Structure of the Heart and Respiratory System
- 2. The human heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes.
- 4. The heart can be found at the center of the chest, underneath the sternum in a thoracic compartment. It is made up of four chambers and several valves that regulate the normal flow of blood within the body. Two chambers called atria are located in the upper portion of the heart and receive oxygen-free blood. The valves that separate these chambers are called atrioventricular valves which is composed of the tricuspid valve on the left and the mitral valve on the right.
- 5. On the other hand, ventricles are chambers found on the lower portion of the heart; they pump oxygen- enriched blood into all organs of the body, reaching even the smallest cells. Similar to the atria, the ventricular chambers are also separated by valves. Collectively-termed as semilunar valves, these are comprised of the pulmonary and aortic valve. The heart also has a wall that is composed of three layers: the outer layer epicardium the middle layer myocardium and the innermost layer endocardium. The myocardium is think because it is made up of cardiac muscle fibers.
- 6. The structure of the heart is made more complex because of the mechanisms that allow blood to be distributed throughout the body and to return into the heart. Facilitating this continuous process are two types of blood vessels: veins and arteries. The vessels that bring oxygen-free blood back into the heart are called veins; those that bring oxygen- rich blood away from the heart and to other body parts are called arteries. Functioning in the left ventricle, the largest artery is called aorta.
- 7. The aorta is considered a main artery in the body. It further splits into two smaller arteries called common iliac arteries. With regular functioning, the heart is continuously able to supply sufficient amount of oxygen to all parts of the body.
- 9. There are three different types of circulation that occur regularly in the body: 1) Pulmonary circulation 2) Systemic circulation 3) Coronary circulation
- 10. Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart. Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
- 11. Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart.
- 12. Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. This type of circulation provides the heart with oxygenated blood so it can function properly.
- 13. The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.
- 14. The respiratory system has many functions. Besides helping you inhale and exhale. It also help us in a) Allows you to talk and to smell. b) Brings air to body temperature and moisturizes it to the humidity level your body needs. c) Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body. d) Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale. e) Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants.
- 15. The respiratory system has many different parts that work together to help you breathe. Each group of parts has many separate components. Your airways deliver air to your lungs. Your airways are a complicated system that includes your:
- 16. A. MOUTH AND NOSE B. PHARYNX C. THE LARYNX D. TRACHEA A. LUNGS B. BRONCHI C. ALVEOLI UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
- 17. Mouth and nose :- Openings that pull air from outside your body into your respiratory system.
- 18. Pharynx (throat) :- Is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the oesophagus and trachea – the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs.
- 19. Larynx(voice box) :- Hollow organ that allows you to talk and make sounds when air moves in and out. It also keep food and drink out of the airway
- 20. Trachea :- The trachea commonly known as the windpipe, is a tube about 12 C.M long and its connecting your throat and lungs.
- 22. LUNGS :- Your lungs are one of the largest organs in our body. Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into your blood. You have two lungs, which together form one of the largest organs in your body. The lung on your left is a bit smaller than the lung on the right because it has to make room for your heart to fit in your chest too. The lungs and the heart need to be close together because they work together.
- 23. In the normal adult, the lungs weigh approximately 1000 g. Lung volume increases from about 250 mL at birth to 6000 mL in the adult. The height of a normal adult lung is 27 cm at total lung capacity, but in the range of normal breathing it is approximately 24 cm in height.
- 24. Bronchi :- While it is the trachea's purpose to conduct air from the mouth and nose towards the lungs it is the bronchi which distribute the air throughout the lungs until reaching the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
- 25. Alveoli :- The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out.
- 27. mechanism of Inhalation :- When you breathe in, or inhale, your diaphragm contracts and moves downward. This increases the space in your chest cavity, and your lungs expand into it. The muscles between your ribs also help enlarge the chest cavity. They contract to pull your rib cage both upward and outward when you inhale.
- 28. mechanism of exhalation :- Upon exhalation, the lungs recoil to force the air out of the lungs. The intercostal muscles relax, returning the chest wall to its original position. During exhalation, the diaphragm also relaxes, moving higher into the thoracic cavity.