Structures Of Axis Of Chain In Systemic Grammar

Muhammad Sajid us Salam Mphil Linguistics Islamia University Bahawalpur [email_address]

Structures and the axis of chain Systemic grammar is concerned with sentences. “ The systemic linguistic refers to actual linguistic behaviour”

Levels of language There are three levels of language substance : is the raw material of language, Phonic and graphic Form : is the arrangement of the substance into meaningful pattern or organized form of language in pattern and sequence, like lexis and grammar Situation : how to use rules in specific context.

There are two important aspects in systemic grammar. First one is “chain” which is also called “surface structure” and “choice” which is called “deep structure ” Structure of sentences, association of words in a linear order or in a specific position. That is called chain/pattern. A more technical name , which is given to the “axis of chain” is the syntagmatic axis.

Patterns “ Patterns occurs along the dimension of chain.” Each language has a number of patterns which belong to it but does not have certain others. For instance, English has the phonological and graphological patterns, which we find in “ pin”, “bin”, “tin” , but does not have the patterns in “ pni”, “bni”, “tni”. English also have the grammatical patterns which we find in “ the red book”, but does not have the pattern in “book red the”. English has the lexical pattern which we find in the bright red dress but does not have the pattern in invisible red thunder. All these patterns are composed of bits of language which occur one after another along the axis of chain.

Ranks at the axis of chain There are five ranks at the axis of chain Morph word Group Clause sentence

Morph Morph is the smallest grammatical meaningful unit in language. It consists of bound and free morpheme. Morpheme is the lowest unit. For instance: Book, books, bookish, book case Bound morphemes may be inflectional or derivational

Words Words are made up of morphemes Each word contains one obligatory element of structure, which is called the base element. Further more elements of structure of the word are optional and dependent upon the base. Word may consist of one morpheme Compound words: clock radio, guest house etc Complex words: retain, resist maintain ،

Prefix Base Infix Suffix Ending Addition De bunk er s Un kind ness es Goose ee Go ing s on Sister s -in-law Prefix: before root word Base: root word Suffix: after root word Infix: change of vowel, showing plurality, or past tense Ending: are inflectional llike s, es, d, ed Addition: are compound words, and in which hyphens are used.

Groups Group is the combination of words, that does not have complete sense (like phrase) is called group. There are four classes of groups. Nominal group (m), h, (q) Verbal group (a), (n), l, (e) Prepositional group (o), p, c Adverbial group (t), a, (l)

Nominal group (m) ,h, (q) Nominal group is that in which noun is head word. Head word is the obligatory element, while others are optional in the structure. Head word: an essential element word in a stretch of language Modifier :any word which modifies, qualifies, or describe headword, which comes before head word. Qualifier: any word which qualifies, or describes head word , that comes after head word.

Examples The boy next door are friend of my niece. Old house nearby were destroyed by the fire. Some old house nearby were destroyed by the fire. House nearby were destroyed by the fire.

Verbal group (a), (n), l, (e) It has only one obligatory element of structure, that is called lexical element. The lexical element may be preceded by an element which is called auxiliary element. Extension of verb: is an adverb, which changes the meaning of verb to which it is attached. For example : Will not come up Has not rung up Has not taken over Will not have been taking over

Prepositional group (o), p, c Opener: opener comes before preposition and modifies the preposition Prepend: is preposition , without it sentence gives sense Incomplete Completive: is a bit of language , which completes a preposition. For example: (o) p c Peter swam just beyond Johan He got nearly to France The cat jumped right over it Soon after that he said farewell.

Adverbial group (t) ,a, (l) The element which may precede apex is called temperer The element which may follow apex is called limiter Apex is an obligatory element. EXAMPLES (t) a (l) Very quickly Indeed Very sweetly indeed

Clause A group of words that forms a part of a sentence, and has a subject and a predicate of its own. Independent clause ά Dependent /subordinate clause β Three types of dependent clause Conditoning clause β 1 Additioning clause β 2 Reported clause β 3

Examples If it rains, I shall go for picnic. β 1 ά If you like and if she doesn't mind, I ‘ill do it I’ll have my supper , when you have finish. ά β 2 She said that she will come. ά β 3 β 1 may proceed, precede and include β 2 may proceed and include β 3 may precede a, proceed and can’t be include

Sentence (s), p, (c), (A) A group of words which makes complete sense. The structure of sentence consists of 4 elements: SUBJECT PREDICATOR COMPLEMENT ADJUNCT He opened the door politely Some people sing operatic arias in their baths The cat scratched Aunt Jemima by accident These mistakes were very common last year.

Sentence concerned with ά and β clause Σ ά β 1 β 2

Structures Of Axis Of Chain In Systemic Grammar

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Structures Of Axis Of Chain In Systemic Grammar