STRENGTH STUDIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE FOR THE APPLICATION IN CONCRETE

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 03 | Mar 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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STRENGTH STUDIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE FOR THE APPLICATION
IN CONCRETE
FAISAL ALI BHAT 1, ER . SHILPA CHAUHAN 2
1student of M.tech(CTM) at Rayat Bahra University
2Asst. Professor,Dept. Of civil Engineering ,Rayat Bahra University punjab ,India
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Abstract - Recycled summations correspond of crushed,
graded inorganic patches reused from the material that
have been used in the constructions and obliteration debris.
The target of the present paper work is to determine the
strength specific of recycled summations for the operation
in concrete pavement construction. The compass of the
paper is to determine and compare the compressive
strength, flexural strength and sulphate resistance of
concrete by using different probabilities of recycled
summations. The disquisition was carried out by using
plasticity test, compressive strength test, flexural strength
test and sulphate resistance test. A aggregate of five
composites with relief of coarse summations with 0, 10, 20,
30 and 40 recycled coarse summations were studied. The
water cement rate was kept constant at0.38. It was
observed that plasticity of concrete was dropped with the
increase in recycled summations in concrete. For the
strength characteristics, the results showed that the
strengths of recycled aggregate concrete was similar to the
strengths of natural summations concrete
Key Words: compressive strength, flexural strength,
sulphate Resistance, Concrete
1.INTRODUCTION
This In the period of construction, concrete has been the
commanding structure material since it was discovered
and set up doable for future due to its durability, easy
conservation, wide range of parcels and severity to any
shape and size( 1- 3). Concrete is the emulsion mix of
cement, aggregates, sand and water. Concrete gets
hardened like monument by mixing water with cement
and aggregates. Concrete has two type ingredients, active
and inactive. The active bunch consists of water and
cement The inactive part consists of sand and coarse
aggregates. Concrete has high compressive strength and
low tensile strength( 7). To overcome this failing, brand
mounts are used along with theconcrete. This type of
concrete is called corroborated cement concrete( RCC).( 8)
Concrete structures that are aimed to have service lives of
at least 50 times have to be Crushed after 20 or 30 times
because of deterioration caused by multitudinous agents.
Old structures bear conservation for better and advanced
economics earnings. The rate of annihilation has increased
and there is a deficiency in ditching space and also
increase in cost of jilting. Rather than ditching this
Crushed concrete, use of Crushed as recycled concrete
would not only reduce the cost but also will conserve the
non renewable energy sources( 9- 11). The use of Crushed
concrete will further affect deduction in use of natural
aggregates. The operation of natural aggregates is causing
damage to natural resources performing in imbalance
interrain.Recycled aggregates correspond to crushed,
graded inorganic patches attained from the paraphernalia
that have been used in constructions( 13). Recycled
aggregates are generally attained from structures, roads
and islets which are Crushed due to completion of life,
wars and earthquakes( 12).
● Prospects in India
Indian Indian economy is of developing nature. So the
problem of bedeviled waste is not as huge as in developed
countries. But it is not far out when India may have to face
this problem( 32). In the down megacity areas of the
metropolitan cosmopolises concrete halls are replacing
the old structures causing generation of bedeviled waste
which needs to be transported and dumped.In india only
construction industry produces 10-12million tons of
waste annually .projections for structure material demand
of the covering sector indicate a deficiency of aggregates
to the extent of about, 000 million m3( chapter 4,
civicindia.nic.in)( 18). A fresh 750 million m3 aggregates
would be demanded for achieving the targets of the road
sector( 31). Recycling of aggregate material from
construction and annihilation waste may reduce the
demand- force gap in both these sectors. thus in a
developing country like India, effective use of Crushed
concrete could be of great help in reduction of concrete
waste and maintaining a pollution free terrain( 21- 26)
● Barriers to Recycled Concrete Aggregate Use
There There are several walls in use of RCA in concrete.
Cost of concrete crushers is truly high which increases the
original cost for plant( 31). In addition, conservation cost
of concrete crushers is also significant. Other barricade is
related to quality of RCA. highways bear quality material
that meets engineering, profitable and environmental
considerations( Turley 2003). still, where high
performance concrete is not demanded, RCA can be used
and thus, virgin aggregate can be conserved( Meyer

2008)( 12). A lot of fine bedeviled concrete aggregate is
created during the crushing process. This spare fine
aggregatetotal requires disposal or an alternate use. The
absorption, strength, and impurities varies with the
sources and type of RCA used( 32). This means that it's
useless or that it might negatively impact the new
pavement structure. Durability performance of RCA is not
well understood because of the limited and contrary
disquisition results( Salem 2003). Concrete that contains
RCA has lower compressive strength, flexural strength and
sulphate resistance. It's also not known how RCA affects
continuity, since utmost studies concentrate only on the
parcels of RCA concrete( Olorunsogo 2002)( 19).
