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1
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Starting Out with C++ from Control Structures to Objects, 8e (Gaddis)
Chapter 6 Functions
6.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) This is a collection of statements that performs a specific task.
A) infinite loop
B) variable
C) constant
D) function
E) None of these
Answer: D
2) A function ________ contains the statements that make up the function.
A) definition
B) prototype
C) call
D) expression
E) parameter list
Answer: A
3) A function can have zero to many parameters, and it can return this many values.
A) zero to many
B) no
C) only one
D) a maximum of ten
E) None of these
Answer: C
4) A function is executed when it is:
A) defined
B) prototyped
C) declared
D) called
E) None of these
Answer: D
5) In a function header, you must furnish:
A) data type(s) of the parameters
B) data type of the return value
C) the name of function
D) names of parameter variables
E) All of these
Answer: E

2
6) Functions are ideal for use in menu-driven programs. When a user selects a menu item, the program
can ________ the appropriate function.
A) call
B) prototype
C) define
D) declare
E) None of these
Answer: A
7) This type of variable is defined inside a function and is not accessible outside the function.
A) global
B) reference
C) local
D) counter
E) None of these
Answer: C
8) The value in this type of local variable persists between function calls.
A) global
B) internal
C) static
D) dynamic
E) None of these
Answer: C
9) These types of arguments are passed to parameters automatically if no argument is provided in the
function call.
A) Local
B) Default
C) Global
D) Relational
E) None of these
Answer: B
10) When used as parameters, these types of variables allow a function to access the parameter's original
argument.
A) reference
B) floating-point
C) counter
D) undeclared
E) None of these
Answer: A

3
11) This statement causes a function to end.
A) end
B) terminate
C) return
D) release
E) None of these
Answer: C
12) ________ functions may have the same name, as long as their parameter lists are different.
A) Only two
B) Two or more
C) Zero
D) Un-prototyped
E) None of these
Answer: B
13) This function causes a program to terminate, regardless of which function or control mechanism is
executing.
A) terminate()
B) return()
C) continue()
D) exit()
E) None of these
Answer: D

4
14) Given the following function definition:
void calc (int a, int& b)
{
int c;
c = a + 2;
a = a * 3;
b = c + a;
}
What is the output of the following code fragment that invokes calc?
int x = 1;
int y = 2;
int z = 3;
calc(x, y);
cout << x << " " << y << " " << z << endl;
A) 1 2 3
B) 1 6 3
C) 3 6 3
D) 1 14 9
E) None of these
Answer: B
15) This is a statement that causes a function to execute.
A) for loop
B) do-while loop
C) function prototype
D) function call
E) None of these
Answer: D
16) It is a good programming practice to ________ your functions by writing comments that describe
what they do.
A) execute
B) document
C) eliminate
D) prototype
E) None of these
Answer: B

5
17) A(n) ________ is information that is passed to a function, and a(n) ________ is information that is
received by a function.
A) function call, function header
B) parameter, argument
C) argument, parameter
D) prototype, header
E) None of these
Answer: C
18) Which of the following statements about global variables is true?
A) A global variable is accessible only to the main function.
B) A global variable is declared in the highest-level block in which it is used.
C) A global variable can have the same name as a variable that is declared locally within a function.
D) If a function contains a local variable with the same name as a global variable, the global variable's
name takes precedence within the function.
E) All of these are true.
Answer: C
19) A function ________ eliminates the need to place a function definition before all calls to the function.
A) header
B) prototype
C) argument
D) parameter
E) None of these
Answer: B
20) A ________ variable is declared outside all functions.
A) local
B) global
C) floating-point
D) counter
E) None of these
Answer: B
21) If a function is called more than once in a program, the values stored in the function's local variables
do not ________ between function calls.
A) persist
B) execute
C) communicate
D) change
E) None of these
Answer: A

6
22) A ________ argument is passed to a parameter when the actual argument is left out of the function
call.
A) false
B) true
C) null
D) default
E) None of these
Answer: D
23) If a function does not have a prototype, default arguments may be specified in the function ________.
A) call
B) header
C) execution
D) return type
E) None of these
Answer: B
24) EXIT_FAILURE and ________ are named constants that may be used to indicate success or failure
when the exit() function is called.
A) EXIT_TERMINATE
B) EXIT_SUCCESS
C) EXIT_OK
D) RETURN_OK
E) None of these
Answer: B
25) The value in a ________ variable persists between function calls.
A) dynamic
B) local
C) counter
D) static local
Answer: D
26) This is a dummy function that is called instead of the actual function it represents.
A) main function
B) stub
C) driver
D) overloaded function
Answer: B

7
27) What is the output of the following program?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void showDub(int);
int main()
{
int x = 2;
showDub(x);
cout << x << endl;
return 0;
}
void showDub(int num)
{
cout << (num * 2) << endl;
}
A) 2
2
B) 4
2
C) 2
4
D) 4
4
Answer: B

8
#include <iostream>
void doSomething(int);
int main()
{
int x = 2;
cout << x << endl;
doSomething(x);
cout << x << endl;
return 0;
}
void doSomething(int num)
{
num = 0;
cout << num << endl;
}
A) 2
0
2
B) 2
2
2
C) 0
0
0
D) 2
0
0
Answer: A

9
#include <iostream>
void doSomething(int&);
int main()
{
int x = 2;
cout << x << endl;
doSomething(x);
cout << x << endl;
return 0;
}
void doSomething(int& num)
{
num = 0;
cout << num << endl;
}
A) 2
0
2
B) 2
2
2
C) 0
0
0
D) 2
0
0
Answer: D

10
30) Which line in the following program contains the prototype for the showDub function?
1 #include <iostream>
2 using namespace std;
3
4 void showDub(int);
5
6 int main()
7 {
8 int x = 2;
9
10 showDub(x);
11 cout << x << endl;
12 return 0;
13 }
14
15 void showDub(int num)
16 {
17 cout << (num * 2) << endl;
18 }
A) 4
B) 6
C) 10
D) 15
Answer: A

11
31) Which line in the following program contains the header for the showDub function?
3
5
6 int main()
7 {
8 int x = 2;
9
10 showDub(x);
12 return 0;
13 }
14
16 {
17 cout << (num * 2) << endl;
18 }
A) 4
B) 6
C) 10
D) 15
Answer: D

