SlideShare a Scribd company logo

struts

Arjun Shanka, profile picture
Arjun Shanka

The document provides an overview of the Struts 1.1 framework. It introduces Struts and describes its core components - the controller, model, and view. It discusses how Struts implements the MVC pattern and follows the JSP Model 2 architecture. It highlights some of the key features of Struts 1.1, including internationalization support, tag libraries, and configuration. It also provides an example of building a sample application called Beer4All to demonstrate how to use Struts.

TechnologyEducation
1 of 119
Downloaded 45 times
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
Jakarta Struts 1.1 Ready for Prime Time Atlanta Java Users Group (AJUG) August 20 2002 Chuck Cavaness
Speaker Introductions Senior Technologist (S1 Corporation) Co-Author of Special Edition EJB 2.0 Co-Author of Special Edition Java 2 Technical Editor on Various J2EE Books including Special Edition JSP and Servlets, Special Edition J2EE, WebServices and WebLogic 7.0 Articles for JavaWorld, InformIT, etc. Struts developer and user since the beginning Built several large J2EE Struts-based apps Author of Jakarta Struts from O’Reilly
Presentation Goals Introduce Struts from 5,280 ft Introduce the Struts 1.1 features Highlight the steps for developing a Struts application Subliminally emphasize the importance and benefit of using a framework like Struts
Presentation Goals (continued) No software to push No financial ties to the framework Purely Altruistic purpose Buy my book!
What is Struts? An open source development framework for building web applications Based on Model-View-Controller (MVC) design paradigm Implementation of JSP Model 2 Architecture Created by Craig McClanahan and donated to Apache Software Foundation (ASF) in 2000 2nd release candidate of version 1.1 released
What is Struts? (continued) Consists of 8 Top-Level Packages Approx 250 Classes and Interfaces
Case Study Let’s create a dot com company Need a solid business model Something that many consumers are interested in Strong sells regardless of the economy or market
Beer 4 All (www.beer4all.com)
Beer4All Web Application
Beer4All Application (continued)
Purpose of Case Study A context for our Struts discussion We’ll use this case study off and on throughout the presentation Promote better beer drinking through technology And yes I do own www.Beer4All.com!
Selecting a UI Framework for Beer4All No framework (use straight JSP) Build our own framework Webwork Expresso Barracuda Cocoon SiteMesh Freemarker, Velocity and WebMacro XML/XSLT ??? Highly Paid Beer4All Architects Meet!
Why not use Struts? Smart, but extremely underpaid developers who attended the AJUG Struts presentation ask…
Why consider Struts? (Manager Version) Developed by Industry Experts Stable & Mature Manageable learning Curve Open Source 1700 member User Community (50-100 new members each month) It’s probably similar to what you would build if not using Struts Good documentation – 5 books available soon!
Why consider Struts? (Developer Version) Feature-rich J2EE Technologies Free to develop & Expert Developers deploy and Committers Many supported Large User third-party tools Community Flexible & Performant Extendable
Struts Framework Features Model 2 - MVC Implementation Internationalization(I18N) Support Rich JSP Tag Libraries Based on JSP, Servlet, XML, and Java Supports Java’s Write Once, Run Anywhere Philosophy Supports different model implementations (JavaBeans, EJB, etc.) Supports different presentation implementations( JSP, XML/XSLT, etc)
Struts Dependencies Java 1.2 or newer Servlet 2.2 and JSP 1.1 container XML parser compliant with JAXP 1.1 or newer (e.g. Xerces) Jakarta Commons packages JDBC 2.0 optional package
Decision: Let’s go with Struts! Beer4All Chief Architect proclaims!
Beer4All Logical Architecture
Let’s Talk about the Framework Controller Model View Configuration 1.1 Features
The Controller Components
Controller Components ActionServlet – (Framework provided) RequestProcessor – (Framework provided) Action Classes – (You have to build these)
ActionServlet and RequestProcessor (What Do They Really Do?) Receive the HttpServletRequest Automatically populate a JavaBean from the request parameters Handle Locale and Content Type Issues Determine which Action to invoke based on URI Provide extension points
ActionServlet Facts Extends javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet Receives all framework requests Selects proper application module Delegates request handling to the RequestProcessor instance One ActionServlet instance per web application Default implementation provided by framework (can extend if necessary) May go away in future versions
The RequestProcessor Class One instance per application module Processes all requests for module Invokes proper Action instance Default implementation provided by framework (can extend if necessary)
ActionServlet and RequestProcessor Diagram
What’s an Action Class? Extends org.apache.struts.action.Action Overrides the execute() method Acts as a bridge between user-invoked URI and a business method (Command pattern) Returns information about which view should be rendered next Part of the Controller, not the Model
Action Class Diagram
Action Sequence Diagram actionServlet requestProccessor loginAction Beer4AllService post/get process() execute() authenticate() storeCredentials return ActionForward perform forward
Example Action execute() Method public ActionForward execute( ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response ) throws Exception{ String username = ((LoginForm)form).getUsername(); String password = ((LoginForm)form).getPassword(); // Obtain the service Beer4AllService serviceImpl = getBeer4AllService(); // Authenticate the user UserView userView = serviceImpl.authenticate(username, password); // Store the user’s credentials UserContainer existingContainer = getUserContainer(request); existingContainer.setUserView( userView ); // Return an ActionForward for the next page return mapping.findForward(Constants.SUCCESS_KEY); }
Beer4AllBaseAction Class package com.cavaness.beer4all.framework; import org.apache.struts.action.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; import javax.servlet.ServletContext; import com.cavaness.beer4all.service.*; import com.cavaness.beer4all.util.Constants; abstract public class Beer4AllBaseAction extends Action { public Beer4AllService getBeer4AllService(){ ServletContext ctx = getServlet().getServletContext(); ServiceFactory factory = (ServiceFactory)ctx.getAttribute(Constants.SERVICE_FACTORY_KEY); return (Beer4AllService)factory.createService(); } }
Struts Includes Pre-built Action Classes ForwardAction DispatchAction LookupDispatchAction IncludeAction SwitchAction
The Model Components
Struts Model Components No built-in support for the model No model components provided Framework supports any component model (JavaBeans, EJB, Corba, JDO, etc.) Should always decouple the application from a specific model implementation.
Patterns De Jour Model-View-Controller Front Controller Session Façade Service Locator Data Transfer Object (a.k.a ValueObject) Command Business Delegate Factory Data Access Object Service to Worker
Business Delegate Pattern
Benefits of the Business Delegate Pattern Reduces coupling, increases manageability Hides complexity of remote services Exposes a simple uniform interface of the business tier to the client More complex features such as failure recovery are made easier
Beer4All Business Interface package com.cavaness.beer4all.service; import java.util.List; import com.cavaness.beer4all.catalog.view.CatalogView; import com.cavaness.beer4all.catalog.view.ItemView; import com.cavaness.beer4all.common.view.UserView; import com.cavaness.beer4all.common.exceptions.InvalidLoginException; import com.cavaness.beer4all.common.exceptions.DatabaseException; public interface Beer4AllService { public List getFeaturedItems() throws DatabaseException; public List getFeaturedCatalogs() throws DatabaseException; public ItemView getItemById( String itemId ) throws DatabaseException; public List getItemsInCatalog( String catalogId ) throws DatabaseException; public void logout(String email) throws DatabaseException; public UserView authenticate(String username, String password) throws DatabaseException, InvalidLoginException; }
Beer4All Service Implementations «interface» Beer4AllService +authenticate() +getFeaturedCatalogs() +getFeaturedItems() +getItemById() +getItemsInCatalog() +logout() Beer4AllEJBService Beer4AllOJBService Beer4AllDebugService
Beer4All Service Factory framework ServiceFactory Beer4AllOJBService servletContext createService getServiceClass newInstance setAttribute(service)
Struts with Enterprise JavaBeans LoginAction Business Delegate SessionBean uses delegates +execute() +authenticate() 1 +authenticate()
The View Components
View Components JavaServer Pages HTML JavaScript and Stylesheets Multimedia Files Resource Bundles JavaBeans (Part of model used by views) JSP Custom Tags ActionForms
Struts JSP Tag Libraries HTML Bean Logic Nested Tiles Template
