Structure.pptx Structure.pptxStructure.pptxStructure.pptxStructure.pptxStructure.pptxStructure.pptxStructure.pptxStructure.pptxStructure.pptxStructure.pptxStructure.pptx

Structure
Introduction
Array of Structure
Pointer to Structure
Nested Structure
Passing Structure to Function

Introduction to Structure
• Problem:
– How to group together a collection of data items
of different types that are logically related to a
particular entity??? (Array)
Solution: Structure

3
Structure
• A structure is a collection of variables of
different data types under a single name.
• The variables are called members of
the structure.
• The structure is also called a user-defined data
type.

4
Defining a Structure
• Syntax:
struct structure_name
{
data_type member_variable1;
data_type member_variable2;
………………………………;
data_type member_variableN;
};
Once structure_name is declared as new data type, then
variables of that type can be declared as:
struct structure_name structure_variable;
Note: The members of a structure do not occupy
memory until they are associated with a structure_variable.

5
• Example
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll_no;
float marks;
char gender;
long int
phone_no;
};
struct student st;
• Multiple variables of struct student type can be declared
as:
struct student st1, st2, st3;

6
Defining a structure…
• Each variable of structure has its own copy of
member variables.
• The member variables are accessed using the
dot (.) operator or member operator.
• For example: st1.name is member variable
name of st1 structure variable while
st3.gender is member variable gender of st3
structure variable.

Defining a structure…
• The structure definition
variable declaration can
combined as:
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll_no;
float marks;
char gender;
long int
phone_no;
}st1, st2, st3;
The use of structure_name is
and
be
optional. struct
{
char name[20];
int roll_no;
float marks;
char gender;
long int
phone_no;
}st1, st2, st3;
7

8
Structure initialization
• Syntax:
struct structure_name structure_variable={value1, value2, … , valueN};
• There is a one-to-one correspondence
between the members and their initializing
values.
• Note: C does not allow the initialization of
individual structure members within the
structure definition template.

struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll_no;
float marks;
char gender;
long int
phone_no;
};
void main()
{
struct student
st1={“ABC",
4, 79.5,
'M', 5010670};
clrscr();
printf("NametttRoll No.tMarksttGendertPhone No.");
printf("n.........................................................................n");
printf("n %stt %dtt %ft %ct %ld", st1.name,
st1.roll_no, st1.marks, 9

10
Partial Initialization
• We can initialize the first few members
and leave the remaining blank.
• However, the uninitialized members should be
only at the end of the list.
• The uninitialized members are
assigned default values as follows:
– Zero for integer and floating point numbers.
– ‘0’ for characters and strings.

11
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll;
char remarks;
float marks;
};
void main()
{
struct student
s1={“name", 4};
clrscr();
printf("Name=%s", s1.name);
printf("n Roll=%d", s1.roll); printf("
n Remarks=%c", s1.remarks);
printf("n Marks=%f", s1.marks);
getch();
}

12
Accessing member of structure/
Processing a structure
• By using dot (.) operator or period operator or
member operator.
• Syntax:
structure_variable.member
• Here, structure_variable refers to the name of
a struct type variable and member refers to
the name of a member within the structure.

13
Question
• Create a structure named student that has
name, roll and mark as members.
Assume appropriate types and size of
member. Write a program using
structure to read and display the data
entered by the user.

14
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll;
float mark;
};
void main()
{
struct student s;
clrscr();
printf("Enter
name:t");
gets(s.name);
printf("n Enter roll:t");
scanf("%d", &s.roll);
printf("n Enter marks:t");
scanf("%f", &s.mark);
printf("n Name t Roll t
Markn");
printf("
n...................................
n");
printf("n%st%dt%f", s.name, s.roll, s.mark);

15
• Two variables of the same structure type can be copied in
the same way as ordinary variables.
• If student1 and student2 belong to the same structure, then
the following statements are valid:
student1=student2;
student2=student1;
• However, the statements such
as:
student1==student2
student1!=student2
are not permitted.
• If we need to compare the structure variables, we may do
so by comparing members individually.
Copying and Comparing Structure
Variables

struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll;
};
void main()
{
struct student student1={“ABC", 4, };
struct student student2;
clrscr();
student2=student1;
printf("nStudent2.name=%s", student2.name);
printf("nStudent2.roll=%d", student2.roll);
if(strcmp(student1.name,student2.name)==0 &&
(student1.roll==student2.roll))
{
printf("nn student1 and student2 are
same.");
}
getch(); 16
Here, structure has been declared
global i.e. outside of main()
function. Now, any function can
access it and create a structure
variable.