12
32) Which line in the following program contains a call to the showDub function?
3
5
6 int main()
7 {
8 int x = 2;
9
10 showDub(x);
12 return 0;
13 }
14
16 {
17 cout << (num * 2) << endl;
18 }
A) 4
B) 6
C) 10
D) 15
Answer: C
33) Look at the following function prototype.
int myFunction(double);
What is the data type of the function's parameter variable?
A) int
B) double
C) void
D) Can't tell from the prototype
Answer: B
34) Look at the following function prototype.
int myFunction(double);
What is the data type of the function's return value?
A) int
B) double
C) void
D) Can't tell from the prototype
Answer: A

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"Pardon me, I had no wish to offend; we have ever been as
strangers to each other, although our acres march. I have had every
desire to live on amicable terms with you, Mr. Stuart; but you have
ever been prejudiced against me, and truly without a cause."
"I am one of the few who inherit the feelings of a bygone age.
But, Sir Allan Lisle, let us not, I intreat you, refer to the past," coldly
replied the old Highlander, to whom two parts of his guest's last
speech were displeasing. The recurrence to the past terms on which
they had lived, brought to his mind more than one case of litigation
in which Sir Allan had come off victorious; the other was being
addressed as Mr. Stuart, a title by which he was never known among
his own people. The polite and affable manner of his visitor had
tended to diminish his prejudices during the last five minutes, but Sir
Allan's blundering observations recalled to the mind of the old
duinhe-wassal the bitter feelings which he inherited from his father,
and his high forehead became flushed and contracted.
"It appears very unaccountable," said he, after the
uncomfortable pause which had ensued, "that my son has never,
during the past days, mentioned the circumstance of the happy
manner in which he drew you from the Corrie-avon."
"To that," replied the other laughing, "a story is appended, a
very romantic one indeed, part of which I suppressed in my relation;
nothing less, in fact, than a love-affair, to which, as I have conceived
a friendship for the brave boy to whom I owe a life, I drink every
success," (draining his glass); "but this must be treated of more
gravely at a future interview."
"Sir Allan, I understand you not; but if Ronald has formed any
attachment in this neighbourhood, he must learn to forget it, as he

will soon leave Lochisla. Some cottage girl, I suppose: these
attachments are common enough among the mountains."
"You mistake me: the young lady is one every way his equal,
and they have known each other from their childhood. But I will
leave the hero to tell his own tale, which will sound better from the
lips of a handsome Highland youth, than those of a plain grey-haired
old fellow, like myself."
"I like your frankness," said Stuart, softened by the praise
bestowed on his son by his old adversary, whose hand he shook,
"and will requite it, Sir Allan. When Ronald comes down the glen, I
will talk with him over this matter, which I confess troubles me a little
at heart, as I never supposed he would have kept an attachment of
his secret from me, his only parent now, and one that has loved him
so dearly as I have done. But I must be gentle with him, as he is
about to leave me soon, poor boy."
"Ah! for the army,—so I have heard: our boys will follow nothing
else now-a-days. I fear my own springald, Lewis, is casting wistful
thoughts that way. But should you wish it, I may do much in Ronald's
favour: I have some little interest with those in power in London, and
——"
"I thank you, but it needs not to be so. Huntly has promised me
that Ronald shall not be forgotten when a vacancy occurs in the
"Gordon Highlanders," a regiment raised among his own people and
kindred; and the Marquis, whose interest is great with the Duke of
York, will not forget his word—his pledged word to a Highland
gentleman."
On Sir Allan's departure, Stuart, from one of the hall windows,
watched his retiring figure as he rode rapidly down the glen, and
disappeared among the birchen foliage which overhung and

shrouded the winding pathway. A sour smile curled his lip; he felt old
prejudices rising strongly in his breast, and he turned his eye on the
faded portrait of his father, and thought of the time when he had sat
as a little child upon his knee, and heard the family of Lisle
mentioned with all the bitterness of Highland rancour, and been told
a thousand times of the days when Colonel Lisle had carried fire and
sword through all Lochisla, besieging the little tower for days, until its
inmates were perishing for want. In the tide of feeling which these
reflections called forth, the late amiable interview was forgotten; and
he only remembered Sir Allan as the foe of his race, and the victor in
many a keenly contested case in the Parliament house, the place
where the Court of Session sit at Edinburgh.
A bustle in the narrow staircase recalled him to himself: the door
was thrown open, and Ronald entered, gun in hand, from the hill,
flushed and excited with the nature of the sport. Two tall Highlanders
strode behind, bearing on their shoulders a stout pole, from which
was suspended by the heels a gigantic deer, whose branching antlers
trailed on the floor, which was sprinkled with spots of blood falling
from its dilated nostrils and a death-wound in its neck, which had
been gashed across by the skene-dhu of a Highlander. A number of
red-eyed dogs accompanied them, displaying in their forms the long
and muscular limbs, voluminous chest, and rough wiry coat of the old
Scottish hound,—a noble animal, once common in the Lowlands, but
now to be found only in the north, where the deer wander free over
immense stretches of waste moorland or forest, as they did of old.
"A brave beast he is," said Ronald exultingly, as he cast aside his
bonnet and gun. "At the head of the loch I fired, and wounded him
here in the neck: we traced him by the blood for two miles down the
Isla, where he flew through thicket and brake with the speed of an

