACE STRUCTURE IS A TRUSS-LIKE, LIGHTWEIGHT RIGID STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTED FROM
INTERLOCKING STRUTS IN A GEOMETRIC PATTERN.
• SPACE FRAMES CAN BE USED TO SPAN LARGE AREAS WITH FEW INTERIOR SUPPORTS.

SPACEFRAME
• A THREE DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE.
• ASSEMBLED LINEAR ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED TO TRANSFER THE LOAD.
• TAKE A FORM OF A FLAT SURFACE OR CURVED SURFACE.
• DESIGNED WITH NO INTERMEDIATE COLUMNS TO CREATE LARGE OPEN AREA
HISTORY OF SPACE FRAME
• SPACE FRAMES WERE INDEPENDENTLY DEVELOPED BY ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL AROUND 1900 AND BUCKMINSTER
FULLER IN THE 1950S
• BUCKMINSTER FULLER'S FOCUS WAS ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES; HIS WORK HAD GREATER INFLUENCE.

HISTORY
• IT WAS DEVELOPED IN CALIFORNIA DURING THE 1960S AND INTRODUCED TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN MARKET
IN 1982, SPECIFICALLY DEVELOPED FOR UNSTABLE SOIL CONDITIONS, THE PANELS FORM A MONOLITHIC
STRUCTURE OFFERING SUPERIOR WALL STRENGTH IN WHICH NO CRACKING WILL OCCUR
DESIGN METHOD
• SPACE FRAMES ARE TYPICALLY DESIGNED USING A RIGIDITY MATRIX. THE SPECIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
THE STIFFNESS MATRIX IN AN ARCHITECTURAL SPACE FRAME IS THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE ANGULAR
FACTORS. IF THE JOINTS ARE SUFFICIENTLY RIGID, THE ANGULAR DEFLECTIONS CAN BE NEGLECTED,
SIMPLIFYING THE CALCULATIONS.

OVERVIEW
THE SIMPLEST FORM OF SPACE FRAME IS A HORIZONTAL SLAB OF INTERLOCKING SQUARE PYRAMIDS AND TETRAHEDRA BUILT
FROM ALUMINIUM OR TUBULARSTEEL STRUTS.
SPACE FRAMES CAN BE USED TO SPAN LARGE AREAS WITH FEW INTERIOR SUPPORTS. LIKE THE TRUSS, A SPACE FRAME IS STRONG
BECAUSE OF THE INHERENT RIGIDITY OF THE TRIANGLE; FLEXING LOADS (BENDING MOMENTS) ARE TRANSMITTED
AS TENSION AND COMPRESSION LOADS ALONG THE LENGTH OF EACH STRUT.

TYPES OF SPACEFRAME
1. Curvature classification
Space plane covers
Barrel vaults
Spherical domes
2.Classification by the arrangement of its elements
Single layer grid
Double layer grid
Triple layer grid

CURVATURE CLASSIFICATION
1. SPACE PLANE COVERS:
• SPATIAL STRUCTURES COMPOSED OF PLANAR SUBSTRUCTURES.
• DEFLECTIONS IN THE PLANE ARE CHANNELED THROUGH THE HORIZONTAL BARS AND THE SHEAR
FORCES ARE SUPPORTED BY THE DIAGONALS.

2. BARREL VAULTS:
• HAS A CROSS SECTION OF A SIMPLE ARCH.
• USUALLY THIS TYPE OF SPACE FRAME DOES NOT NEED TO USE TETRAHEDRAL MODULES OR PYRAMIDS AS
A PART OF ITS BACKING.

3. SPHERICAL DOMES:
• REQUIRE THE USE OF TETRAHEDRAL MODULES OR PYRAMIDS AND ADDITIONAL SUPPORT FROM A SKIN.

CLASSIFICATION BY THE ARRANGEMENT OF ITS ELEMENTS
1. SINGLE LAYER GRID:
• ALL ELEMENTS ARE LOCATED ON THE SURFACE APPROXIMATELY

2. DOUBLE LAYER GRID:
• COMMONLY USED SPACEFRAMES ARE DOUBLE LAYERED AND FLAT.
• ELEMENTS ARE ORGANIZED IN TWO PARALLEL LAYERS WITH EACH OTHER AT A CERTAIN DISTANCE APART.
• EACH OF THE LAYERS FORM A LATTICE OF TRIANGLES, SQUARES OR HEXAGONS IN WHICH THE PROJECTION
OF THE NODES IN A LAYER MAY OVERLAP OR BE DISPLACED RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER.