The HTML Tag Library Tags used to create Struts input forms Examples include (checkbox, image, link, submit, text, textarea)
HTML Tag Example <table> <tr><b>Shipping Address</b></tr> <tr><td>Address:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingAddress"/> </td></tr> <tr><td>City:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingCity"/> </td></tr> <tr><td>State:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingState"/> </td></tr> <tr><td>Postal:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingPostal"/> </td></tr> </table>
HTML Tag Example (continued) html:text
The Bean Tag Library Tags used for accessing JavaBeans and their properties Examples include (define, message, write)
Bean Tag Library Example <b> <bean:write name="UserContainer" property="cart.size“ scope="session"/> </b> <br>Current Total: <b> $<bean:write name="UserContainer" format="#,##0.00" property="cart.totalPrice“ scope="session"/> </b>
Bean Tag Example (continued) bean:message bean:write
The Logic Tag Library Managing conditional generation of output text Looping over object collections for repetitive generation of output text Application flow management. Examples include (empty, lessThan, greaterThan, redirect, iterate)
Logic Tag Library Example <logic:iterate id="cartItem" scope="session" name="UserContainer" property="cart.items"> … <html:link page="/action/viewitemdetail?method=viewItem" paramName="cartItem" paramId="id" paramProperty="id"> <bean:write name="cartItem" property="name"/> </html:link> … </logic:iterate>
Logic Tag Library Example (continued) logic:iterate
The Nested Tag Library Extend the base struts tags to allow them to relate to each other in a nested nature Created by Arron Bates Added to core beginning of 2002
Nested Tag Example UserView -firstName -lastName -dateOfBirth -email 1 -profile UserProfileView -shippingAddress -billingAddress -creditCartInfo
Nested Tag Example (continued) <html:form action="/some-action.do" > User View... <br> First: <html:text name=“user" property=“firstName" /><br> Last: <html:text name=“user" property=“lastName" /><br> DOB: <html:text name=“user" property=“dateOfBirth" /><br> <hr> User Profile... <br> Shipping Address: <html:text name=“user" property=“profile.shippingAddress" /><br> Billing Address: <html:text name=“user" property=“profile.billingAddress" /><br> <hr> </html:form>
Nested Tag Example (continued) <html:form action="/some-action.do" > User View... <br> First: <nested:text property=“firstName" /><br> Last: < nested :text property=“lastName" /><br> DOB: < nested :text property=“dateOfBirth" /><br> <nested:nest property=“profile"> User Profile... <br> Shipping Address: <nested:text property=“shippingAddress" /><br> Billing Address: <nested:text property=“billingAddress" /><br> </nested:nest> <hr> </html:form>
Nested Tag Benefits Tags can have a relationship Fewer attributes must be defined Can work against a single level Change is more manageable
What is an ActionForm? Java class that extends the org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm Captures user data from the Http request Stores the data temporarily Acts as a “firewall” between the presentation tier and the application Provides the ability to validate the user input
Beer4All LoginForm Example public class LoginForm extends ActionForm { private String password = null; private String username = null; // … some code not shown public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) { ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors(); // Get access to the message resources for this application MessageResources resources = (MessageResources)request.getAttribute( Action.MESSAGES_KEY ); if(getUsername() == null || getUsername().length() < 1) { String usernameLabel = resources.getMessage( "label.username" ); errors.add( ActionErrors.GLOBAL_ERROR, new ActionError("errors.required", usernameLabel )); } if(getPassword() == null || getPassword().length() < 1) { String passwordLabel = resources.getMessage( "label.password" ); errors.add( ActionErrors.GLOBAL_ERROR, new ActionError("errors.required", passwordLabel )); } return errors; }
ActionForm Sequence Diagram
ActionMessage and ActionError Used to signify general purpose informational and error messages Rely on the Resource Bundles JSP Tags can access them
ActionMessage Class Hierarchy
Beer4All Signin Error Messages <tr class="RED"> <td></td> <td> <html:messages id="error"> <li><bean:write name="error"/></li> </html:messages> </td> </tr>
Beer4All Signin Error Messages (continued) html:messages
Putting it together
Configuring a Struts Application Create and edit the web app deployment descriptor (web.xml) Create and edit the struts-config.xml file Other configuration files might be necessary for Validator and tiles
Configuring web.xml for Struts Add servlet element Configure servlet-mapping element Add taglib elements
Beer4All web app Descriptor <web-app> <servlet> <servlet-name>beer4all</servlet-name> <servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet</servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>config</param-name> <param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</param-value> </init-param> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>beer4all</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/action/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <taglib> <taglib-uri>/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld</taglib-uri> <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld</taglib-location> </taglib> … other tag library descriptors here <</web-app>
Struts Configuration File Uses XML Defines the set of “rules” for a Struts application Starting with 1.1, can define multiple Gets parsed and loaded into memory at startup
Beer 4 All Struts Config File Let’s look at some source!
Internationalization Support Much of the framework’s functionality based on java.util.Locale Struts Uses Java Resource Bundles
Using Java Resource Bundles global.title=Beer For All label.featuredcatalogs=Featured Catalogs label.featuredbeers=Featured Beers label.username=Username label.password=Password errors.required={0} is required. errors.minlength={0} can not be less than {1} characters. errors.maxlength={0} can not be greater than {1} characters. errors.invalid={0} is invalid. errors.byte={0} must be an byte. errors.short={0} must be an short. errors.integer={0} must be an integer. errors.long={0} must be an long. errors.float={0} must be an float. errors.double={0} must be an double. errors.date={0} is not a date.
Locale-based Message Bundles Web Container Web App ClassLoader WEB-INF/classes Class Class Files Files Class Files Beer4AllMessageResources_en_US.properties Beer4AllMessageResources_de_DE.properties
Accessing messages from JSP Tags <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-logic.tld" prefix="logic" %> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld" prefix="bean" %> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html" %> <html:html locale="true"> <html:form action="main"> <head> <html:base/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="stylesheets/format_win_nav_main.css" type="text/css"> <title><bean:message key="global.title"/></title> </head>
I18N is more than Resource Bundles Date and Time Formatting Currency Formatting Currency Conversion Text direction Proper Input Controllers Color Conventions etc…
Overview of Struts 1.1 Features Multi-Module Support Validator integrated with Declarative Exception- Core Handling Tiles integrated with Dynamic ActionForms Core Nested Tag Library PlugIns New Config Package Uses Commons More Extension Points Components
Multi-Module Support Separate, independent application modules (sub-applications) Supports parallel development Separate Struts configuration files Use the SwitchAction to move between application modules
Multi-Application Support
Exception Handling Capabilities Declarative or/and Programmatic Support Declarative added to 1.1 Define which exceptions can be thrown for which actions Create your own custom ExceptionHandler, per action if necessary
How Declarative Exception Handling works public ActionForward execute( ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response ) throws Exception { String username = ((LoginForm)form).getUsername(); String password = ((LoginForm)form).getPassword(); ServletContext context = getServlet().getServletContext(); // Login through the security service Beer4AllService serviceImpl = this.getBeer4AllService(); // Authenticate the user UserView userView = serviceImpl.authenticate(username, password); UserContainer existingContainer = getUserContainer(request); existingContainer.setUserView( userView ); return mapping.findForward(Constants.SUCCESS_KEY); }
Declarative Exception Handling
Override the ExceptionHandler org.apache.struts.action.ExceptionHandler +execute() +storeException() CustomExceptionHandler +execute()