arrow; but the gallant dogs Odin and Carril fastened upon him, and
drew him down when about to take the water, near the march-stone
of the Lisles. 'Twas luckily done: had he once gained the grounds of
Inchavon, our prize would have been lost."
"Ronald," replied his father coldly, "we will hear all this matter
afterwards." Then turning to the gillies, "Dugald Stuart, and you Alpin
Oig," said he, "carry away this quarry to the housekeeper, and desire
her to fill your queghs for you. I have had a visit from Sir Allan Lisle,"
resumed Stuart, when the Highlanders had obeyed his order and
retired. "Hah! you change countenance already: this has been a
mysterious matter. He has been here to return thanks for your pulling
him out of Isla, where he was nearly drowned, poor man, a day or
two since,—a circumstance which you seem to have thought too
worthless to mention to me. But there is another matter, on which I
might at least have been consulted," he added, watching steadily the
changes in the countenance of the young man, whose heart fluttered
with excitement. "You have formed an attachment to some girl in the
neighbourhood, which has reached the ears of this Allan Lisle
although it never came to mine, and the intercourse has continued
for years although I have been ignorant of it. Ronald, my boy, who is
the girl? As your father, I have at least a right to inquire her name
and family."
"Do pray excuse me," faltered the other, playing nervously with
his bonnet; "I am too much embarrassed at present to reply,—some
other time. Ah! your anger would but increase, I fear, were you to
know."
"It does increase! Surely she is not a daughter of that grim churl
Corrieoich up the glen yonder? I have seen his tawdry kimmers at
the county ball. I can scarcely think this flame of yours is a child of

his. You remember the squabble I had with him about firing on his
people, who were dragging the loch with nets under the very tower
windows. By Heaven! is she a daughter of his?" cried his father in the
loud and imperative tone so natural to a Highlander. "Answer me, I
command you, Ronald Stuart!"
"She is not, I pledge you my word," replied the young man
gently.
"Ronald!" exclaimed the old gentleman, a dark flush gathering
on his cheek, "she must be some mean and contemptible object,
otherwise you would not shrink from the mention of her name, was it
gentle and noble, in this coward way."
"Coward I never was," replied Ronald bitterly. "I may shrink
before my own father, when I would scorn to quail before the angry
eye of any other man who lives and breathes. Nor do I blush to own
the name of—of this lady. She is Alice, the daughter of Sir Allan Lisle,
of Inchavon. Ah, sir! I fear I have applied a match to a mine; but I
must await the explosion."
Ronald had indeed lighted a mine. A terrible expression flashed
in the eyes of the old Highlander, and gathered upon his formidable
brow.
"Ronald! Ronald! for this duplicity I was unprepared," he
exclaimed in emphatic Gaelic, with a tone of the bitterest reproach.
"Have you dared to address yourself to a daughter of that man? Look
up, degenerate boy!" he added, grasping Ronald's arm with fierce
energy, while he spoke with stern distinctness. "Look upon the
portrait of old Ian Mhor, your brave grand sire, and imagine what he
would have thought of this. The Lisles of Inchavon! Dhia gledh sinn!
I have not forgotten their last hostile attempt sixty-five years since,
in 1746, when Colonel Lisle, the father of this Sir Allan, besieged our

tower with his whole battalion. I was a mere infant then; but I well
remember how the muskets of the fusileers flashed daily and nightly
from rock and copse-wood, and from the dark loopholes of the tower,
where the brave retainers of Lochisla defended my father's
stronghold with the desperate courage of outlawed and ruined men,
—ruined and outlawed in a noble cause! These days of death and
siege I have not forgotten, nor the pale cheek of the mother at
whose breast I hung seeking nourishment, while she was perishing
for want of food. Nor have I forgotten the gallows-tree—God be
gracious unto me!—raised by the insolent soldiery on the brae-head
to hang our people when they surrendered; and, had they ever
yielded, they would have swung every man of them, and have been
food for the raven and hoodiecraw. And this paternal tower would
have been now ruined and roofless, forming a lair for the fox and the
owl, but for the friendship of our kinsman Seafield, who wrung a
respite and reprieve from the unwilling hand of the merciless German
duke.
"Oh, Ronald Stuart! remember these things, and recall some
traces of the spirit of Ian Mhor, whose name and blood you inherit.
He was a stern old man, and a proud one, possessing the spirit of
the days that are gone,—days when the bold son of the hills
redressed his wrongs with his own right hand, and held his lands, not
by possession of a sheepskin, but by the broad blade of his good
claymore."
He paused a moment, passed his hand across his glowing brow,
and thus continued in a tone of sterner import, and more high-flown
Gaelic.
"Listen to me, O Ronald! Hearken to a father who has loved, and
watched, and tended you as never father did a son. Think no more of

Inchavon's daughter! Promise me to spurn her from your
remembrance, or never more shall you find a home in the dwelling-
place of our fathers: you shall be as a stranger to my heart, and your
name be known in Lochisla no more. I will cast you off as a withered
branch, and leave our ancient patrimony to the hereditary chieftain
of our race. Pledge me your word, or, Ronald, I pronounce you for
ever lost!"
During this long and energetic harangue, which was delivered in
the sonorous voice which Mr. Stuart always assumed with his Gaelic,
various had been the contending emotions in the bosom of Ronald.
Love and pride, indignation and filial respect, agitated him by turns;
and when his father ceased, he took up his bonnet with an air of
pride and grief.
"Sir—sir—O my father!" said he, while his pale lip quivered, and
a tear glittered in his dark eye, "you will be spared any further
trouble on my account. I will go; leave Lochisla to the Stuarts of
Appin, or whom you may please. I will seek my fortune elsewhere,
and show you truly that 'a brave man makes every soil his country.'"
As he turned to leave the apartment, the stern aspect of his
father's features relaxed, and he surveyed him with a wistful look.
"Stay, Ronald," he exclaimed; "I have been hasty. You would not
desert me thus in my old age, and leave me with anger on your
brow? Let not our pride overcome our natural affection. I will speak
of this matter again, and——"
Here he was interrupted by Donald Iverach, who entered
respectfully, bonnet in hand, bearing two long official-looking letters,
which he handed to Mr. Stuart, who started on perceiving "On his
Majesty's service" (an unusual notice to him) printed on the upper
corner of each.

