Std 8 Geography chp 3 Minerals and power resources
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Minerals are naturally occurring substances found in the Earth's crust that have distinct physical and chemical properties. There are over 3000 known minerals, but just 10 minerals make up 90% of the Earth's crust. Common minerals include silicates, aluminum, iron, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Minerals are found in ores, which are rocks containing valuable mineral deposits. Ores can be classified as high or low grade based on their mineral content and impurities. Major mineral deposits are located around the world, and many countries have abundant resources of specific minerals that are important to their economies and industries.
Std 8 Geography chp 3 Minerals and power resources
- 1. WHAT ARE MINERALS •A Mineral is anaturally occurring substance found in the earth’s crust. •Mineralshave distinct physical properties such as color, density & hardness. •Chemicalproperties such assolubility. •Mineralsareformedindifferenttypesofgeologicalenvironment, undervaryingconditions. •Createdbynaturalprocesseswithout humaninterference.
- 2. THERE ARE 3000 MINERALS IN THE EARTH. 90% OF EARTH MINERALS ARE MADE UP OF JUST 10 MINERALS COMMON MINERALS-SILICATES, ALUMINIUM, IRON, SODIUM, POTTASIUM, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM. THEYARE FOUND IN PURE STATE IN ORES WHICH ARE ROCKS CONTAINING MINERALS ORES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO LOW AND HIGH GRADE ORES (CONTINUED IN NEXT SLIDE)
- 3. • HIGH GRADE ORES CONTAINS HIGH MINERAL CONTENT AND LESS OF IMPURITIES. • LOW GRADE ORES CONTAINS LOW MINERAL CONTENT AND MORE OF IMPURITIES.
- 8. Mining – Taking out minerals from Earth. Drilling – Deep wells are bored. Quarrying – Minerals near the surface are dug. Open Cast – Shallow depth. Shaft – Greater depth. EXTRACTION OF MINERALS
- 9. Iron ore in north Sweden. Copper and nickel in Ontario Canada. Iron, nickel chromites and platinum in South Africa. Limestone deposits of Caucasus region of France. Manganese deposits of Georgia and Ukraine Phosphate beds of Algeria.
- 12. ASI A IRON ORE - INDIA, CHINA TIN-MALASIYA,INDONESIA,CHINA LEAD,ANTIMONY,TUNGSTEN-CHINA PETROLEUM,NATURAL GAS-MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES MANGANESE,BAUXITE-MOST PARTS OF ASIA
- 13. EUROP E EUROPE LEADING PRODUCER OF IRON ORE IN THE WORLD. IRON ORE - RUSSIA, UKRAINE, SWEDEN, FRANCE COPPER, LEAD, ZINC, MANGANESE, NICKEL - EASTERN EUROPE, RUSSIA COAL - RUHR VALLEYOF GERMANY PETROLEUM &NATURALGAS-UK, NORWAY
- 14. NORTH AMERIC A THREE ZONES OF MINERAL DEPOSITS – CANADIAN REGION NORTH OF GREAT LAKES, THE APPALACHIAN REGION, AND MOUNTAIN RANGES OF THE WEST. CANADIAN REGION NORTH OF GREAT LAKES- IRON ORE, NICKEL, GOLD, URANIUM, COPPER COPPER, LEAD, ZINC, GOLD, SILVER - WESTERN CORDILLERAS COAL - APPALACHAINS RANGE
- 15. South America BRAZIL – LARGEST PRODUCER OF HIGH GRADE IRON ORE. LEADING PRODUCERS OF COPPER - CHILE, PERU LARGEST PRODUCTION OF TIN - BRAZIL, BOLIVA SOUTH AMERICAHAS LARGE DEPOSITS OF GOLD, SILVER, ZINC, CHROMIUM, MANGANESE, MICA , BAUXITE, PLATINUM, ASBESTOS AND DIAMOND MINERAL OIL - VENEZUELA, ARGENTINA, CHILE, PERU, COLUMBIA
- 16. AFRIC A DIAMOND, GOLD, SILVER, PLATINUM - LARGEST PRODUCER (AFRICA) GOLD - S.AFRICA, ZAIRE, ZIMBABWE OIL - NIGERIA, LIBYA,ANGOLA SOME OTHER METALS FOUND HERE – COPPER, IRON, CHROMIUM, COBALT, URANIUM. GREEN DIAMOND IS THE RAREST DIAMOND.
- 17. AUSTRAL IA WORLD LEADER IN - PRODUCTION OF BAUXITE LEADING PRODUCER OF- IRON ORE , GOLD, DIAMOND, TIN, NICKEL RICH IN - MANGANESE, COPPER, LEAD, ZINC GOLD - KALGOORLIE , COOLGARDIE
- 18. ANTARCTI CA • COAL - TRANS ANTARTIC MOUNTAINS • IRON - PRINCE CHARLES MOUNTAINS OF EAST ANTARCTICA • ALSO PRESENT - IRON ORE, GOLD, SILVER, OIL
- 22. IRON- ORE INDIA – LARGEST IRON DEPOSIT IN ASIA. IRON MINES - JHARKAND, ORRISA, CHHATTISGARH, MADHYA PRADESH, GOA, MAHARASHTRA, KARNATAKA.
