Statisticsintro
This document discusses different types of statistics and variables. Descriptive statistics organizes and presents data through graphical or textual means, while inferential statistics makes predictions about future events based on existing data. Variables can be independent, influencing other variables, or dependent, being influenced by others. Data can be measured on nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scales. Samples are subsets of populations used to collect numeric and non-numeric data, which can be continuous or discrete variables. Data is collected through surveys, existing records, experiments, or observations. Random sampling gives all population members an equal chance of selection, while non-random sampling uses methods like volunteers or convenience.
Statisticsintro
- 2. Classifications DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS it is the process of organizing data effectively with the aid of graphical or textual presentation
- 3. Classification INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Statistics concerned about making intelligent guesses about future events based on existing data - Concerned with obtaining information about the characteristics of a population based on some sample
- 7. Population – the collection of all elements of interest being studied Sample – a subset of a population
- 8. Data – facts that are collected, organized and analyzed. Variable – Characteristic of the subject being studied. Examples: height, weight, name, sales, student number, etc.
- 9. What are the variables presented in the table?
- 10. Classification of Variables Independent Variable – characteristics that influences an outcome, or influences the outcome of another variable. Dependent variable – a characteristic which is affected or influenced by another characteristic
- 11. What is the dependent variable? What are the independent variables?
- 12. Scales of Measurement • Nominal Scale – characteristics that serve as LABELS for identification
- 13. Scales of Measurement Ordinal Scale – characteristics that has the function of a nominal data but such characteristics can be ranked
- 15. Scales of Measurement Interval Scale – measurements that maintain the characteristics of an ordinal data Intervals of observation can be expressed in terms of a fixed measure Arithmetic operations can be applied to such measurements
- 16. Scales of Measurement Ratio scale – measurements that have the following characteristics They can be ranked Ratio between two observed values yield a meaningful information A Zero measurement means NONE
- 18. Classification of Data/Variable Numeric and Non-numeric data (Quantitative and non quantitative data) Continuous Variables and Discrete Variables
- 19. Data Collection (How are data collected) Surveys (sample surveys) Existing collection of data (obtain data from data which are already collected) Experimental studies (conduct experiments) Observational studies ( Observe the subject without influencing them)
- 20. Sampling Techniques Random Sampling – a sampling where every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. - Drawing lots - Table of random numbers - Systematic sampling - Stratified random sampling
- 21. Sampling Techniques Non-Random Sampling Volunteer sampling Judgement sampling (targeted sampling) Convenience sampling