"Hoigh!" said the piper, "your honour's clory disna get twa sic
muckle letters ilka day. The auld doited cailloch tat keeps the post-
house down at the clachan of Strathfillan, sent a gilly trotting up the
water-side wi' them, as fast as his houghs could pring him."
Their contents became speedily known. The first was a letter
from the Horse Guards, informing Mr. Stuart that his son was
appointed to an ensigncy in the 92nd regiment, or Gordon
Highlanders, commanded by the Marquis of Huntly. The second was
to Ronald himself, signed by the adjutant-general, directing him with
all speed to join a detachment, which was shortly to leave the depot
in the Castle of Edinburgh for the seat of war.
Pride and pleasure at the new and varied prospect before him
were the first emotions of Ronald's mind; sorrow and regret at
thoughts of parting so suddenly, perhaps for ever, from all that was
dear to him, succeeded them.
"Hoigh! hui-uigh!" cried old Iverach, capering with Highland
agility on hearing the letters read. "Hui-uigh!" he exclaimed, making
the weapons clatter on the wall with his wild and startling shout,
while he tossed his bonnet up to the vaulted roof; "and so braw
Maister Ronald is going to the clorious wars, to shoot the French
loons like the muircocks o' Strathisla, or the bonnie red roes o'
Benmore! Hoigh! Got tam! auld Iverach's son sall gang too, and
follow the laird's, as my ain faither and mony a braw shentleman did
auld Sir Ian Mhor to the muster o' Glenfinan. And when promotion is
in the way, braw Maister Ronald will no forget puir Evan Iverach, the
son of his faither's piper, that follows him for love to the far-awa'
land. And when the pipers blaw the onset, neither o' them will forget
the bonnie banks of Lochisla, and the true hearts they have left
behind them there. And when the onset is nigh, let them shout the

war-cry of their race: my prave prothers cried it on the ramparts of
Ticonderago,[*] where the auld plack watch were mown doon like
grass, in a land far peyond the isles, where the sun sets in the west."
[*] In that sanguinary affair the 42nd Highlanders, or old Black-Watch, lost 43
officers, commissioned and non-commissioned, and had 603 privates killed and
wounded; and "to many a heart and home in the Highlands did this disastrous
though glorious intelligence bring desolation and mourning."
As this enthusiastic retainer left the apartment to communicate the
news to the rest of the household, old Mr. Stuart turned to gaze on
his son.
The arrival of these letters had caused a vast change in their
feelings within the last five minutes; all traces of discord had
vanished, and the softest feelings of our nature remained behind.
CHAPTER IV.
THE DEPARTURE.
"Farewell, farewell, a last adieu!
Adieu, ye hills and dales so sweet;
Adieu, ye gurgling rills, for you
And I again may never meet!
Sweet lovely scene, with charms replete!
Backward my longing eyes I turn,

Leave your stupendous rocks with woe,
To yonder cloud-capped town I go,
Ah! never to return."
Colin Maclaurin.
Sorrow for the sudden departure of Ronald was the prevailing
sentiment in the tower of Lochisla, which old Janet the housekeeper
caused to re-echo with her ceaseless lamentations, poured forth
either in broken broad Scotch, or in her more poetical and descriptive
Gaelic, for the going forth of the bold boy whom she had watched
over and nursed from childhood with the tenderness of a mother.
His father felt deeply the pang of parting with the only child that
death had left him; but he pent his feelings within his own proud
bosom, and showed them but little. He said nothing more of Alice
Lisle, unwilling to sour the few remaining hours they had to spend
together by harsh injunctions or disagreeable topics, deeming that
Ronald in the busy scenes which were before him in his military
career would be taught to forget the boyish attachment of his early
days. It is thus that old men ever reckon, forgetting that the first
impressions which the young heart receives are ever the strongest
and most lasting.
He directed with cool firmness the arrangements for his son's
early departure, and save now and then a quivering of the lip or a
deep sigh, no other emotion was visible. He felt keenly, nor would he
ever have parted with Ronald, notwithstanding the eagerness of the
youth to join the army, but for the entanglement of his private
affairs, which rendered it absolutely necessary that his son should be

independent of his shattered patrimony, and the proud and martial
disposition of both their minds made arms the only profession to be
chosen.
It was close upon the time of his departure ere Ronald could
make an arrangement to obtain an interview with Alice Lisle. He
despatched by Evan, the son of Iverach, a note to Alice, requesting
her to meet and bid him adieu, in the lawn in front of Inchavon-
house, on the evening of the second day, referring her to the bearer
for a recapitulation of the events which had taken place.
The young Highlander, who was to accompany Ronald to the
regiment as a servant and follower, was as shrewd and acute as a
love-messenger required to be, and succeeded, after considerable
trouble and delay, in delivering the billet into the fair hands of the
young lady herself, who, although she neither shrieked or fainted,
nor expired altogether, like a heroine of romance, was nevertheless
overwhelmed with the intelligence, which Evan related to her as
gently as he could; and after promising to attend to the note without
fail, she retired to her own chamber, and gave way to the deepest
anguish.
At last arrived the important day which was to behold Ronald
launched from his peaceful Highland home into the stormy scenes of
a life which was new to him. Evan Iverach had been sent off in the
morning with the baggage to the hamlet of Strathisla, where the
stage-coach for Perth was to take up his young master.
Sorrowful indeed was the parting between the old piper and his
son Evan Bean, (i.e. fair-haired Evan,) and they were but little
comforted by the assurance of the old crone Janet, who desired them
to "greet weel, as their weird was read, and they would never meet
mair."

Ronald was seated with his father at breakfast in the hall or
dining-room of the tower. The table was covered with viands of every
kind, exhibiting all the profuseness of a true Scottish breakfast,—tea,
coffee, cold venison, cheese, oaten bannocks, &c., &c., &c., and a
large silver-mouthed bottle, containing most potent usquebaugh,
distilled for the laird's own use by Alpin Oig Stuart in one of the dark
and dangerous chasms on the banks of the Isla, a spot unknown to
the exciseman, a personage much dreaded and abhorred in all
Highland districts.
The old cailloch, Janet, was in attendance, weeping and
muttering to herself. Iverach was without the tower, making the yard
ring to the spirit-stirring notes of—
"We'll awa to Shirramuir,
An' haud the whigs in order;"
and he strode to and fro, blowing furiously, as if to keep up the
failing spirit of his tough old heart.
Mr. Stuart said little, but took his morning meal as usual. Now
and then he bit his nether lip, his eye glistened, and his brow was
knit, to disguise the painful emotions that filled his heart.
Ronald ate but little and sat totally silent, gazing with swimming
eyes, while his heart swelled almost to bursting, on the lofty hills and
dark pine woods, which, perchance, he might never more behold;
and the sad certainty that slowly passing years would elapse ere he
again stood by his paternal hearth, or beheld his father's face,—if,
indeed, he was ever to behold it again,—raised within him emotions
of the deepest sadness.