Government agencies also don't show any interest in
quality assurance and are also slow to embrace the use of
RCA due to enterprises about quality and a disinclination
to change what has worked in the history( Turley 2003).
The use of material specifications are hedge to the use of
RCA in concrete. A performance- grounded or end result
specification would allow further RCA use( Turley 2003).
still, specific norms on how to use RCA in new concrete
aren't presently available( 17)( 32)( 33)
1.1 objectives
The study on use of Crushed concrete in pavement
construction consists of conducting laboratory
investigations on cement concrete prepared by using
Crushed concrete to estimate its suitability for pavement
construction[17-22] The main objectives of study are:
● To prepare mix design with recycled aggregates.
● To determine the compressive strength of the
samples .
● To determine the flexural strength
● To determine the sulphate resistance strength of
samples at the end of 7, 28 and 56 days.
● Slump test was performed on freshly mixed
concrete, and compression test was performed on
hardened concrete.
● samples of concrete were prepared with RCA and
natural aggregate, changing their mixture design
parameters, including coarse aggregate
proportion
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A lot of investigations have been done for the use of
Crushed concrete and it was found that the use of recycled
aggregate is an appropriate solution to the problem of
dumping and transportation of Crushed concrete. It was
found that the recycled aggregates are valuable building
material in environmental, economical and technical
aspects. Initially recycled aggregates were used as landfills
but nowadays they are also used for constructions for
building and roads. Recycled aggregates have been used as
concrete kerb and gutter mix in Australia [Shing Chai
NGO,2004]. In the project of Lenthall Street in Sydney, 10
mm recycled aggregates and blended recycled sand are
used for concrete kerb and gutter mix.
● In road construction recycled aggregates are used
as a granular base course. They have proved
better than the natural aggregates when used as a
granular base course. In case of wet subgrade
areas, recycled aggregates stabilise the base and
provide an improved working surface for
pavement structure construction. Recycled
aggregates are used as base, sub base course and
sometimes for foundation purposes also[16]. In
the USA, the use of recycling technology in a
number of full scale pavement rehabilitation
projects has been accomplished since 1976
[Kumar, Satish,2002].
● Market development study for recycled
aggregates products [ Shing Chai NGO, 2004]
stated that recycled aggregates can be used in
embankment fil[7]l. The embankment site is on
the wet subgrade areas, recycled aggregates can
stabilize the base and provide an improved
working surface for the remaining work.
Norwegian Building Research Institute mentioned
that RCA can be used as backfill materials in pipe
zones.
● In Lowa [Kumar, Satish,2002] recycled concrete
was first used in 1976 in pavement was crushed
and Crushed concrete was used for the
construction of a 1 mile long and 22.5 cm thick
highway pavement. In other construction of 17
mile long and 20 cm thick highway pavement,
crushed concrete was used in Lowa in 1978. The
Minnesota department of transportation recycled
16 mile long plain concrete pavement into a new
concrete pavement on trunk highway in 1980[22[.
In the Netherlands, recycled aggregates are used
for partition walls in apartments. After the
damage caused in Second World War, countries
like Germany, England, Netherland and other
European countries have tried to use recycled
concrete in new construction and made a lot of
investigations over it[5]. Some countries have
developed code of practice for the use of recycled
aggregates. In India recycled aggregates are not
much used, but its future seems bright and one
can predict the remarkable contribution of
recycled aggregates.
● The ability to resist compression loads is called
Compressive strength. It is found that the use of

RCA in the concrete mix decreases compressive
strength compared to natural aggregate. It is also
observed that, at 28 days, all mix designs
exceeded 50MPa compressive strength Shayan
2003. In one study it is found that the
compressive strength of natural concrete was
58.6 MPa, and the RCA concrete ranged from 50.9
to MPa[11]. The compressive strength for 50%
RCA concrete was higher than 100% RCA
concrete [Poon 2002].
● Tavakoli 1996 .Due to a lower w/c ratio
Compressive strength may increase for RCA, 14%
and 34% respectively in comparison of natural
aggregates. The most of strength loss for RCA
concrete can be caused by the presence of
material smaller than 2 mm because natural sand
has greater strength than RCA fines. It is
recommended that RCA fines should not be more
than 50% of the sand content . Bonding between
the RCA and the cement can be affected by loose
particles created during the crushing process[19].