17
How structure elements are stored?
• The elements of a structure are always stored in
contiguous memory locations.
• A structure variable reserves number of bytes
equal to sum of bytes needed to each of its
members.
• Computer stores structures using the concept of
“word boundary”. In a computer with two bytes
word boundary, the structure variables are stored
left aligned and consecutively one after the other
(with at most one byte unoccupied in between
them called slack byte).

18
How structure elements are stored?
• When we declare structure variables, each
one of them may contain slack bytes and
the values stored in such slack bytes
are undefined.
• Due to this, even if the members of two
variables are equal, their structures do
not necessarily compare.
• That’s why C does not permit comparison of
structures.

19
Array of structure
• Let us consider we have a structure as:
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll;
char remarks;
float marks;
};
• If we want to keep record of 100 students, we have to make 100
structure variables like st1, st2, …,st100.
• In this situation we can use array of structure to store the records of
100 students which is easier and efficient to handle (because loops
can be used).

Array of structure…
• Two ways to declare
an array of structure:
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll;
char remarks;
float marks;
}st[100];
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll;
char remarks;
float marks;
};
struct student
st[100];
20

• Write a program that takes roll_no, fname
lname of 5 students and prints the same
records in ascending order on the basis of
roll_no

Reading values
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
printf("n Enter roll number:");
scanf("%d", &s[i].roll_no);
printf("n Enter first name:");
scanf("%s", &s[i].f_name);
printf("n Enter Last name:");
scanf("%s", &s[i].l_name);
}

Sorting values
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
for(j=i+1; j<5; j++)
{
if(s[i].roll_no<s[j].roll_no)
{
temp = s[i].roll_no;
s[i].roll_no=s[j].roll_no;
s[j].roll_no=temp;
}
}
}

24
Question
• Define a structure of employee having data
members name, address, age and salary.
Take the data for n employees in an array
and find the average salary.
• Write a program to read the name, address,
and salary of 5 employees using array of
structure. Display information of each
employee in alphabetical order of their name.

25
Array within Structure
• We can use single or multi dimensional arrays of
type int or float.
• E.g. struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll;
float marks[6];
};
struct student s[100];

26
Array within structure…
• Here, the member marks contains six
elements, marks[0], marks[1], …, marks[5]
indicating marks obtained in six different
subjects.
• These elements can be accessed using
appropriate subscripts.
• For example, s[25].marks[3] refers to the
marks obtained in the fourth subject by the
26th student.

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("n Enter information about student%d",i+1);
printf("n Name:t");
scanf(" %s",
s[i].name); printf("n
Class:t"); scanf("%d",
&s[i]._class); printf("n
Section:"); scanf(" %c",
&s[i].section);
printf("n Input marks of 6 subjects:t");
for(j=0;j<6;j++)
{
scanf("%f", &temp);
s[i].marks[j]=temp;
}
} 27
Reading Values

28
Structure within another Structure
(Nested Structure)
• Let us consider a structure personal_record
to store the information of a person as:
• struct personal_record
{
char name[20];
int day_of_birth;
int month_of_birth;
int year_of_birth;
float salary;
}person;

29
(Nested Structure)…
• In the structure above, we can group all the items related to birthday
together and declare them under a substructure as:
struct Date
{
int day_of_birth;
int month_of_birth;
int year_of_birth;
};
struct personal_record
{
char name[20];
struct Date birthday;
float salary;
}person;

30
• Here, the structure personal_record contains a member
named birthday which itself is a structure with 3
members. This is called structure within structure.
• The members contained within the inner structure can be
accessed as:
person.birthday.day_of_birth
person.birthday.month_of_birth
person.birthday. year_of_birth
• The other members within the structure personal_record
are accessed as usual:
person.name
person.salary

31
printf("Enter name:t");
scanf("%s", person.name); printf("
nEnter day of birthday:t");
scanf("%d", &person.birthday.day_of_birth);
printf("nEnter month of birthday:t");
scanf("%d", &person.birthday.month_of_birth);
printf("nEnter year of birthday:t");
scanf("%d", &person.birthday.year_of_birth);
printf("nEnter salary:t");
scanf("%f", &person.salary);

32
• Note:- More than one type of structures can
be nested…

33
struct date
{
int day;
int month;
int year;
};
struct name
{
char first_name[10];
char middle_name[10];
char last_name[10];
};
struct personal_record
{
float salary;
struct date
birthday,deathday;
struct name full_name;
};