"Alas!" thought he, "how many years may roll away before I
again look on all I have loved so long; and what dismal changes may
not have taken place in that time!"
"Hui-uigh! Ochon—ochanari!" cried the old woman, unable to
restrain herself longer, as she sunk upon a settle in the recess of the
hall window. "He is going forth to the far awa land of the stranger,
where the hoodiecraw and fox pyke the banes of the dead brave; but
he winna return to us, as the eagle's brood return to their eyrie
among the black cliffs o' bonnie Craigonan."
"He shall! old woman. What mean you by these disheartening
observations in so sad an hour as this?" said the old gentleman
sternly, roused by that prophetic tone which never falls without effect
on the ear of a Scottish Highlander.
"Dinna speak sae to me, laird. God sain me! I read that in his
bonnie black een which tells me that they shall never again look on
mine."
"Hoigh! prutt, trutt," said Iverach, whom her cry had summoned
to the spot, "the auld teevil of a cailloch will pe casting doon Maister
Ronald's heart when it should pe at the stoutest. Huisht, Janet, and
no be bedeviling us with visions and glaumorie just the noo."
"Donald Iverach, I tell you he shall never more behold those
whom he looks on this day: I tell you so, and I never spoke in vain,"
cried the old sybil in Gaelic with a shrill voice. "When the brave sons
of my bosom perished with their leader at Corunna, did I not know of
their fall the hour it happened? The secret feeling, which a tongue
cannot describe, informed me that they were no more. Yes; I heard
the wild wind howl their death-song, as it swept down the pass of
Craigonan, and I viewed their shapeless spirits floating in the black
mist that clung round the tower of Lochisla on the night the field of

Corunna was stricken, for many were the men of our race who
perished there: the dead-bell sung to me the live-long night, and our
caillochs and maidens were sighing and sad,—but I alone knew why."
"Peace! bird of ill omen," replied the piper in the same language,
overawed by the force of her words. "Dhia gledh sinn! will you break
the proud spirit of a duinhe wassal of the house of Lochisla, when
about to gird the claymore and leave the roof-tree of his fathers?"
"Come, come; we have had enough of this," said Mr. Stuart.
"Retire, Janet, and do not by your unseemly grief disturb the last
hours that my son and I shall spend together."
"A wreath, and 'tis not for nought, is coming across my auld
een," she replied, pressing her withered hands upon her wrinkled
brow. "Sorrow and woe are before us all. I have seen it in many a
dark dream at midnicht, and heard it in the croak of the nicht-bird, as
it screamed from its eyrie in Coirnan-Taischatrin,[*] where the wee
men and women dance their rings in the bonnie moonlicht. Greet
and be woefu', my braw bairn, for we shall never behold ye mair.
Ochon—ochon!" and pressing Ronald to her breast, this faithful old
dependant rushed from the hall.
[*] The cave of the seers.
"Grief has distracted the poor old creature," said Mr. Stuart, making a
strong effort to control the emotions which swelled his own bosom,
while Ronald no longer concealed his, but covering his face with his
hands, wept freely, and the piper began to blubber and sob in
company.

"Hoigh! oigh! Got tam! it's joost naething but fairies' spells and
glaumorie that's ever and aye in auld Janet's mouth. She craiks and
croaks like the howlets in the auld chapel-isle, till it's gruesome to
hear her. But dinna mind her, Maister Ronald; I'll blaw up the bags,
and cheer your heart wi' the 'gathering' on the bonnie piob mhor."
The piper retired to the yard, where the cotters and many a
shepherd from the adjacent hills were assembled to behold Ronald
depart, and bid him farewell.
Ronald's father, the good old man, although his heart was wrung
and oppressed by the dismal forebodings of his retainer, did all that
he possibly could to raise the drooping spirits of his son, by holding
out hopes of quick promotion and a speedy return home; but Ronald
wept like a youth as he was, and answered only by his tears.
"Oh, Ronald, my boy!" groaned the old man; "it is in an hour
such as this that I most feel the loss of her whose fair head has long,
long been under the grassy turf which covers her fair-haired little
ones in the old church-yard yonder. The sun is now shining through
the window of the ruined chapel, and I see the pine which marks
their graves tossing its branches in the light." He looked fixedly
across the loch at the islet, the grassy surface of which was almost
covered with grey tomb-stones, beneath which slept the retainers of
his ancestors, who themselves rested among the Gothic ruins of the
little edifice, which their piety had endowed and founded to St. John,
the patron saint of Perth.
The day sped fast away, and the hour came in which Ronald was
compelled to depart, if he would be in time for the Perth stage, which
passed through Strathisla. His father accompanied him to the gate of
the tower, where he embraced and blessed him. He then turned to
depart, after shaking the hard hand of many an honest mountaineer.

"May Got's plessing and all goot attend ye! Maister Ronald,"
blubbered old Iverach, who was with difficulty prevented from piping
before him down the glen; "and dinna forget to befriend puir Evan
Bean, that follows ye for love."
A sorrowful farewell in emphatic Gaelic was muttered through
the court as Ronald, breaking from among them, rushed down the
steep descent, as if anxious to end the painful scene. His father
gazed wistfully after, as if his very soul seemed to follow his steps.
Ronald looked back but once, and then dashed on as fast as his
strength could carry him; but that look he never, never forgot.
The old man had reverently taken off his hat, allowing his silver
hair to stream in the wind, and with eyes upturned to heaven was
fervently ejaculating,—"Oh, God! that nearest me, be a father unto
my poor boy, and protect him in the hour of danger!"
It was the last time that Ronald beheld the face of his father,
and deeply was the memory of its expression impressed upon his
heart. Not daring again to turn his head, he hurried along the
mountain path, until he came to a turn of the glen which would hide
the much-loved spot for ever. Here he turned and looked back: his
father was no longer visible, but there stood the well-known tower
rising above the rich copse-land, with the grey smoke from its huge
kitchen chimney curling over the battlements in the evening wind,
which brought to his ear the wail of Iverach's bagpipe. The smooth
surface of the loch shone with purple and gold in the light of the
setting sun, the rays of which fell obliquely as its flaming orb
appeared to rest on the huge dark mountains of the western
Highlands.
"Ah! never shall I behold a scene like this in the land to which I
go," thought Ronald, as he cast one eager glance over it all; and