Treating the RCA by impregnation of silica fume
resulted in an increase in compressive strength of
approximately at 30% at 7-days and 15% at 28-
days. If RCA is exposed to ultrasound then it
results in a uniform increase of 7% compressive
strength over time [7]. Compressive strength of
the final concrete is affected by the ageat which
RCA has been crushed. For example, crushing
concrete into RCA after three days compared to
one day resulted in a seven percent increase in
compressive strength of the new RCA concrete at
7 days. The difference in compressive strength of
the new RCA concrete increased to 13% at the age
of 90 days [16]
● Katz 2003. The compressive strength of the
original crushed concrete affects the compressive
strength of the RCA concrete .However, it is also
found that RCA concrete can produce higher
compressive strengths than the original
concrete.For example, an 80MPa concrete was
produced from an original 60MPa concrete . [29]
● In 2006, Poon C.S. et.al studied the environmental
effects of using recycled aggregates. Concrete
mixes were prepared with varying proportions of
recycled aggregates. The proportion of recycled
aggregates was kept varying from 0% to 100%.
Target strength was kept 35 MPa. The
investigations were made on affect of recycled
aggregates on slump value and bleeding. From
this study it was found that the use of recycled
aggregates caused higher rate of bleeding[10].
The slump of concrete mixes or without recycled
aggregates was increased due to replacement of
cement by 25% fly ash. It reduced bleeding rate
and bleeding capacity with only minor negative
effects on concrete strength at or before 28 days,
but it gave positive effects on strength at age of 90
days.[6]
● In 2008, Tabsh, Sami W. et.al The main objectives
of study were the sources of recycled aggregates
and the strength of recycled concrete . Test results
showed that the losses as 50% for toughness and
12% for soundness test which are within
acceptable limits. It was also found that the
strength was reduced to 10-25% with the use of
recycled aggregates.[23]
● Zaharieva 2004, Katz2003, Salem 2003. The
ability to resist tension resulting from bending is
called flexural strength. There are doubtful or
conflicting results about how RCA use affects
flexural strength. In some studies it was found
that RCA decreases the flexural strength [and
some other studies showed that RCA caused an
increase in flexural strength ( Poon 2002). One
study showed a decrease in flexural strength
between 10-20% [25]
DISCUSSION
Methodology of this study has following parts:
● Literature review of the available studies in
various journals, conferences etc.
● Investigation of physical and mechanical
properties of concrete with RCA and natural
aggregate which includes sieve analysis, bulk
density of aggregates (coarse+fine), water
absorption of aggregates(coarse+fine) and
specific gravity of aggregates(coarse+fine),
through study
● Mix design of concrete (M40).
● Casting of test samples. (Cube for compressive
strength and sulphate resistance, beams for
flexural strength).
● Curing of samples in a water tank for a specified
time period. (curing in MgSO4 solution for sulfate
resistance).
● Samples testing for compressive strength, flexural
strength and sulfate resistance at specified time
periods.
Material Properties
The physical and mechanical properties of all ingredients
like sand, natural coarse aggregates, cement and Crushed
coarse aggregates are per IS: 2386-1963 were determined.

● Cement
OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) of grade 43 was used
which conformed to IS: 8112-1989. Testing of cement was
done as per IS: 4031 The physical properties of cement are
given ,Physical Properties of Cement of Grade 43 [23]
● Coarse Aggregates from Crushed Concrete
In the study, the coarse aggregates were obtained by
breaking the waste concrete by using a 5 kg hammer to get
aggregates of 20mm and below. The obtained material
was then sieved and recombined to get the required
grading[11]. These aggregates were sieved to get
aggregates size between 4.75mm to 20mm. Coarse
aggregate of sizes 20mm-10mm and 10mm-4.75mm were
separated by sieving. This was done because different size
aggregates fill each other to increase the strength. The
particle shape of RCA was crushed and surface texture
obtained was porous and rough as shown in Figure 4.1.
This was due to the presence of attached mortar material
to the old coarse aggregates. The water absorption of
Crushed coarse aggregates was more than the natural
coarse aggregates due to presence of mortar on RCA[18].
The specific gravity of Crushed coarse aggregates was also
observed to be lower than that of natural aggregates.
● Water
Properties of water used were as per IS 456. It was free
from deleterious materials. Water was used for mixing and
curing concrete[23]. Portable water is generally taken for
mixing and curing of concrete.
● Properties of Fresh concrete (Workability)
There are a lot of styles for measuring plasticity of
concrete. Each system measures only a specified aspect of
it and there's really no system which measures the
plasticity of concrete in its summation. So, it's assumed
that none of the styles are wholly satisfactory[30] But by
checking the uniformity of the plasticity it was easier to
ensure an invariant quality of concrete and hence
invariant strength for a particular job.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Some revision can be made for RCA to come extensively
used material for construction of concrete pavements.
harmonious and predictable results need to be attained
when using RCA as a relief for natural total in concrete. To
achieve this farther disquisition is needed in the areas of
parcels of summations, blend design and proportioning,
performance, testing, and modelling perform petrographic
analysis on the RCA samples to more probe their
composition, quality and how important injurious material
that can be included without affecting the performance of
the concrete.