- 23. BAUXITE (ORE OF ALUMINIUM) PRODUCING AREAS - ORISSA (LARGEST), TAMILNADU, M.P, MAHARASHTRA, GUJARAT, CHATTISGARH, JHARKHAND USES- AUTOMOBILES, AIRCRAFT, FURNITURES. ETC
- 24. MIC A MICA DEPOSITS – JHARKHAND, BIHAR, ANDHRA PRADESH AND RAJASHTAN INDIA IS LARGEST PRODUCER AND EXPORTER IN THE WORLD
- 25. Produced mainly –A.P, Karnataka, M.P, Jharkhand, Rajasthan Used in electrical industry formaking wires, motors, transformers, generators Itwas used to make coins Itis mixed with gold to givestrength
- 26. DEPOSITS- MAHARASHTRA, M.P, ORISSA, A.P, KARNATAKA, CHATTISGARH. USES-SMELTINGOF IRON, MANUFACTURING FERRO- ALLOYS , ADDS STRENGHT TO STEEL
- 27. DEPOSITS- M.P, TAMILNADU, BIHAR, ORISSA, GUJARAT, RAJASTAN, MAHARASHTRA, JHARKHAND USE - RAW MATERIAL FOR CEMENT INDUSTRY
- 28. DEPOSITS - KOLAR IN KARNATAKA. DEEPEST MINES IN THE WORLD
- 29. OBTAINED FROM – SEAS, LAKES AND ROCKS INDIA IS THE WORLD LEADER IN SALT PRODUCTION
- 30. Minerals are used in many Industries. Minerals used for gems which are hard and used for jewellery. Copper – used from making coins to pipes. Silicon obtained from quartz – used in Computer industry. Aluminum obtained from bauxite – used in automobiles and airplanes, bottling industry, building kitchen cookware.
- 32. POWER RESOURCES Power or energy plays an vital role Power is used everywhere and for different purposes. e.g. Industry, agriculture, transport, communication etc Power is categorized as – 1. Conventional sources 2. Non conventional sources
- 34. FIRE WOOD • In common for long – Firewood and Fossil Fuel. • Uses-cooking, heating • 50% of energyused in villagesis got from firewood Advantages Disadvantages •Easy access •Collection is time consuming •Provides energy to a large number of people •Polluting •Promoting green house effect •Deforestation Fossil Fuel – Coal, Petrol, Natural Gas are main source of conventional energy.
- 35. Thick Black Liquid Petra “Rock” + Oleum “Oil”. Between rock layers. Called “Black Gold”. Trapped between sedimentary rocks. It is drilled from off & on shore oil fields. Top producers Middle Eastern countries, USA, Russia,Algeria, Venezuela. In india - Digboi in Assam, Mumbai and the Deltas of Krishna & Godavari
- 37. Is found with petroleum deposits and released when crude oil is brought to the surface. Top producers - Netherlands, Norway, UK, Russia Found at (India) - Godavari Krishna Delta , Tripura, Jaisalmer, Mumbai. CNG is aeco friendly automobile fuel. Bombay High 110 kms away from Mumbai.
- 38. Rainwater in dams fall from heights on turbine and it moves. Turns generator to produce electricity. 1/4th of total world’s electricity is by hydel power, Leading producers - Paraguay, Norway, Brazil and China. Hydel power stations in India- Bhakra Nangal, Gandhi Sagar, Nagarjunsagar and Damodar valley.
- 39. Increasing use of fossil fuel is leading to its shortage. If consumption continues the reserves will get exhausted. So there is a need for using Non Conventional sources. Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy which are renewable. Solar energy – Solar heaters, solar cookers, solar dryers. Advantages Disadvantages •Inexhaustible •Expensive •Non Polluting •Diffused sources so gets wasted
- 40. Use of the heat that emanate from the sun’s rays is called ‘Solar Energy’. Solar energy is trapped in solar cells to produce electricity
- 42. Wind is an inexhaustible source of energy. Kinetic energy of wind is converted into electrical energy. Lies in coastal areas and mountain passes. Has been used for grinding grain &lifting water since ancient times Wind farms are at – Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, UK, USA and Spain.
- 43. Nuclear Energy is obtained - when radioactive minerals such asthorium , uranium etc undergo nuclear fission and energy is emitted. Leading Producers - USA and Europe. Deposits (India)-1) Thorium – Kerala 2) Uranium-Rajasthan, Jharkhand Power stations – Kalpakkam (TN), Tarapur (MH), Rana Pratapsagar (Kota), Narora (UP), Kaiga (Karnataka).
- 45. Heat energy obtained from the earth is called as Geothermal Energy. Temperature in the interior of the earth rises. Hot water from geysers& geothermal springs is used for cooking bathing & heating for several years. Big plants USA, New Zealand , Philliphines, Iceland & Central America. India – Manikaran (HP), Puga valley (Ladakh)
- 47. Energy is generated from tides. There are dams built in narrow openings of tidal beltsof the sea. During high tides the energy of the tides are used to turn the turbines and they produce electricity. Russia ,France, Gulf of Kutch in India have large tidal mill farms.
- 48. Generated from organic matter like dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste. In bio gas digesters the bacteria decompose the organic matter and release bio gas (methane + carbon dioxide) The waste is used as manure. Energy saved is energy generated.
- 50. Save Energy for the Future use Energy is everywhere and controlling and making use of this energy is difficult as well as costly. Each one of us can make a difference by not wasting the energy. .