Programmatic Exception Handling public ActionForward execute( ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response ) throws Exception{ UserView userView = null; String username = ((LoginForm)form).getUsername(); String password = ((LoginForm)form).getPassword(); Beer4AllService serviceImpl = this.getBeer4AllService(); try{ // Attempt to authenticate the user userView = serviceImpl.authenticate(username, password); }catch( InvalidLoginException ex ){ ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors(); ActionError newError = new ActionError( "" ); errors.add( ActionErrors.GLOBAL_ERROR, newError ); saveErrors( request errors); return mapping.findForward( Constants.FAILURE_KEY ); } UserContainer existingContainer = getUserContainer(request); existingContainer.setUserView( userView ); return mapping.findForward(Constants.SUCCESS_KEY); }
Programmatic or Declarative? Use Declarative Exception Handling if possible. Customize the ExceptionHandler for customized behavior Use programmatic only when necessary
Dynamic ActionForms Define ActionForms declaratively Behave like regular ActionForms throughout the application No need to define ActionForm classes
DynaActionForm Example <form-bean name="checkoutForm" type="org.apache.struts.validator.DynaValidatorForm"> <form-property name="shippingAddress" type="java.lang.String"/> <form-property name="shippingCity" type="java.lang.String"/> <form-property name="shippingState" type="java.lang.String"/> <form-property name="shippingPostal" type="java.lang.String"/> </form-bean>
DynaActionForm Example (continued) <table> <tr><b>Shipping Address</b></tr> <tr> <td>Address:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingAddress"/></td></tr> <tr><td>City:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingCity"/></td></tr> <tr><td>State:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingState"/></td></tr> <tr><td>Postal:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingPostal"/></td></tr> </table>
The Struts Validator Open source Validation framework Developed by David Winterfeldt Integrated into Struts core during 1.1 Extendable and Flexible Can be used outside of Struts Utilizes Regular Expressions Uses the Jakarta ORO Package
Validator Features Allows for regular expressions to be used Comes with many pre-built validation routines Supports Client-Side (JavaScript) and Server-Side (Java)
Adding Validator to a Struts Application <plug-in className="org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorPlugIn"> <set-property property="pathnames" value="/WEB-INF/validator-rules.xml,/WEB-INF/validation.xml"/> </plug-in>
Validator configuration Files validator-rules.xml validation.xml
Validator-rules.xml File <validator name="required" classname="org.apache.struts.util.StrutsValidator" method="validateRequired" methodParams="java.lang.Object, org.apache.commons.validator.ValidatorAction, org.apache.commons.validator.Field, org.apache.struts.action.ActionErrors, javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest" msg="errors.required"> //…some text deleted
Validator-rules.xml (continued) <javascript><![CDATA[ function validateRequired(form) { var bValid = true; var focusField = null; var i = 0; var fields = new Array(); oRequired = new required(); for (x in oRequired) { if ((form[oRequired[x][0]].type == 'text' || form[oRequired[x][0]].type == 'textarea' || form[oRequired[x][0]].type == 'select-one' || form[oRequired[x][0]].type == 'radio' || form[oRequired[x][0]].type == 'password') && (form[oRequired[x][0]].value == '')) { if (i == 0) { focusField = form[oRequired[x][0]]; } fields[i++] = oRequired[x][1]; bValid = false; } } </javascript>
Validator.xml File <form name="checkoutForm"> <field property="shippingAddress" depends="required,mask"> <arg0 key="label.address"/> <var> <var-name>mask</var-name> <var-value>^w+$</var-value> </var> </field> …
Message Bundle … errors.required={0} is required. errors.minlength={0} can not be less than {1} characters. errors.maxlength={0} can not be greater than {1} characters. errors.invalid={0} is invalid. errors.byte={0} must be an byte. errors.short={0} must be an short. errors.integer={0} must be an integer. errors.long={0} must be an long. errors.float={0} must be an float. errors.double={0} must be an double. errors.date={0} is not a date. …
Validator Failures Validation failures
Struts Plug-in Capabilities Declarative means for “Startup Classes” Can declare multiple Plug-ins per sub- application Just need to implement the PlugIn interface Framework will call init() on startup and destroy() on shutdown
Using the Plug-in Functionality
Plug-in Example <plug-in className="com.cavaness.beer4all.service.ServiceFactory"> <set-property property="serviceClassName" value="com.cavaness.beer4all.service.Beer4AllOBJService"/> </plug-in>
Beer4All ServiceFactory Plug-in public class ServiceFactory implements PlugIn { private String serviceClassName = null; public String getServiceClassName(){ return serviceClassName; } public void setServiceClassName( String className ){ this.serviceClassName = className; } public void init(ActionServlet servlet, ApplicationConfig config){ // Perform initialization functionality here } public void destroy(){ // Perform shutdown functionality here } }
Tiles Library Features Advanced templating mechanism Set of JSP Tags Supports the idea of Layouts (known as Tiles) Layouts based on Locale/Channel Tiles can be reused Created by Cedric Dumoulin (while working at S1 coincidently ) Added to core in Struts 1.1
Beer4All Layout Header Region/Tile Menu Bar Region/Tile Body Content Region/Tile Copyright Region/Tile
Beer4All Layout Tile <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html"%> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld" prefix="bean"%> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/tiles.tld" prefix="tiles"%> <html:html> <head><title><bean:message key="global.title"/></title> </head> <body topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <tiles:insert attribute="header" /> <tiles:insert attribute=“banner"/> <tiles:insert attribute="body-content"/> <tiles:insert attribute="copyright"/> </body> </html:html>
Beer4All JSPs Using Tiles <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/tiles.tld" prefix="tiles" %> <tiles:insert page="/layouts/beer4AllDefaultLayout.jsp" flush="true"> <tiles:put name="header" value="/common/header.jsp" /> <tiles:put name=“banner" value="/common/banner.jsp" /> <tiles:put name="body-content" value="/main.jsp" /> <tiles:put name="copyright" value="/common/copyright.jsp" /> </tiles:insert> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/tiles.tld" prefix="tiles" %> <tiles:insert page="/layouts/beer4AllDefaultLayout.jsp" flush="true"> <tiles:put name="header" value="/common/header.jsp" /> <tiles:put name=“banner" value="/common/banner.jsp" /> <tiles:put name="body-content" value="/beer.jsp" /> <tiles:put name="copyright" value="/common/copyright.jsp" /> </tiles:insert>
Tiles XML Definition <!DOCTYPE tiles-definitions PUBLIC “-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Tiles Configuration//EN" “http://jakarta.apache.org/struts/dtds/tiles-config.dtd"> <tiles-definitions> <definition name=“beer4All.default" path="/layouts/beer4allDefaultLayout.jsp"> <put name="header" value="/common/header.jsp" /> <put name=“banner" value="/common/banner.jsp" /> <put name="copyright" value="/common/copyright.jsp" /> </definition> </tiles-definitions>
Extending Tiles Definitions <tiles-definitions> <definition name=“beer4All.custom" extends=”beer4All.default”> <put name="copyright" value="/common/new-copyright.jsp" /> </definition> </tiles-definitions>
Other Tiles Resources Cedric’s Site (http://www.lifl.fr/~dumoulin/tiles/) My Chapter on Tiles (http://www.theserverside.com/resources/strutsreview.jsp)
Jakarta Commons Packages BeanUtils Collections Digester DBCP Logging Lang Resources
Logging in a Struts Application Struts utilizes Commons Logging (jakarta.apache.org/Commons) Various logging implementations supported (JDK1.4, log4J, Console, etc.)
Logging Example Log logger = LogFactory.getLog( getClass() ); logger.debug( "LoginAction entered" ); try{ // Attempt to authenticate the user userView = serviceImpl.authenticate(username, password); }catch( InvalidLoginException ex ){ logger.error( "Exception in the LoginAction class", ex ); //…
Packaging and Deployment Package as a Web ARchive File (WAR) Deploys into any Servlet 2.2, JSP 1.1 compliant web container You can also leave it exploded Use Ant to build and deploy
Beer4All Directory Structure
Beer4All Is a Success!
Beer Drinkers Everywhere Rejoice The world unites by using Beer4All.com
Resources Jakarta Struts Home Site (jakarta.apache.org/struts) Ted Husted’s Site (http://www.husted.com/struts) TheServerSide Struts Book Review (http://www.theserverside.com/resources/strutsreview.jsp) Jakarta Struts from O’Reilly (Available for order on Amazon right now!) Struts user and dev mailing lists Atlanta Struts user group (http://www.open-tools.org/struts-atlanta/index.jsp)
Third-Party Tools for Struts Struts Console (http://www.jamesholmes.com/struts) Easy Struts Project (http://easystruts.sourceforge.net) Adalon (http://www.synthis.com) More (jakarta.apache.org/struts/resources)
When is 1.1 GA? I Don’t Know!
Q&A What did I miss?