then, entering the deep rocky gorge, through which the road wound,
hurried towards the romantic hamlet of Strathisla, the green mossy
roofs and curling smoke of which he saw through the tufts of birch
and pine a short distance before him.
It was dusk before he reached the cluster of primitive cottages,
at the door of one of which, dignified by the name of "the coach-
office," stood Evan with the baggage, impatiently awaiting the
appearance of his master, as the time for the arrival of the coach was
close at hand. Telling him hastily that he would meet the vehicle on
the road near Inchavonpark, he passed forward to keep his promise
to Alice. A few minutes' walk brought him to the boundary wall of Sir
Allan's property; vaulting lightly over, he found himself among the
thickets of shrubs which were planted here and there about the
smooth grassy lawn, in the centre of which appeared Inchavon-
house, a handsome modern structure; the lofty walls and portico of
fine Corinthian columns, surmounted by a small dome, all shone in
the light of the summer moon, by which he saw the glimmer of a
white dress advancing hastily towards him.
At that instant the sound of the coach, as it came rattling and
rumbling down a neighbouring hill, struck his ear, and his heart died
within him, as he knew it would be there almost immediately.
"Alice!" he exclaimed, as he threw one arm passionately around
her.
"Ronald, O Ronald!" was all the weeping girl could articulate, as
she clung to him tremblingly.
"Remember me when I am gone! Love me as you do now when
I shall be far, far away from you, Alice!"
"Ah, how could I ever forget you!"
At that moment the unwelcome vehicle drew up on the road.

"Stuart—Ronald, my old comrade," cried the frank though
faltering voice of Lewis Lisle, who appeared at that moment; "give
me your hand, my boy. You surely would not go without seeing me?"
Ronald pressed the hand of Lewis, who threw over his neck a
chain, at which hung a miniature of his sister.
"Alas!" muttered Ronald, "I have nothing to give as a keepsake
in return! Ay, this ring,—'tis a very old one, but it was my mother's;
wear it for my sake, Alice." To kiss her pale cheek, place her in the
arms of Lewis, to cross the park and leap the wall, were to the young
Highlander the work of a moment,—and he vanished from their side.
"Come alang, sir! We canna be keepit here the haill nicht,"
bawled the driver crossly as Ronald appeared upon the road, where
the white steam was curling from the four panting horses in the
moonlight, which revealed Evan, seated with the goods and chattels
of himself and master among the muffled-up passengers who loaded
the coach-top.
"Inside, sir?" said the guard from behind the shawl which
muffled his weather-beaten face as he held open the door. Ronald,
scarcely knowing what he did, stepped in, and the door closed with a
bang which made the driver rock on his seat. "A' richt, Jamie; drive
on!" cried the guard, vaulting into the dickey; and in a few minutes
more the noise of wheels and hoofs had died away from the ears of
poor Alice and her brother, who listened with beating hearts to the
retiring sound.
CHAPTER V.
EDINBURGH CASTLE.

"But tender thoughts maun now be hushed,
When danger calls I must obey;
The transport waits us on the coast,
And the morn I will be far away."
Tannahill.
The young Highlander, who had never beheld a larger city than
Perth, was greatly struck with the splendid and picturesque
appearance of Edinburgh. The long lines of densely crowded streets,
the antique and lofty houses, the spires, the towers, the enormous
bridges spanning deep ravines, the long dark alleys, crooks, nooks,
and corners of the old town, with its commanding castle; and then
the new, with its innumerable and splendid shops, filled with rich and
costly stuffs, the smoke, noise, and confusion of the great
thoroughfares and promenades contrasted with the sombre and
gloomy grandeur of the Canongate and Holyrood, were all strange
sights to one who from infancy had been accustomed to "the eagle
and the rock, the mountain and the cataract, the blue-bell, the
heather, and the long yellow broom, the Highland pipe, the hill-
climbing warrior, and the humbler shepherd in the garb of old Gaul."
From the castle he viewed with surprise and delight the vast
amphitheatre which surrounds the city. To the westward
Corstorphine, covered to the summit with the richest foliage,
Craiglockart, Blackford, the ridges of Braid and Pentland, the Calton,
the craigs of Salisbury and Arthur's seat, encircling the city on all

sides except the north, where the noble Frith of Forth—the Bodoria
of the Romans,—the most beautiful stream in Scotland, perhaps in
Britain, wound along the yellow sands.
Far beyond were seen the Lomonds of Fife, the capes of Crail
and Elie, the broad bays and indentures of the German Ocean, and
the islets of the Forth, the banks of which are studded with villages,
castles, churches, and rich woodland. As he entered the fortress he
was particularly struck with the gloomy and aged appearance of its
embattled buildings and lofty frowning batteries, where the black
cannon peeped grimly through antique embrasures. It was a place
particularly interesting to Ronald, (as it is to every true Scotsman,)
who thought of the prominent part it bore in the annals of his
country,—of the many sieges it had sustained, and the many
celebrated persons who had lived and died within the walls, which
held the crown and insignia of a race whose name and power had
passed away from the land they had ruled and loved so long.
Kilted sentinels, wearing the plumed bonnet, tasselled sporan or
purse, and the dark tartan, striped with yellow, of the Gordon
Highlanders, appeared at the different bastions as he passed the
drawbridge, entered through many a strong gate studded with iron,
and the black old arch where the two portcullises of massive metal
hang suspended.
Ronald, for the first time since he left home, found himself
confounded and abashed when he was received by the haughty staff-
officer in the cold and stiff manner which these gentlemen assume to
regimental officers. Here he reported himself, as the phrase is, and
presented the letters of the adjutant-general. It was in a gloomy
apartment of the old palace, and the very place in which the once
beautiful Mary of Guise breathed her last. Its furniture consisted of

