2. Austin and Searle
Austin, J. L. How to Do Things with Words.
Oxford, England: Oxford University Press,
1962.
3. Speech act theory
Speech act theory was proposed by John . L. Austin
and has been developed by J. R. Searle. They believe
that language is not only used to inform or to describe
things, it is often used to “do things”, to perform acts.
Ex. (1) You’re fired.
(2) “There is a policeman on the corner”
4. “I promise I’ll be there tomorrow.”
This could be a threat or a promise, depending on
whether his presence tomorrow is a disadvantage or
an advantage to the listener. Contrast the sentence
above with:
“If you don’t behave, I promise you there’s going to
be trouble.” This sentence says it’s a “promise,” but
it’s a “threat.”
(Searle Speech Acts 58)
5. Actions performed via utterances are generally
called speech acts, the uttering of the relevant words
is the action itself; without the utterance the action is
not done. These are called performative sentences
and the verbs used are called performative verbs
(Vp):
Austin suggests three kinds of acts
a. locutionary act
b. illocutionary act
c. perlocutinary act
6. The speech act theory
a. Locutionary act: the act of saying, the literal
meaning of the utterance
b. illocutionary act: the extra meaning of the
utterance produced on the basis of its literal
meaning
c. perlocutionary act: the effect of the
utterance on the hearer, depending on specific
circumstances.
7. It’s stuffy in here.
The locutionary act is the saying of it with its literal
meaning “There isn’t enough fresh air in here”.
The illocutionary act can be a request of the hearer
to open the window.
The perlocutinary act can be the hearer’s opening
the window or his refusal to do so. In fact, we might
utter (1) to make a statement, a request, an
explanation, or for some other communicative
purposes. This is also generally known as the
8. Explicit and Implicit Performatives
An explicit performative is one in which the utterance
inscription contains an expression that makes explicit
what kind of act is being performed (Lyons, 1981: 175).
An explicit performative includes a performative verb as
Thomas (1995: 47) claims, it can be seen to be a
mechanism that allows the speaker to remove any
possibility of misunderstanding the force behind an
utterance.
a. I order you to leave.
b. Will you leave?
10. Representatives is a speech act that commits a
speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition
Directive is a speech act that is to cause the hearer to
take a particular action
Commissive is a speech act that commits a speaker
to some future action (promises, refuses)
Expressive is a speech act that expresses on the
speaker's attitudes and emotions towards the
proposition.
Declarative is a speech act that changes the reality
in accord with the proposition of the declaration.
e.g. Class dismissed
Searle’s classification of speech Acts
11. Indirect speech acts
“Could you move over a bit?”
“Yes” (without moving is inappropriate)
Moving (without “Yes” is appropriate)
NOTE: “Could you move over a bit” is a
precondition to the actual speech act, “Move
over.”
(Mey 111)
12. Do you know what time it is?
Do you have the correct time?
Can you tell me how to get to the men’s room?
Do you see the salt anywhere?
It’s cold in here.
Isn’t this soup rather bland?
Why can’t you shut up?
NOTE: These are preconditions
(Mey 126-127, 135)
13. Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
Whenever there is a direct relationship
between a structure and a function, we have
a direct speech act. For example, a declarative
used to make a statement is a direct speech
act, but a declarative used to make a request
is an indirect speech act.
14. I strongly suggest you shut your mouth.
Sometimes it’s a good idea to shut up.
I wonder if you really should do all that talking.
I wouldn’t say more, if I were you.
Remember the proverb, “Speech is silver….?”
How about if you just shut up?
(Mey 136)
15. Ironic Speech Acts
I promise not to keep this promise.
Do not read this sign.
You did a great job, and I’m not being polite.
(Mey 129, 177)
George Lakoff wrote a book entitled, Don’t
Think of an Elephant.