More Related Content

PPTX
Spring core
Harshit Choudhary
 
PDF
DataFX 8 (JavaOne 2014)
Hendrik Ebbers
 
PDF
Java EE 8 Web Frameworks: A Look at JSF vs MVC
Josh Juneau
 
PPTX
25+ Reasons to use OmniFaces in JSF applications
Anghel Leonard
 
PDF
Spring as a Cloud Platform (Developer Summit 2011 17-C-5)
Kazuyuki Kawamura
 
PDF
Microsoft Search Server 2008 - Technical Overview
ukdpe
 
PPTX
Spring jdbc
Harshit Choudhary
 
PPTX
Spring mvc
Harshit Choudhary
 
Spring core
Harshit Choudhary
 
DataFX 8 (JavaOne 2014)
Hendrik Ebbers
 
Java EE 8 Web Frameworks: A Look at JSF vs MVC
Josh Juneau
 
25+ Reasons to use OmniFaces in JSF applications
Anghel Leonard
 
Spring as a Cloud Platform (Developer Summit 2011 17-C-5)
Kazuyuki Kawamura
 
Microsoft Search Server 2008 - Technical Overview
ukdpe
 
Spring jdbc
Harshit Choudhary
 
Spring mvc
Harshit Choudhary
 

What's hot (20)

PPT
Spring Core
Pushan Bhattacharya
 
PPTX
Introduction to JSF
SoftServe
 
PPT
Jsf
Shaharyar khan
 
ODP
A Complete Tour of JSF 2
Jim Driscoll
 
PPTX
Spring framework in depth
Vinay Kumar
 
PDF
vCloud SDK for PHP - Introduction
Pablo Roesch
 
PPTX
Mike Taulty OData (NxtGen User Group UK)
ukdpe
 
ODT
Spring IOC advantages and developing spring application sample
Sunil kumar Mohanty
 
PPTX
Maven
Harshit Choudhary
 
PPTX
Spring 3.x - Spring MVC - Advanced topics
Guy Nir
 
PPT
Struts Introduction Course
guest764934
 
PPT
JSF basics
airbo
 
PDF
Spring 3 MVC CodeMash 2009
kensipe
 
PPTX
Introduction to jsf 2
yousry ibrahim
 
ODP
Different Types of Containers in Spring
Sunil kumar Mohanty
 
PDF
Spring 4 Web App
Rossen Stoyanchev
 
PDF
Spring Framework - AOP
Dzmitry Naskou
 
PPTX
Jsf presentation
Ashish Gupta
 
PPT
D22 portlet development with open source frameworks
Sunil Patil
 
PPTX
Spring aop
Harshit Choudhary
 
Spring Core
Pushan Bhattacharya
 
Introduction to JSF
SoftServe
 
Jsf
Shaharyar khan
 
A Complete Tour of JSF 2
Jim Driscoll
 
Spring framework in depth
Vinay Kumar
 
vCloud SDK for PHP - Introduction
Pablo Roesch
 
Mike Taulty OData (NxtGen User Group UK)
ukdpe
 
Spring IOC advantages and developing spring application sample
Sunil kumar Mohanty
 