• Create a structure named date that has day,
month and year as its members. Include
this structure as a member in another
structure named employee which has
name, id and salary as other members.
Use this structure to read and display
employee’s name, id, date of birthday
and salary.
34

Pointer to Structure
• A structure type pointer variable can be declared as:
struct book
{
char name[20];
int pages;
float price;
};
struct book *bptr;
• However, this declaration for a pointer to structure does not allocate any memory for a
structure but allocates only for a pointer, so that to access structure’s members
through pointer bptr, we must allocate the memory using malloc() function.
• Now, individual structure members are accessed as:
bptr->name bptr->pages bptr->price
(*bptr).name (*bptr).pages (*bptr).price
• Here, -> is called arrow operator and there must be a pointer to the structure on the
left side of this operator.
35

36
struct book *bptr;
bptr=(struct book *)malloc(sizeof(struct book));
printf("n Enter name:t");
scanf("%s", bptr->name);
printf("n Enter no. of pages:t");
scanf("%d", &bptr->pages);
printf("n Enter price:t");
scanf("%f", & bptr->price=temp)

37
Pointer to Structure…
• Also, the address of a structure type variable can
be stored in a structure type pointer variable as
follows:
struct book
{
char name[20];
int pages;
float price;
};
struct book b, *bptr;
bptr=&b;
• Here, the base address
of b is assigned to bptr

Pointer to Structure…
• Now the members of the structure book
can be accessed in 3 ways as:
b.name
b.pages
b. price
bptr->name
bptr->pages
bptr-> price
(*bptr).name
(*bptr).pages
(*bptr).price
38

39
Pointer to array of structure
• Let we have a structure as follows:
struct book
{
char name[20];
int pages;
float price;
};
struct book b[10],
*bptr;
• Then the assignment statement bptr=b;
assigns the address of the zeroth element of b to
bptr.

40
Pointer to array of structure…
• The members of b[0] can be accessed as:
bptr->name bptr->pages bptr->price
• Similarly members of b[1] can be accessed as:
(bptr+1)->name (bptr+1)->pages (bptr+1)->price
• The following for statement can be used to print
all the values of array of structure b as:
for(bptr=b;bptr<b+10;bptr++)
printf(“%s %d %f”, bptr->name, bptr->pages,
bptr-
>price);

41
Problem
• Define a structure of employee having data
members name, address, age and salary.
Take data for n employee in an array
dynamically and find the average salary.
• Define a structure of student having data
members name, address, marks in C
language, and marks in information system.
Take data for n students in an array
dynamically and find the total marks
obtained.

42
Function and Structure
• We will consider four cases here:
– Passing the individual members to functions
– Passing whole structure to functions
– Passing structure pointer to functions
– Passing array of structure to functions

43
Passing structure member to functions
• Structure members can be passed to functions
as actual arguments in function call
like ordinary variables.
• Problem: Huge number of structure members
• Example: Let us consider a structure employee
having members name, id and salary and pass
these members to a function:

display(emp.name,emp.id,emp.salary);
Void display(char e[],int id ,float sal )
{
printf("nNamettIDttSalaryn);
printf("%st%dt%.2f",e,id,sal);
}

Passing whole structure to functions
• Whole structure can be passed to a
function by the syntax:
function_name(structure_variable_name);
• The called function has the form:
return_type function_name(struct tag_name structure_variable_name)
{
… … … … …;
}
45

display(emp);
void display(struct employee e)
{
printf("nNametIDtSalaryn");
printf("%st%dt%.2f",e.name,e.id,e.salar);
}

Passing structure pointer to functions
• In this case, address of structure variable is
passed as an actual argument to a function.
• The corresponding formal argument must be a
structure type pointer variable.
• Note: Any changes made to the members in
the called function are directly reflected in the
calling function.
47

display(&emp);
void display(struct employee *e)
{
printf("nNametIDtSalaryn"); printf("%st
%dt%.2f",e->name,e->id,e->salary);
}

• Passing an array of structure type to a
function is similar to passing an array of
any type to a function.
• That is, the name of the array of structure is
passed by the calling function which is
the base address of the array of structure.
• Note: The function prototype comes after the
structure definition.
49
Passing array of structures to function

display(emp); // emp is array name of size 2
void display(struct employee ee[])
{
int i;
printf("n Namett IDtt Salaryn");
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
printf("%stt%dtt%.2f
n",ee[i].name,ee[i].id,ee[i].salary);
}
}

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