Structure of skin in various relating problems
- 1. Presented by Miss. Safalata Sakla M.Pharm II Semester Department of Pharmaceutics Guided by Prof. Somnath Vibhute Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana
- 2. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Skin 3. Structure of skin 4. Types of skin 5. Structure of skin in various problems 6. Conclusion 7. References
- 3. Introduction Cosmetics According to United State, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), defines cosmetics as ‘intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance without affecting the body’s structure or functions. The term Cosmeceuticals was coined by dermatologist Albert Kligman in 1980.
- 4. Skin • Largest part of body, near about 15% of total adult body weight • Prevents excessive water loss • Helps to maintain the body temperature to environmental • Acts as barrier to various external substances and drugs too
- 5. Structure of skin Epidermis (outer layer) Dermis (middle layer) Hypodermis (inner layer)
- 6. Types of Skin Oily skin Dry skin Combination skin Normal skin Sensitive skin
- 7. 1. Oily skin • Large pores, shiny complexation, blackheads, pimples by sebaceous glands • Oiliness increased by factors like stress, hormones, heat and humidity 2. Dry skin • Tiny pores, dull complexation, whiteheads, pimples by sweat glands. • Dryness increased by factors like stress, hormones, heat and humidity.
- 8. 3. Combination skin • Oily in some areas like chin, nose, forehead but may be dry in some areas like cheeks. 4. Normal skin • Medium level of oil and water • Not shiny or oily because oil glands are not highly active 5. Sensitive skin • Redness, itching, dryness • Irritated in response to certain skin care products
- 10. Biological Aspects and Various Problems of Skin • Dry skin • Acne • Pigmentation • Prickly heat • Wrinkles
- 11. Dry skin • Common condition • Lack of water in stratum corneum • 10-20% water content is required to keep skin soft and pliable • Characterized by rough, scaly or flaky skin • Accompanied by loss of skin elasticity and frequently pruritus • Known as Xerosis
- 12. • Low level of sebum present • Feels tight and uncomfortable • Cracking and chapping are signs of extremely dry skin • Barrier alteration causes increase in transepidermal water loss • Results in dryness of skin • Common symptom of atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis and psoriasis
- 13. • Dry skin management involves application of an emoillent • The ideal emollient contains five key components Humectants (glycerol, urea) Non-physiological lipids (minerals, vegetable oils) Physiological lipids (ceramides, free fatty acids) Antipruritics (menthol, camphor) Soothing agent (aloe vera, allantoin, rose hip oil)
- 14. Causes • The oil glands do not supply enough lubrication to skin • Environmental factors like low humidity, wind, cold whether • Poor diet, nutritional deficiency majorly Vit A and Vit B • Genetic conditions • Facial skin been washed with surfactant based products often experience temporary tightness sensation • Medical conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, malnutrition also lead to dry skin • Excessive use of cosmetics
- 15. Acne/ Acne vulgaris “It is an inflammation skin condition that occurs when oil and dead skin cells block the pore opening causing sebum to build up inside the pore.” OR “Acne is a chronic disease caused by inflammation of sebaceous glands.”