Maven
Harshit Choudhary
 
Spring 3.x - Spring MVC - Advanced topics
Guy Nir
 
Struts Introduction Course
guest764934
 
JSF basics
airbo
 
Spring 3 MVC CodeMash 2009
kensipe
 
Introduction to jsf 2
yousry ibrahim
 
Different Types of Containers in Spring
Sunil kumar Mohanty
 
Spring 4 Web App
Rossen Stoyanchev
 
Spring Framework - AOP
Dzmitry Naskou
 
Jsf presentation
Ashish Gupta
 
D22 portlet development with open source frameworks
Sunil Patil
 
Spring aop
Harshit Choudhary
 
Ad

Viewers also liked (8)

PDF
javainheritance
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
AWTEventModel
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
Presosutra
PresoGuru
 
DOCX
2015 ii - listado de cursos dac - áreas junio 30 (1)
miguel jacinto nuñez paitan
 
PDF
javaarray
Arjun Shanka
 
PPTX
Jan Lok Pal
PresoGuru
 
PDF
javanetworking
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
javaexceptions
Arjun Shanka
 
javainheritance
Arjun Shanka
 
AWTEventModel
Arjun Shanka
 
Presosutra
PresoGuru
 
2015 ii - listado de cursos dac - áreas junio 30 (1)
miguel jacinto nuñez paitan
 
javaarray
Arjun Shanka
 
Jan Lok Pal
PresoGuru
 
javanetworking
Arjun Shanka
 
javaexceptions
Arjun Shanka
 
Ad

Similar to struts (20)

PDF
Jsf Framework
Marimuthu Udayakumar
 
PDF
Struts Basics
Harjinder Singh
 
PDF
Struts An Open-source Architecture for Web Applications
elliando dias
 
PDF
important struts interview questions
surendray
 
PDF
Build Java Web Application Using Apache Struts
weili_at_slideshare
 
PDF
Introduction to Struts 1.3
Ilio Catallo
 
PPT
Project Description Of Incident Management System Developed by PRS (CRIS) , N...
varunsunny21
 
PPT
Apachecon 2002 Struts
yesprakash
 
PPT
Struts 2-overview2
divzi1913
 
PPT
Struts N E W
patinijava
 
PDF
Web Development with Apache Struts 2
Fabrizio Giudici
 
PDF
Step By Step Guide For Buidling Simple Struts App
Syed Shahul
 
PDF
Struts2
Rajiv Gupta
 
PPT
Struts 2-overview2
Long Nguyen
 
PDF
Unit 07: Design Patterns and Frameworks (3/3)
DSBW 2011/2002 - Carles Farré - Barcelona Tech
 
PPTX
Introduction to ejb and struts framework
s4al_com
 
PPTX
struts unit best pdf for struts java.pptx
ozakamal8
 
PDF
Struts2 notes
Rajiv Gupta
 
PPT
Struts course material
Vibrant Technologies & Computers
 
PDF
Introduction to struts
Mindfire Solutions
 
Jsf Framework
Marimuthu Udayakumar
 
Struts Basics
Harjinder Singh
 
Struts An Open-source Architecture for Web Applications
elliando dias
 
important struts interview questions
surendray
 
Build Java Web Application Using Apache Struts
weili_at_slideshare
 
Introduction to Struts 1.3
Ilio Catallo
 
Project Description Of Incident Management System Developed by PRS (CRIS) , N...
varunsunny21
 
Apachecon 2002 Struts
yesprakash
 
Struts 2-overview2
divzi1913
 
Struts N E W
patinijava
 
Web Development with Apache Struts 2
Fabrizio Giudici
 
Step By Step Guide For Buidling Simple Struts App
Syed Shahul
 
Struts2
Rajiv Gupta
 
Struts 2-overview2
Long Nguyen
 
Unit 07: Design Patterns and Frameworks (3/3)
DSBW 2011/2002 - Carles Farré - Barcelona Tech
 
Introduction to ejb and struts framework
s4al_com
 
struts unit best pdf for struts java.pptx
ozakamal8
 
Struts2 notes
Rajiv Gupta
 
Struts course material
Vibrant Technologies & Computers
 
Introduction to struts
Mindfire Solutions
 

More from Arjun Shanka (20)

PDF
Asp.net w3schools
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
Php tutorial(w3schools)
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
Sms several papers
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
Jun 2012(1)
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
System simulation 06_cs82
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
javarmi
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
java-06inheritance
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
hibernate
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
javapackage
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
swingbasics
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
spring-tutorial
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
javathreads
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
javabeans
Arjun Shanka
 
PPT
72185-26528-StrutsMVC
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
javaiostream
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
servlets
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
slides6
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
06-Event-Handlingadvansed
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
Java_Comb
Arjun Shanka
 
PDF
Java-Events
Arjun Shanka
 
Asp.net w3schools
Arjun Shanka
 
Php tutorial(w3schools)
Arjun Shanka
 
Sms several papers
Arjun Shanka
 
Jun 2012(1)
Arjun Shanka
 
System simulation 06_cs82
Arjun Shanka
 
javarmi
Arjun Shanka
 
java-06inheritance
Arjun Shanka
 
hibernate
Arjun Shanka
 
javapackage
Arjun Shanka
 
swingbasics
Arjun Shanka
 
spring-tutorial
Arjun Shanka
 
javathreads
Arjun Shanka
 
javabeans
Arjun Shanka
 
72185-26528-StrutsMVC
Arjun Shanka
 
javaiostream
Arjun Shanka
 
servlets
Arjun Shanka
 
slides6
Arjun Shanka
 
06-Event-Handlingadvansed
Arjun Shanka
 
Java_Comb
Arjun Shanka
 
Java-Events
Arjun Shanka
 

Recently uploaded (20)

PDF
Agricultural_Statistics_at_a_Glance_2022_0.pdf
SandeepSingh286037
 
PDF
Video forgery: An extensive analysis of inter-and intra-frame manipulation al...
IAESIJAI
 
PDF
Build a system with the filesystem maintained by OSTree @ COSCUP 2025
Jian-Hong Pan
 
PDF
Approach and Philosophy of On baking technology
30anthuong17
 
PPTX
cloud_computing_Infrastucture_as_cloud_p
mainakbhattacharya20
 
PPTX
Group 1 Presentation -Planning and Decision Making .pptx
MatthewLewis227954
 
PPTX
TechTalks-8-2019-Service-Management-ITIL-Refresh-ITIL-4-Framework-Supports-Ou...
bonakiduza1024
 
PDF
Architecting across the Boundaries of two Complex Domains - Healthcare & Tech...
Peter Tan
 
PDF
A comparative analysis of optical character recognition models for extracting...
IAESIJAI
 
PDF
Advanced methodologies resolving dimensionality complications for autism neur...
IAESIJAI
 
PDF
Building Integrated photovoltaic BIPV_UPV.pdf
SandeepSingh286037
 
PPTX
Tartificialntelligence_presentation.pptx
ry7r52mzb4
 
PDF
Empathic Computing: Creating Shared Understanding
Mark Billinghurst
 
PDF
Encapsulation theory and applications.pdf
gurumoop
 
PDF
Spectral efficient network and resource selection model in 5G networks
IAESIJAI
 