3. TRIPLE LAYER GRID:
• ELEMENTS ARE PLACED IN THREE PARALLEL LAYERS, LINKED BY THE DIAGONALS.
• THEY ARE ALMOST ALWAYS FLAT.
• PRACTICALLY USED FOR A LARGER SPAN BUILDING

DESIGN METHODS
• MEMBERS ARE FIXED USING CONNECTORS
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTORS ARE:
1. NODUS CONNECTOR
2. TRIODETIC CONNECTOR
3. TUBALL NODE CONNECTOR
4. HEMISPHERICAL DOME CONNECTOR

TYPES OF TUBES
Circular hollow section Rectangular hollow section

IT CAN ACCEPT BOTH RECTANGULAR AND CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS AND THAT THE CLADDING CAN BE FIXED DIRECTLY TO THE
CHORDS
CHORD CONNECTORS HAVE TO BE WELDED TO THE ENDS OF THE HOLLOW MEMBERS ON SITE.
1. Nodus connector

Consists of a hub, usually an aluminium extrusion, with slots or key ways
Triodetic connector

Tuball node connector
Hollow sphere made of spheroidal graphite
End of the circular hollow section member to be connected is fitted at its ends by
welding
Connection from inside the cup is done using bolt and nut

Hemispherical dome connector
Usually use for double layer domes
Has a span more than 40m
More economical for long span
The jointing is connect by sliting the end of the tube or rod with the joint fin
Two types of joint: pentagonal joint and hexagonal joint

Advantage
Carry load by three dimensional action
High stiffness
Easy to construct
Save construction time and cost
Offers architect unrestricted freedom in locating supports and planning the subdivision of the covered space
Durable materials & protective finishes
Construction is simple, safe and fast
No Site Painting or Welding

One major disadvantage is that they can be difficult to engineer. It's not straightforward to determine how forces will distribute throughout a structure that has a lot
of redundant pieces.
Disadvantage

CHAPTER - 2
PREFABRICATION

Definition
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other
manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction
site where the structure is to be located.
•The assembly of buildings or their components at a location other than the building site.
•The method controls construction costs by economizing on time, wages, and materials.
•Prefabricated units may include doors, stairs, window, walls, wall panels, floor panels, roof
trusses, room-sized components, and panels, floor panels, roof trusses, room sized components,
and even entire buildings.
•The term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional construction practice of
transporting the basic material to the construction site where all assembly is carried out.
Meaning

Prefabrication
• Prefabricated building is the completely assembled and erected building of which , is the
structural parts consist of prefabricated individual units or assemblies using ordinary or
controlled materials.

Prefabrication
• Prefabricated construction is a new technique and is desirable for large scale housing
programmes, yet this has to take a firm hold in the country.

AIMS OF PREFABRICATION CONSTRUCTION
• Prefabrication is used to effect economy in cost.
• Components manufactured under controlled conditions.
• The speed of construction is increased since no curing period is necessary.
• Prefabrication helps in the use of locally available materials with required characteristics
like light-weight; easy workability, thermal insulation, non- combustibility .
• to ensure higher worker safety and comfort level than in site- built construction.
• to allow less wastage of materials than n in site- built construction.

ADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION
• High quality product
• Labour related savings
• Savings in time
• Overall efficiency is greatly increased
• Mass production is easier and quick
• Protected and controlled production environment
• Potential for lower production costs and other cost savings
• Independence of climatic conditions
• The disruption of traffic is avoided
• Ensures high degree of Safety

CHARACTERISTICS ARETO BE CONSIDERED
• Easy availability
• Light weight for easy handling and transport
• to economies on sections and sizes of foundations
• Thermal insulation property
• Easy workability
• Durability in all weather conditions
• Non-combustibility
• Economy in cost
• Sound insulation

DISADVANTAGE
• Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels or steel and glass
panels is required.
• Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-resistance of the joining of
prefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint.
• Similarly, leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
• Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections than for the
materials of which they are made, which can often be packed more compactly.
• Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty cranes and precision measurement and
handling to place in position.

MATERIALSTO BE USED IN
PREFABRICATION
• Concrete • Steel

• Treated wood • Aluminium
• Cellular concrete
• Light weight concrete elements
• Ceramic products etc.

COMPONENTS OF PREFAB
CONSTRUCTION
• Flooring and Roofing Scheme
• Columns
• Walls
• Staircase
• Lintels Sunshade

PRECUNSTRUCTION OF HOUSE

PREFABRIC CUNSTRUCTION IN FACTORY

PREFABRICATION SYSTEM
• The system of prefabricated construction depends on the extent of the use of prefab
components, their materials sizes and the technique adopted their manufacture and use
in building.