● In the present study, the RCA is taken from a
single source. The results of RCA from different
sources will be different. So it's needed to
compare concrete composites with different
sources of RCA including sources of RCA that are
clean, polluted, and cured else.
● In the present study, only five type of composites
are used with proportion of RCA up to 40. This
chance of RCA can be increased. Compare
concrete composites with a variety of coarse RCA
content to find the optimal quantum that can be
added without affecting performance.
● In the present study, only coarse total is used as
replaced material. New study should be done that
develop fresh designs that incorporate fine
recycled total and concrete marshland- water to
achieve a zero waste concrete.
3. CONCLUSIONS
The exploration on operation of RCA in construction of
pavement is veritably important because material waste is
gradationally adding with the increase in civic
development and increase in population. Recycled
summations are fluently available while natural
summations need mining and their cost is much advanced
than the cost of natural summations. Recycled
summations are cheaper than the virgin summations, so
builders can fluently go these for construction purpose if
their strength is equal or similar to natural .aggregates.
● This study examines the parcels of RCA when
used with natural coarse summations. A lot of
studies have been carried out on use of RCA
concrete in construction. But in case of trace
construction some further disquisition is needed.
The main ideal of the study was to probe whether
RCA can be used as material summations for
concrete pavement construction. Compressive
strength, flexural strength and sulfate resistance
of RCA concrete is examined, where it was
observed that mixing ofRCA cause increased
water immersion. Concrete blend of M40 was
designed as per parcels of summations. The
results of this study showed that RCA concrete
gave similar strength to conventional concrete.
This indicated that RCA concrete can be feasible
source for construction of pavements. From the
results, it's also set up that plasticity of concrete is
dropped due to advanced water immersion.
Whenever recycled total is applied, water content
is covered precisely in concrete blend as water
immersion is increased due to presence of
pervious material.

● The compressive strength of all composites
exceeded at the age of 28 days. Compressive
strength of control blend i.e. of m0 is50.05 MPa
which is lesser than the target strength of 48.25
for M40 concrete. Compressive strength of m1 is
slightly increased to 50.36. So the compressive
strength increases by0.5. For m2, compressive
strength is increased to 50.20 MPa, it also showed
an increase in compressive strength by0.3.
Compressive strength of m3 is dropped to 49.11
MPa that showed a drop in compressive strength
by1.9. But in case of m4, there's unforeseen
increase in compressive strength that raises the
compressive strength to52.36 MPa. Compressive
strength is increased by4.5. So the results of test
show that compressive strength doesn't follow a
regular trend from m0 to m4. But from the results
it's also concluded that compressive strength
noway went below the target strength for 28 days.
This indicates that RCA can be used as relief
summations for compressive strength.
● Flexural strength also followed the same pattern
as of compressive strength. Flexural strength of
control blend is5.32 MPa at age of 28 days.
Flexural strength of blend m1 increased to5.60
MPa. It shows that the increase in flexural
strength is 5 for m1. For m2 flexural strength at
age of 28 days is5.40 MPa, which shows an
increase in flexural strength by1.5. Flexural
strength of blend m3 is5.38 and the flexural
strength increased by 1. For the blend m4, flexural
strength is5.40 MPa. It shows that the flexural
strength increased by1.5 at the age of 28 days.
From the results and discussion of the results it's
set up that the flexural strength of RCA concrete is
similar to the natural total concrete which is a
positive point. So the RCA concrete can be used
for flexural strength by adjustingW/ C rate.
● Use of 5 of MgSO4 results caused the reduction in
compressive strength. Effect of sulphate result
increased when volume of Crushed concrete total
increased. So an increase in sulphate caused a
reduction in the compressive strength of concrete.
● It was set up that the RCA concrete have fairly
lower bulk viscosity, specific graveness and high
water immersion as compared to natural
concrete. This was due to the presence of mortar
in present on recycled coarse summations
● In this study, trial castings were done to arrive at
water content and asked plasticity. So it was
judicious to carry out trial castings with Crushed
concrete total proposed to be used in order to
arrive at the water content and its proportion to
match the plasticity situations and strengths
conditions independently.
From this study it was observed that the persecuted
concrete was feasible source for construction of concrete
pavements. provident and environmental pressures justify
felicity of RCA concrete as indispensable to the natural
concrete. Where there's non-availability of natural total
from new jewels RCA can be a good or feasible relief
option for
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