PDF
Mushroom cultivation and it's methods.pdf
mailmeonrishi
 
PPTX
Programs and apps: productivity, graphics, security and other tools
4mqw9zch22
 
PDF
Diabetes mellitus diagnosis method based random forest with bat algorithm
IAESIJAI
 
PDF
TokAI - TikTok AI Agent : The First AI Application That Analyzes 10,000+ Vira...
SOFTTECHHUB
 
PPT
Teaching material agriculture food technology
LiaRayya
 
Agricultural_Statistics_at_a_Glance_2022_0.pdf
SandeepSingh286037
 
Video forgery: An extensive analysis of inter-and intra-frame manipulation al...
IAESIJAI
 
Build a system with the filesystem maintained by OSTree @ COSCUP 2025
Jian-Hong Pan
 
Approach and Philosophy of On baking technology
30anthuong17
 
cloud_computing_Infrastucture_as_cloud_p
mainakbhattacharya20
 
Group 1 Presentation -Planning and Decision Making .pptx
MatthewLewis227954
 
TechTalks-8-2019-Service-Management-ITIL-Refresh-ITIL-4-Framework-Supports-Ou...
bonakiduza1024
 
Architecting across the Boundaries of two Complex Domains - Healthcare & Tech...
Peter Tan
 
A comparative analysis of optical character recognition models for extracting...
IAESIJAI
 
Advanced methodologies resolving dimensionality complications for autism neur...
IAESIJAI
 
Building Integrated photovoltaic BIPV_UPV.pdf
SandeepSingh286037
 
Tartificialntelligence_presentation.pptx
ry7r52mzb4
 
Empathic Computing: Creating Shared Understanding
Mark Billinghurst
 
Encapsulation theory and applications.pdf
gurumoop
 
Spectral efficient network and resource selection model in 5G networks
IAESIJAI
 
Mushroom cultivation and it's methods.pdf
mailmeonrishi
 
Programs and apps: productivity, graphics, security and other tools
4mqw9zch22
 
Diabetes mellitus diagnosis method based random forest with bat algorithm
IAESIJAI
 
TokAI - TikTok AI Agent : The First AI Application That Analyzes 10,000+ Vira...
SOFTTECHHUB
 