two chairs and a hardwood table covered with books, army lists,
papers and dockets of letters: boards of general orders, a couple of
swords, and forage-caps hung upon the wall. A drum stood in one
corner, and an unseemly cast-iron coal-box bearing the mystic letters
"B.O." stood in another. A decanter of port and a wine-glass, which
appeared on the mantel shelf, showed that the occupant of the office
knew the secret of making himself comfortable.
Considerably damped in spirit, by the dry and unsoldierlike
reception he had experienced, Ronald next sought the quarters of
the officer who commanded the detachment of his own regiment. On
quitting the citadel, he passed the place where the French prisoners
of war were confined. It was a small piece of ground, enclosed by a
strong palisado, over which the poor fellows displayed for sale those
ornaments and toys which the ingenuity of their nation enabled them
to make. Little ships, toothpicks, bodkins, dominoes, boxes, &c. were
manufactured by them from the bones of their scanty allowance of
ration meat, and offered for sale to the soldiers of the garrison, or
visitors from the city who chanced to pass the place of their
confinement.
They appeared to be generally very merry, and were dressed in
the peculiar uniform of the prison; but here and there might be
observed an officer, who, having broken his parole of honour, was
now degraded by being placed among the rank and file. Ronald was
but a young soldier, and consequently pitied them; he thought of
what his own feelings would be were he a prisoner in a foreign land,
with the bayonets of guards glittering at every turn; but there
seemed to be none there who yearned for home or hearts they had
left behind them, save one, and of him we will speak hereafter. The
reception Ronald met with from the officers of his own corps, tended

much to revive his drooping spirits, which were, for some time, sadly
depressed by the remembrance of Lochisla, and the affectionate
friends he had left behind him there.
Among the officers were young men who, like himself, had
recently left their homes in the distant north, and a unison of feeling
existed in their minds; but, generally, they were merry thoughtless
fellows, and the vivacity of their conversation, the frolics in which
they were ever engaged, and the bustle of the garrison, were capital
antidotes against care. But the tear often started to the eye of Stuart
as he beheld the far-off peak of Ben Lomond, fifty miles distant from
the window of his room,—his rank as a subaltern entitling him only to
one, and he thought of the romantic hills of Perthshire, or of the
lonely hearth where his grey-haired sire mourned for his absence.
But little time was allowed him to muse thus. Parades in the castle,
the promenades, theatres, the gay blaze of ball-rooms in the city,
crowded with beautiful and fashionable girls and glittering uniforms,
left him little time for reflection; and the day of embarkation for the
Peninsula, the seat of war, to which all men's thoughts—and women's
too, were turned, insensibly drew nigh.
Evan Iverach had been enlisted in his master's company, and
under the hands of a regimental tailor, and the tuition of the drill
sergeant, was rapidly becoming a smart soldier, while he still
remained an attached servant to his master.
The latter, soon after his arrival in the capital, had visited his
father's agent, Mr. Æneas Macquirk, a writer to the signet, who had
long transacted the business and fleeced the pocket of the old laird
in the most approved legal manner. This worthy, having lately
procured the old gentleman's signature to a document which was
ultimately to be his ruin, was therefore disposed to treat Ronald drily

enough, having made the most of his father; and he would never
have been invited to the snug front-door-house, with the carpeted
staircase, comfortable dining and airy drawing-room in the new town,
but for the vanity of Mrs. and the Misses Macquirk, who thought that
the rich uniform of the young officer as a visitor gave their house a
gay and fashionable air.
Quite the reverse of the good old "clerks to the signet" who once
dwelt in the dark closes of the old city, Macquirk was one of the
many contemptible fellows whose only talent is chicanery, and who
fatten and thrive on that unfortunate love of litigation which
possesses the people of Scotland. Mean and servile to the rich, he
was equally purse-proud and overbearing to the poor, to whom he
was a savage and remorseless creditor. Many were the unfortunate
citizens who cursed the hour in which they first knew this man, who
feathered his nest by the law, better than ever his father had done
by the honester trade of mending shoes in the West Bow.
Mrs. Macquirk was a vulgar-looking woman, most unbecomingly
fat; her money had procured her a husband, and she was as proud
as could be expected, considering that she had first seen the light in
the low purlieus of the Kraimes, and now found herself mistress of
one of the handsomest houses in Edinburgh.
The young ladies were more agreeable, being rather good-
looking but very affected, having received all the accomplishments
that it was in the power of their slighted and brow-beaten governess,
the daughter of a good but unfortunate family, to impart to them.
They gave parties that Ronald might show off the uniform of the
Gordon Highlanders, and played and sung to him in their best style;
while he drew many comparisons between them and the Alice whose
miniature he wore in his bosom, by which they lost immensely; and

while listening to their confused foreign airs and songs, he thought
how much sweeter and more musical were the tones of Alice Lisle,
when she sung "The Birks of Invermay," or any other melody of the
mountains, making his heart vibrate to her words. But even in the
Castle of Edinburgh Ronald had recently made a friend, whose
society, in spite of military and Highland gallantry, he preferred to
that of the daughters of Macquirk.
Among the French captives within the stockade, he had
frequently observed a young officer who remained apart from the
rest, the deep dejection and abstraction of whose air gained him the
readily excited sympathy of the young Highlander. He was a tall,
handsome, well-shaped young man, with regular features, dark eyes,
and a heavy black moustache on his upper lip. He wore the uniform
of Napoleon's famous Imperial Guards; but the once gay epaulette
and lace were much worn and faded. He wore a long scarlet forage-
cap, adorned with a band, a tassel falling over his right shoulder. The
gold cross of the Legion of Honour dangling at his breast showed
that he had seen service, and distinguished himself.
He had more than once observed the peculiar look with which
Ronald Stuart had eyed him; and on one occasion, with the
politeness of his nation, he gracefully touched his cap. The Scotsman
bowed, and beckoned him to a retired part of the palisado.
"Can you speak our language, sir?" asked he.
"Oh, yes, Monsieur officier," replied the Frenchman; "I have
learned it in the prison."
"I regret much to see you, an officer, placed here among the
common rank and file. How has such an event come to pass? Can I
in any way assist you?"