VARIOUS PREFABRICATION SYSTEMS
• OPEN PREFAB SYSTEM
This system is based on the use of the basic structural elements to form whole or part of a
building. The standard prefab concrete components which can be used are:
1. Reinforced concrete channel units,
2. Hollow core slabs,
3. Hollow blocks and battens,
4. Precast planks and battens,
5. Precast joists and tiles ,
6. Cellular concrete slabs,
7. reinforced concrete slabs,
8. Reinforced concrete beams,
9. Reinforced concrete columns,
10. Precast lintels and chajjas,
11. Reinforced concrete waffle slabs/shells,
12. Room size reinforced concrete panels,
13. Reinforced concrete walling elements,
14. and Reinforced concrete trusses3RD SEM TOPIC: SPACE FRAME AND PREFABRICATION SUB: BMC

CATEGORIES OF OPEN PREFAB SYSTEM
• There are two categories of open prefab systems depending on the extent of
prefabrication used in the construction as given below.
1. Partial prefab open system
2. Full prefab open system

PARTIAL PREFAB OPEN SYSTEM
• This system basically emphasizes the use of precast roofing and flooring components and
other minor elements like and flooring components and other minor elements like lintels,
kitchen sills in conventional building construction.
• The structural system could be in the form of framework or load bearing walls.

FULL PREFAB OPEN SYSTEM
• this system almost all the structural components are Prefabricated.
• The filler walls may be of bricks or any other local material.

LARGE PANEL PREFAB SYSTEM
• This system is based on the use of large prefab components.
• The components such as Precast concrete large panels for walls, floors, roofs, balconies,
staircase, etc.
• The casting of the components could be at the site or off the site.

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL SCHEME WITH PRECAST LARGE PANEL
 Wall Systems
• Cross Wall System
In this scheme, the cross wall are load bearing walls where as the facade Walls are
non load bearing this system is suitable for high rise .
• Longitudinal Wall System
In this scheme the cross walls are non-load bearing where as Longitudinal walls are
load bearing walls. This system is suitable for low rise buildings.
• A combination of the above system with all load bearing walls can also be adopted.

PRECAST FLOORS
• precast flooring units could be
homogeneous or non homogeneous.
 Homogeneous
could be solid slabs, cored
slabs, ribbed or waffle slabs.
 non homogeneous
could be multi-layered ones with
combinations of light weight Concrete
or reinforced concrete, with filler
blocks

STAIRCASE SYSTEMS
• Staircase system could consist of single flights with in-built risers and treads in the
element only.
• The flights are normally unidirectional transferring the loads to supporting landing slabs or
load bearing walls.

BOXTYPE CONSTRUCTION
• This system, room size units
are prefabricated and erected
at site.
• Toilets and kitchen blocks also
be similarly prefabricated and
erected at site. This system
derives its stability and
stiffness from the box unit
which are formed by the four
adjacent walls.
• Walls are jointed to make rigid
connections among
themselves.
• The box unit rests on the
plinth foundation which may
be of conventional rests on
the plinth foundation which
may be of conventional type
or precast type.

JOINT TECHNIQUES/MATERIALS NORMALLY EMPLOYED ARE:EMPLOYED ARE:
 Welding if cleats or projecting steel
 Overlapping reinforcement, loops and linking steel grouted by concrete
 Bolts and nuts connection
 Reinforced concrete ties all round a slab
 Prestressing

PREFABRICATED HOUSING UNITS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 Invented by Dante Bini,
 the BiniShelter is a super-low-cost self-erecting prefab housing unit used for
disaster relief that can be easily moved from location to location, and takes less
than a half-hour to build.
 The Binishelter requires only
three workers and can be
constructed out of bamboo, clay,
wood, Sheetrock, bark –
whatever material is at hand.
 The unit can also be
customized into large two-story
buildings that could be house
schools, or into to single-family
homes, or even combined into
massive housing projects, depending on the needs of the community.

 Customizable Components:
• BiniShelters consist of 8 basic paneled components assembled around a central special
automatic lifting and locking equipment unit (CLU robot).
 components and fixtures have been designed to accept any number of diverse structural
and/or building material (durock, sheetrock, concrete, bricks, wood, bamboo, clay etc.)
depending on locally available and traditionally used ingredients.
 The central special lifting equipment (CLU robot) is the only piece that is needed to be
provided ready made. It is easy to transport and move on site and it can be used hundreds
of times
 Customizable design:
 The BiniShelter floor plan is totally flexible.
 The empty, but completely finished and waterproofed shelter has been designed to be
easily customized internally in accordance to the needs of any person(s), family or school
requirements in accordance to any local custom, local regulations and/or special projects

 Easy development:
 The BiniShelter automatic construction system has been thoroughly developed to allow
for its immediate use under the most adverse conditions and it has been studied with the
aim to use the minimum consumption of energy and, essentially, employing no building
contractors nor skilled labor
 Low Cost:
 It uses pre-fabricated,
inexpensive, mass produced structural
components made of locally available
material.
These components are easily assembled
around a pre-fabricated footing.

THE CRYSTAL PALACE IN LONDON

Thank you….

Spaceframe and prefabrication

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