Teaching material agriculture food technology
LiaRayya
 

struts

  • 1. Jakarta Struts 1.1 Ready for Prime Time Atlanta Java Users Group (AJUG) August 20 2002 Chuck Cavaness
  • 2. Speaker Introductions Senior Technologist (S1 Corporation) Co-Author of Special Edition EJB 2.0 Co-Author of Special Edition Java 2 Technical Editor on Various J2EE Books including Special Edition JSP and Servlets, Special Edition J2EE, WebServices and WebLogic 7.0 Articles for JavaWorld, InformIT, etc. Struts developer and user since the beginning Built several large J2EE Struts-based apps Author of Jakarta Struts from O’Reilly
  • 3. Presentation Goals Introduce Struts from 5,280 ft Introduce the Struts 1.1 features Highlight the steps for developing a Struts application Subliminally emphasize the importance and benefit of using a framework like Struts
  • 4. Presentation Goals (continued) No software to push No financial ties to the framework Purely Altruistic purpose Buy my book!
  • 5. What is Struts? An open source development framework for building web applications Based on Model-View-Controller (MVC) design paradigm Implementation of JSP Model 2 Architecture Created by Craig McClanahan and donated to Apache Software Foundation (ASF) in 2000 2nd release candidate of version 1.1 released
  • 6. What is Struts? (continued) Consists of 8 Top-Level Packages Approx 250 Classes and Interfaces
  • 7. Case Study Let’s create a dot com company Need a solid business model Something that many consumers are interested in Strong sells regardless of the economy or market
  • 8. Beer 4 All (www.beer4all.com)
  • 11. Purpose of Case Study A context for our Struts discussion We’ll use this case study off and on throughout the presentation Promote better beer drinking through technology And yes I do own www.Beer4All.com!
  • 12. Selecting a UI Framework for Beer4All No framework (use straight JSP) Build our own framework Webwork Expresso Barracuda Cocoon SiteMesh Freemarker, Velocity and WebMacro XML/XSLT ??? Highly Paid Beer4All Architects Meet!
  • 13. Why not use Struts? Smart, but extremely underpaid developers who attended the AJUG Struts presentation ask…
  • 14. Why consider Struts? (Manager Version) Developed by Industry Experts Stable & Mature Manageable learning Curve Open Source 1700 member User Community (50-100 new members each month) It’s probably similar to what you would build if not using Struts Good documentation – 5 books available soon!
  • 15. Why consider Struts? (Developer Version) Feature-rich J2EE Technologies Free to develop & Expert Developers deploy and Committers Many supported Large User third-party tools Community Flexible & Performant Extendable
  • 16. Struts Framework Features Model 2 - MVC Implementation Internationalization(I18N) Support Rich JSP Tag Libraries Based on JSP, Servlet, XML, and Java Supports Java’s Write Once, Run Anywhere Philosophy Supports different model implementations (JavaBeans, EJB, etc.) Supports different presentation implementations( JSP, XML/XSLT, etc)
  • 17. Struts Dependencies Java 1.2 or newer Servlet 2.2 and JSP 1.1 container XML parser compliant with JAXP 1.1 or newer (e.g. Xerces) Jakarta Commons packages JDBC 2.0 optional package
  • 18. Decision: Let’s go with Struts! Beer4All Chief Architect proclaims!
  • 20. Let’s Talk about the Framework Controller Model View Configuration 1.1 Features
  • 22. Controller Components ActionServlet – (Framework provided) RequestProcessor – (Framework provided) Action Classes – (You have to build these)
  • 23. ActionServlet and RequestProcessor (What Do They Really Do?) Receive the HttpServletRequest Automatically populate a JavaBean from the request parameters Handle Locale and Content Type Issues Determine which Action to invoke based on URI Provide extension points
  • 24. ActionServlet Facts Extends javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet Receives all framework requests Selects proper application module Delegates request handling to the RequestProcessor instance One ActionServlet instance per web application Default implementation provided by framework (can extend if necessary) May go away in future versions
  • 25. The RequestProcessor Class One instance per application module Processes all requests for module Invokes proper Action instance Default implementation provided by framework (can extend if necessary)
  • 27. What’s an Action Class? Extends org.apache.struts.action.Action Overrides the execute() method Acts as a bridge between user-invoked URI and a business method (Command pattern) Returns information about which view should be rendered next Part of the Controller, not the Model
  • 29. Action Sequence Diagram actionServlet requestProccessor loginAction Beer4AllService post/get process() execute() authenticate() storeCredentials return ActionForward perform forward
  • 30. Example Action execute() Method public ActionForward execute( ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response ) throws Exception{ String username = ((LoginForm)form).getUsername(); String password = ((LoginForm)form).getPassword(); // Obtain the service Beer4AllService serviceImpl = getBeer4AllService(); // Authenticate the user UserView userView = serviceImpl.authenticate(username, password); // Store the user’s credentials UserContainer existingContainer = getUserContainer(request); existingContainer.setUserView( userView ); // Return an ActionForward for the next page return mapping.findForward(Constants.SUCCESS_KEY); }
  • 31. Beer4AllBaseAction Class package com.cavaness.beer4all.framework; import org.apache.struts.action.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; import javax.servlet.ServletContext; import com.cavaness.beer4all.service.*; import com.cavaness.beer4all.util.Constants; abstract public class Beer4AllBaseAction extends Action { public Beer4AllService getBeer4AllService(){ ServletContext ctx = getServlet().getServletContext(); ServiceFactory factory = (ServiceFactory)ctx.getAttribute(Constants.SERVICE_FACTORY_KEY); return (Beer4AllService)factory.createService(); } }
  • 32. Struts Includes Pre-built Action Classes ForwardAction DispatchAction LookupDispatchAction IncludeAction SwitchAction
  • 34. Struts Model Components No built-in support for the model No model components provided Framework supports any component model (JavaBeans, EJB, Corba, JDO, etc.) Should always decouple the application from a specific model implementation.
  • 35. Patterns De Jour Model-View-Controller Front Controller Session Façade Service Locator Data Transfer Object (a.k.a ValueObject) Command Business Delegate Factory Data Access Object Service to Worker
  • 37. Benefits of the Business Delegate Pattern Reduces coupling, increases manageability Hides complexity of remote services Exposes a simple uniform interface of the business tier to the client More complex features such as failure recovery are made easier
  • 38. Beer4All Business Interface package com.cavaness.beer4all.service; import java.util.List; import com.cavaness.beer4all.catalog.view.CatalogView; import com.cavaness.beer4all.catalog.view.ItemView; import com.cavaness.beer4all.common.view.UserView; import com.cavaness.beer4all.common.exceptions.InvalidLoginException; import com.cavaness.beer4all.common.exceptions.DatabaseException; public interface Beer4AllService { public List getFeaturedItems() throws DatabaseException; public List getFeaturedCatalogs() throws DatabaseException; public ItemView getItemById( String itemId ) throws DatabaseException; public List getItemsInCatalog( String catalogId ) throws DatabaseException; public void logout(String email) throws DatabaseException; public UserView authenticate(String username, String password) throws DatabaseException, InvalidLoginException; }
  • 39. Beer4All Service Implementations «interface» Beer4AllService +authenticate() +getFeaturedCatalogs() +getFeaturedItems() +getItemById() +getItemsInCatalog() +logout() Beer4AllEJBService Beer4AllOJBService Beer4AllDebugService
  • 40. Beer4All Service Factory framework ServiceFactory Beer4AllOJBService servletContext createService getServiceClass newInstance setAttribute(service)
  • 41. Struts with Enterprise JavaBeans LoginAction Business Delegate SessionBean uses delegates +execute() +authenticate() 1 +authenticate()
  • 43. View Components JavaServer Pages HTML JavaScript and Stylesheets Multimedia Files Resource Bundles JavaBeans (Part of model used by views) JSP Custom Tags ActionForms
  • 44. Struts JSP Tag Libraries HTML Bean Logic Nested Tiles Template
  • 45. The HTML Tag Library Tags used to create Struts input forms Examples include (checkbox, image, link, submit, text, textarea)
  • 46. HTML Tag Example <table> <tr><b>Shipping Address</b></tr> <tr><td>Address:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingAddress"/> </td></tr> <tr><td>City:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingCity"/> </td></tr> <tr><td>State:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingState"/> </td></tr> <tr><td>Postal:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingPostal"/> </td></tr> </table>
  • 47. HTML Tag Example (continued) html:text
  • 48. The Bean Tag Library Tags used for accessing JavaBeans and their properties Examples include (define, message, write)
  • 49. Bean Tag Library Example <b> <bean:write name="UserContainer" property="cart.size“ scope="session"/> </b> <br>Current Total: <b> $<bean:write name="UserContainer" format="#,##0.00" property="cart.totalPrice“ scope="session"/> </b>
  • 50. Bean Tag Example (continued) bean:message bean:write
  • 51. The Logic Tag Library Managing conditional generation of output text Looping over object collections for repetitive generation of output text Application flow management. Examples include (empty, lessThan, greaterThan, redirect, iterate)
  • 52. Logic Tag Library Example <logic:iterate id="cartItem" scope="session" name="UserContainer" property="cart.items"> … <html:link page="/action/viewitemdetail?method=viewItem" paramName="cartItem" paramId="id" paramProperty="id"> <bean:write name="cartItem" property="name"/> </html:link> … </logic:iterate>
  • 53. Logic Tag Library Example (continued) logic:iterate
  • 54. The Nested Tag Library Extend the base struts tags to allow them to relate to each other in a nested nature Created by Arron Bates Added to core beginning of 2002