"Monsieur, I thank you; you are very good, but it is not
possible," stammered the Frenchman in confusion, his sun-burned
cheek reddening while he spoke. "Croix Dieu! yours are the first
words of true kindness that I have heard since I left my own home,
in our pleasant France. O monsieur, I could almost weep! I am
degraded among my fellow-soldiers, my frères d'armes. I have
broken my parole of honour, and am placed among the private men;
confined within this palisado by day, and these dark vaults by
night,"—pointing to the ancient dungeons which lie along the south
side of the rocks, and are the most antique part of the fortress.
These gloomy places were the allotted quarters of the French
prisoners in Edinburgh.
"I have been placed here in consequence of a desperate attempt
I made to escape from the depot (Greenlaw,[*] I think it is named,)
at the foot of these high mountains. I perceive you pity me,
monsieur, and indeed I am very miserable."
[*] A village near Edinburgh, where barracks were constructed in 1810 for some
thousands of French prisoners. The buildings are now quite deserted, and no trace
remains of their former inhabitants, except a monument, with an appropriate
inscription, erected by the proprietor of Valley-Field-mill over the remains of 300
French soldiers, interred in the most beautiful part of the grounds.
"I dare swear the penance of captivity is great; but 'tis the fortune of
war, and may be my own chance very soon."
"Ah, monsieur!" said the Frenchman despondingly, "to me it is as
death. But 'tis not the mal-du-pays, the home-sickness, so common
among the Switzers and you Scots, that preys upon my heart. Did

you know my story, and all that afflicts me, your surprise at the
dejection in which I appear sunk, would cease. I endure much misery
here: our prison allowance is scant, my uniform is all gone to rags,
and I have not wherewith to procure other clothing. We are debarred
from many comforts—" The blood rose to the temples of the speaker,
who suddenly ceased on perceiving that Ronald had drawn forth his
purse. He could ill spare the money, but he pressed it upon the
Frenchman, by whom after much hesitation the gift was accepted.
"It was not my intention to have excited your charity," said he;
"but I take the purse as a gift from one brother soldier to another,
and will share it among my poor comrades. Though our nations be at
war, frères d'armes we all are, monsieur; and should it ever be in his
power, by Heaven and St. Louis! Victor d'Estouville will requite your
kindness. If by the fortune, or rather misfortune, of war, you ever
become a prisoner in my native country, you will find that the
memory of la Garde Ecossaise and your brave nation, which our old
kings loved so long and well, and the sufferings of the fair Marie, are
not yet forgotten in la belle France."
"I trust my destiny will never lead me to a captivity in France, or
elsewhere. But keep a stout heart: the next cartel that brings an
exchange of prisoners, may set you free."
"Mon Dieu! I know not what may have happened at home before
that comes to pass. Monsieur, you have become my friend, and have
therefore a right to my confidence; my story shall be related to you
as briefly as possible. My name is d'Estouville. I am descended from
one of the best families in France, of which my ancestors were peers,
and possessed large estates in the province of Normandy,—a name
which finds an echo, methinks, in your sister kingdom. By the late
revolution, in which my father lost his life, all our lands were swept

from us, with the exception of a small cottage in the neighbourhood
of Henriqueville, situated in the fertile valley where the thick woods
and beautiful vineyards lie intermingled along the banks of the
winding Seine; and to this spot my poor mother with her fatherless
children retired. Ah, monsieur! 'twas a charming little place: methinks
I see it now, the low-roofed cottage, with the vines and roses
growing round its roof and chimneys, and in at the little lattices that
glistened in the sunshine,—every green lane and clump of shadowy
trees, and every silver rill around it.
"Living by our own industry, we were happy enough; my brother
and myself increased in strength and manliness, as my sisters did in
beauty; and the sweetness of my noble mother's temper, together
with the quiet and unassuming tenour of our lives, rendered us the
favourites of all the inhabitants of the valley of Lillebonne.
"Monsieur, I loved a fair girl in our neighbourhood, a near
relation of my own,—Diane de Montmichel, a beautiful brunette, with
dark hair and sparkling eyes. Oh! could we but see Diane now!
"Mon Dieu! The very day on which I was to have wedded her
was fixed, and the future seemed full of every happiness; but the
great Emperor wanted men to fight his battles, and by one
conscription the whole youth of the valley of Lillebonne were drawn
away. My brother and myself were among them. Ah, monsieur!
Napoleon thinks not of the agony of French mothers, and the bitter
tears that are wept for every conscription. Britain recruits her armies
with thousands of free volunteers, who tread by their own free will
the path of honour. France—but we will not talk of this. Our poor
peasant boys were torn from their cottages and vineyards, from the
arms of their parents and friends; we felt our hearts swelling within
us, but to resist was to die. O monsieur! what must have been the

thoughts of my high-minded mother, when she beheld her sons—the
sons of a noble peer of old France—drawn from her roof to carry the
musquet as private soldiers—"
"And Diane de Montmichel?—"
"In a few months I found myself fighting the battles of the great
Emperor as a soldier of his Imperial Guard, the flower of la belle
France. In our first engagement with the enemy my brave brother fell
—poor Henri! But why should I regret him? He fell gaining fame for
France, and died nobly with the eagle on his breast, and the folds of
the tricolour waving over him. Since then I have distinguished myself,
was promoted, and received from the hand of Napoleon this gold
cross, which had once hung on his own proud breast. I received it
amidst the dead and the dying, on a field where the hot blood of
brave men had been poured forth as water. From that moment I was
more than ever his devoted soldier. He had kindled in my breast the
fire of martial ambition, which softer love had caused to slumber. I
now looked forward joyously to quick promotion, and my return to
poor Diane and my mother's vine-covered cot in happy Lillebonne.
But my hopes were doomed to be blasted. I was taken prisoner in an
unlucky charge, and transmitted with some thousand more to this
country.
"O monsieur! not even the pledge of my most sacred honour as
a gentleman and soldier could bind me while love and ambition filled
my heart. I mourned the monotonous life of a military prisoner, and
fled from the depot at Greenlaw; but I was retaken a day after, and
sent to this strong fortress, where for three long and weary years I
have been confined among the common file. O monsieur!—Diane—
my mother—my sisters! what sad changes may not have happened
among them in that time?"

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Starting Out with C++ from Control Structures to Objects 8th Edition Gaddis Test Bank

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