- 16. • Chronic inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous unit (includes hair follicle, hair shaft, sebaceous gland) • Most common dermatological condition worldwide • Prolonged course pattern of reccurrence and relapse • Manifestations such as acute outbreak and slow onset
- 17. • Most of peoples experience acne during aldoescence (teenage) • Secretion of sebaceous gland is known as sebum • Sebum comprises an oily mixture of triglycerides, wax, esters, squalene, free fatty acids and small amounts of cholesterol
- 18. Production of lipase enzyme Hydrolysis of triglyceride in sebum Formation of free fatty acid and glycerol Formation of plugs in pores Blockage and accumulation of sebum in hair follicles Proliferation of anaerobic bacteria(S.albus, P.acnes) Larger sebaceous glands in skin High sebum Keratinization Mechanism of acne formation
- 20. Classification of clinical forms of acne vulgaris
- 21. Tangled network of four core events in acne formation
- 22. Causes • Heat, humidity, UV light, cosmetics, excessive use of surfactants • Stress may aggravate skin by triggering the release of androgen and cortisol • Dietary factors, smoking, modern lifestyle causes acne vulgaris
- 24. Types of acne vulgaris
- 25. Pigmentation • Skin colour diversity is the most variable and noticeable phenotypic trait in humans • The general geographic patterns of skin pigmentation show a strong correlation with latitude and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) intensity • Skin colour is determined mainly by epidermal melanin pigment • It also includes minor contribution from carotenoids and deoxyhemoglobin
- 26. • Melanocytes produces two chemically distinct types of melanin : the brown- black eumelanin and the yellow-red pheomelanin • Eumelanin is photo protective whereas pheomelain is weakly photo protective and highly phototoxic • It is depended on function of melanogenic enzymes and the availability of substrates • Tyrosinase is the key enzyme in melanogenesis
- 27. • Skin response to sun exposure is also highly dependent on colour diversity • Dark skin have biological advantage under high UVR to protect from UV induced sunburn, skin cancer, immune suppression • Light skin have biological advantage for transformation of 7- dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D3 results in multiple effect on health from bone metabolism cell proliferation to fertility
- 28. Hyperpigmentation • Freckles • Lentigo • Post-inflammatory • Melasma Hypopigmentation • Vitiligo
- 30. Prickly heat • Commonly known as heat rash/miliaria • Causes inflammation to superficial layers of skin • Red bumps on a skin • Commonly observed in summer months in humid climates • Conditions are usually self-limited and resolves in hours to few days without treatment.
- 31. • Inflammatory disorder of skin particularly in humans • Characterized by multiple small lesions at the site of sweat pore • Sweat pore, brought about by the blockage of sweat ducts and resulting escape of sweat into various levels of the skin • Affect various body parts like face, neck, back, abdomen, elbow folds, groin • The disease may be treated with anti-microbial, steroids, anti-biotics.
- 32. Events involved in Prickly heat 1. Blockage of sweat gland ducts 2. Retention of sweat into skin 3. Disruption of duct cell
- 33. Causes • Caused by trapped sweat, when the body is hot the sweat glands get activated to produce sweat on skin • When body kept in warm state, the constant sweat production can be overloaded sweat glands, this can cause the sweat ducts to get blocked by trapping sweat in deep layers of skin with help of bacterias • Trapped sweat irritates the skin by forming the rash on it • Common trigger for prickly heat is exposure to heat for long time
- 34. Miliaria crystalline (clear) Miliaria rubra (red) Miliaria profunda (deep) Miliaria pustulosa (white/yellow) Types of heat rash
- 36. Wrinkles • Known as Rhytide/ skin aging • Complex biological process • Fold, ridge or crease on the skin • Promoted by habitual facial expression, aging, poor hydration, sun damage, smoking and various factors. • Influence by combination of endogenous and exogenous factors. • Formed when the skin loses its elasticity. • The first wrinkles appear in weak skin tissue around eyes, cheeks and around lips.
- 37. • Daily skin care • Correct sun protection Cosmetological Care • Prevention of dynamic wrinkle • Chemical peelings, Injectable skin bio-stimulation and rejuvenation • Radiofrequency, Visible light device Invasive procedures • Anti-oxidants • Cell regulators Topical agents Systemic agents avoiding of exogenous factors • Smoking, Diet restriction • Pollution, Stress • Nutrition, Life-style • Physical activity Skin aging approaches
- 38. Causes • Smoking • Age • Exposure to UV light • Repeated facial expressions
- 39. Conclusion The skin is looking very simple but it has very complex structure within. There are various types of skin like dry, oily, combination, normal and sensitive. They all have some problems and specification. The structure of skin changes in various problems like dry skin, acne, pigmentation, prickly heat, wrinkles.
- 40. References Whitney H, James D, Jacquelyn L, Skin structure and function : Translation of patient care, The journal of clinical aesthetic dermatology, 2013 Feb,13, page no. 1-8 Proksch E, Beradesca E, Misery L, Engblom J, Bouwstra J, Dry skin management : Practical approach in light of latest research on skin structure and function, Journal of dermatological treatment, 2019 Apr, 18 Bino SD, Duval C, Bernerd F, Clinical and biological characterization of skin pigmentation diversity and its consequences on UV impact, International journal of molecular sciences, 2018, page no. 2668-2712 Nagpal M, Singh G, Paramjot, Aggarwal G, Miliaria: An update, Journal of pharmaceutical, biological
- 41. Thank You..!!!!