Static techniques
- 1. Static techniques (Graham at al 2006) Achmad Harpin Asrori (11453101803) Program Studi S1 Sistem Informasi Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/ http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/ http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
- 2. The definition of testing outlines objectives that relate to evaluation, revealing defects and quality. As indicated in the definition two approaches can be used to achieve these objectives, static testing and dynamic testing. ◉dynamic testing methods, software is executed using a set of input values and its output is then examined and compared to what is expected. ◉static testing, software work products are examined manually, or with a set of tools, but not executed.
- 3. The use of static testing on software work products has various advantages: • Since static testing can start early in the life cycle, early feedback on quality issues can be established, e.g. an early validation of user requirements and not just late in the life cycle during acceptance testing. • By detecting defects at an early stage, rework costs are most often relatively low and thus a relatively cheap improvement of the quality of software products can be achieved. • Since rework effort is substantially reduced, development productivity figures are likely to increase. • Static tests contribute to an increased awareness of quality issues.
- 5. REVIEW PROCESS Reviews vary from very informal to formal (i.e. well structured and regulated). Although inspection is perhaps the most documented and formal review technique, it is certainly not the only one. The formality of a review process is related to factors such as the maturity of the development process, any legal or regulatory requirements or the need for an audit trail. In practice the informal review is perhaps the most common type of review. Informal reviews are applied at various times during the early stages in the life cycle of a document.
- 6. Phases of a formal review1
- 7. Phases of a formal review In contrast to informal reviews, formal reviews follow a formal process. A typical formal review process consists of six main steps: ◉Planning ◉Kick-off ◉Preparation ◉Review meeting ◉Rework ◉Follow-up.
- 9. Roles and responsibilities ◉The moderator : The moderator (or review leader) leads the review process. ◉The author : As the writer of the document under review, the author's basic goal should be to learn as much as possible with regard to improving the quality of the document, but also to improve his or her ability to write future documents. ◉The scribe : During the logging meeting, the scribe (or recorder) has to record each defect mentioned and any suggestions for process improvement.
- 10. Roles and responsibilities ◉The reviewers : The task of the reviewers (also called checkers or inspectors) is to check any material for defects, mostly prior to the meeting. The level of thoroughness required depends on the type of review. ◉The manager : The manager is involved in the reviews as he or she decides on the execution of reviews, allocates time in project schedules and determines whether review process objectives have been met.
- 11. Types of review1
- 12. Types of review Walkthrough : A walkthrough is characterized by the author of the document under review guiding the participants through the document and his or her thought processes, to achieve a common understanding and to gather feedback. The specific goals of a walkthrough depend on its role in the creation of the document. In general the following goals can be applicable: ●to present the document to stakeholders both within and outside the software discipline, in order to gather information regarding the topic under documentation; ●to explain (knowledge transfer) and evaluate the contents of the document; ●to establish a common understanding of the document; ●to examine and discuss the validity of proposed solutions and the viability of alternatives, establishing consensus. Key characteristics of walkthroughs are: ●The meeting is led by the authors; often a separate scribe is present. ●Scenarios and dry runs may be used to validate the content. ●Separate pre-meeting preparation for reviewers is optional.
- 14. Technical review A technical review is a discussion meeting that focuses on achieving consensus about the technical content of a document. The goals of a technical review are to: • assess the value of technical concepts and alternatives in the product and project environment; • establish consistency in the use and representation of technical concepts; • ensure, at an early stage, that technical concepts are used correctly; • inform participants of the technical content of the document.
- 15. Technical review ◉Inspection : Inspection is the most formal review type. The document under inspection is prepared and checked thoroughly by the reviewers before the meeting, comparing the work product with its sources and other referenced documents, and using rules and checklists. The generally accepted goals of inspection are to: ◉help the author to improve the quality of the document under inspection; ◉remove defects efficiently, as early as possible; ◉improve product quality, by producing documents with a higher level of quality; ◉create a common understanding by exchanging information among the inspection participants; ◉train new employees in the organization's development process; ◉learn from defects found and improve processes in order to prevent recurrence of similar defects; ◉sample a few pages or sections from a larger document in order to measure the typical quality of the document, leading to improved work by individuals in the future, and to process improvements.
- 17. Success factors for reviews Implementing (formal) reviews is not easy as there is no one way to success and there are numerous ways to fail. The next list contains a number of critical success factors that improve the chances of success when implementing reviews. It aims to answer the question, 'How do you start (formal) reviews?'. ◉Find a 'champion‘ ◉Pick things that really count ◉Explicitly plan and track review activities ◉Train participants ◉Manage people issues ◉Follow the rules but keep it simple ◉Continuously improve process and tools ◉Report results ◉Just do it!
- 19. STATIC ANALYSIS BY TOOLS Static analysis is an examination of requirements, design and code that differs from more traditional dynamic testing in a number of important ways: ●Static analysis is performed on requirements, design or code without actually executing the software artifact being examined. • Static analysis is ideally performed before the types of formal review discussed in Section 3.2. • Static analysis is unrelated to dynamic properties of the requirements, design and code, such as test coverage. • The goal of static analysis is to find defects, whether or not they may cause failures. As with reviews, static analysis finds defects rather than failures.
- 21. Coding standards Checking for adherence to coding standards is certainly the most well- known of all features. The first action to be taken is to define or adopt a coding standard. Usually a coding standard consists of a set of programming rules (e.g. 'Always check boundaries on an array when copying to that array'), naming conventions (e.g. 'Classes should start with capital C) and layout specifications (e.g. 'Indent 4 spaces').
- 22. Code metrics1
- 23. Code metrics As stated, when performing static code analysis, usually information is calculated about structural attributes of the code, such as comment frequency, depth of nesting, cyclomatic number and number of lines of code. This information can be computed not only as the design and code are being created but also as changes are made to a system, to see if the design or code is becoming bigger, more complex and more difficult to understand and maintain. The measurements also help us to decide among several design alternatives, especially when redesigning portions of existing code.