  • 55. Nested Tag Example UserView -firstName -lastName -dateOfBirth -email 1 -profile UserProfileView -shippingAddress -billingAddress -creditCartInfo
  • 56. Nested Tag Example (continued) <html:form action="/some-action.do" > User View... <br> First: <html:text name=“user" property=“firstName" /><br> Last: <html:text name=“user" property=“lastName" /><br> DOB: <html:text name=“user" property=“dateOfBirth" /><br> <hr> User Profile... <br> Shipping Address: <html:text name=“user" property=“profile.shippingAddress" /><br> Billing Address: <html:text name=“user" property=“profile.billingAddress" /><br> <hr> </html:form>
  • 57. Nested Tag Example (continued) <html:form action="/some-action.do" > User View... <br> First: <nested:text property=“firstName" /><br> Last: < nested :text property=“lastName" /><br> DOB: < nested :text property=“dateOfBirth" /><br> <nested:nest property=“profile"> User Profile... <br> Shipping Address: <nested:text property=“shippingAddress" /><br> Billing Address: <nested:text property=“billingAddress" /><br> </nested:nest> <hr> </html:form>
  • 58. Nested Tag Benefits Tags can have a relationship Fewer attributes must be defined Can work against a single level Change is more manageable
  • 59. What is an ActionForm? Java class that extends the org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm Captures user data from the Http request Stores the data temporarily Acts as a “firewall” between the presentation tier and the application Provides the ability to validate the user input
  • 60. Beer4All LoginForm Example public class LoginForm extends ActionForm { private String password = null; private String username = null; // … some code not shown public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) { ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors(); // Get access to the message resources for this application MessageResources resources = (MessageResources)request.getAttribute( Action.MESSAGES_KEY ); if(getUsername() == null || getUsername().length() < 1) { String usernameLabel = resources.getMessage( "label.username" ); errors.add( ActionErrors.GLOBAL_ERROR, new ActionError("errors.required", usernameLabel )); } if(getPassword() == null || getPassword().length() < 1) { String passwordLabel = resources.getMessage( "label.password" ); errors.add( ActionErrors.GLOBAL_ERROR, new ActionError("errors.required", passwordLabel )); } return errors; }
  • 62. ActionMessage and ActionError Used to signify general purpose informational and error messages Rely on the Resource Bundles JSP Tags can access them
  • 64. Beer4All Signin Error Messages <tr class="RED"> <td></td> <td> <html:messages id="error"> <li><bean:write name="error"/></li> </html:messages> </td> </tr>
  • 65. Beer4All Signin Error Messages (continued) html:messages
  • 67. Configuring a Struts Application Create and edit the web app deployment descriptor (web.xml) Create and edit the struts-config.xml file Other configuration files might be necessary for Validator and tiles
  • 68. Configuring web.xml for Struts Add servlet element Configure servlet-mapping element Add taglib elements
  • 69. Beer4All web app Descriptor <web-app> <servlet> <servlet-name>beer4all</servlet-name> <servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet</servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>config</param-name> <param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</param-value> </init-param> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>beer4all</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/action/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <taglib> <taglib-uri>/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld</taglib-uri> <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld</taglib-location> </taglib> … other tag library descriptors here <</web-app>
  • 70. Struts Configuration File Uses XML Defines the set of “rules” for a Struts application Starting with 1.1, can define multiple Gets parsed and loaded into memory at startup
  • 71. Beer 4 All Struts Config File Let’s look at some source!
  • 72. Internationalization Support Much of the framework’s functionality based on java.util.Locale Struts Uses Java Resource Bundles
  • 73. Using Java Resource Bundles global.title=Beer For All label.featuredcatalogs=Featured Catalogs label.featuredbeers=Featured Beers label.username=Username label.password=Password errors.required={0} is required. errors.minlength={0} can not be less than {1} characters. errors.maxlength={0} can not be greater than {1} characters. errors.invalid={0} is invalid. errors.byte={0} must be an byte. errors.short={0} must be an short. errors.integer={0} must be an integer. errors.long={0} must be an long. errors.float={0} must be an float. errors.double={0} must be an double. errors.date={0} is not a date.
  • 74. Locale-based Message Bundles Web Container Web App ClassLoader WEB-INF/classes Class Class Files Files Class Files Beer4AllMessageResources_en_US.properties Beer4AllMessageResources_de_DE.properties
  • 75. Accessing messages from JSP Tags <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-logic.tld" prefix="logic" %> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld" prefix="bean" %> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html" %> <html:html locale="true"> <html:form action="main"> <head> <html:base/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="stylesheets/format_win_nav_main.css" type="text/css"> <title><bean:message key="global.title"/></title> </head>
  • 76. I18N is more than Resource Bundles Date and Time Formatting Currency Formatting Currency Conversion Text direction Proper Input Controllers Color Conventions etc…
  • 77. Overview of Struts 1.1 Features Multi-Module Support Validator integrated with Declarative Exception- Core Handling Tiles integrated with Dynamic ActionForms Core Nested Tag Library PlugIns New Config Package Uses Commons More Extension Points Components
  • 78. Multi-Module Support Separate, independent application modules (sub-applications) Supports parallel development Separate Struts configuration files Use the SwitchAction to move between application modules
  • 80. Exception Handling Capabilities Declarative or/and Programmatic Support Declarative added to 1.1 Define which exceptions can be thrown for which actions Create your own custom ExceptionHandler, per action if necessary
  • 81. How Declarative Exception Handling works public ActionForward execute( ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response ) throws Exception { String username = ((LoginForm)form).getUsername(); String password = ((LoginForm)form).getPassword(); ServletContext context = getServlet().getServletContext(); // Login through the security service Beer4AllService serviceImpl = this.getBeer4AllService(); // Authenticate the user UserView userView = serviceImpl.authenticate(username, password); UserContainer existingContainer = getUserContainer(request); existingContainer.setUserView( userView ); return mapping.findForward(Constants.SUCCESS_KEY); }
  • 83. Override the ExceptionHandler org.apache.struts.action.ExceptionHandler +execute() +storeException() CustomExceptionHandler +execute()
  • 84. Programmatic Exception Handling public ActionForward execute( ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response ) throws Exception{ UserView userView = null; String username = ((LoginForm)form).getUsername(); String password = ((LoginForm)form).getPassword(); Beer4AllService serviceImpl = this.getBeer4AllService(); try{ // Attempt to authenticate the user userView = serviceImpl.authenticate(username, password); }catch( InvalidLoginException ex ){ ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors(); ActionError newError = new ActionError( "" ); errors.add( ActionErrors.GLOBAL_ERROR, newError ); saveErrors( request errors); return mapping.findForward( Constants.FAILURE_KEY ); } UserContainer existingContainer = getUserContainer(request); existingContainer.setUserView( userView ); return mapping.findForward(Constants.SUCCESS_KEY); }
  • 85. Programmatic or Declarative? Use Declarative Exception Handling if possible. Customize the ExceptionHandler for customized behavior Use programmatic only when necessary
  • 86. Dynamic ActionForms Define ActionForms declaratively Behave like regular ActionForms throughout the application No need to define ActionForm classes
  • 87. DynaActionForm Example <form-bean name="checkoutForm" type="org.apache.struts.validator.DynaValidatorForm"> <form-property name="shippingAddress" type="java.lang.String"/> <form-property name="shippingCity" type="java.lang.String"/> <form-property name="shippingState" type="java.lang.String"/> <form-property name="shippingPostal" type="java.lang.String"/> </form-bean>
  • 88. DynaActionForm Example (continued) <table> <tr><b>Shipping Address</b></tr> <tr> <td>Address:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingAddress"/></td></tr> <tr><td>City:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingCity"/></td></tr> <tr><td>State:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingState"/></td></tr> <tr><td>Postal:</td> <td><html:text name="checkoutForm" property="shippingPostal"/></td></tr> </table>
  • 89. The Struts Validator Open source Validation framework Developed by David Winterfeldt Integrated into Struts core during 1.1 Extendable and Flexible Can be used outside of Struts Utilizes Regular Expressions Uses the Jakarta ORO Package
  • 90. Validator Features Allows for regular expressions to be used Comes with many pre-built validation routines Supports Client-Side (JavaScript) and Server-Side (Java)
  • 91. Adding Validator to a Struts Application <plug-in className="org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorPlugIn"> <set-property property="pathnames" value="/WEB-INF/validator-rules.xml,/WEB-INF/validation.xml"/> </plug-in>
  • 92. Validator configuration Files validator-rules.xml validation.xml
  • 93. Validator-rules.xml File <validator name="required" classname="org.apache.struts.util.StrutsValidator" method="validateRequired" methodParams="java.lang.Object, org.apache.commons.validator.ValidatorAction, org.apache.commons.validator.Field, org.apache.struts.action.ActionErrors, javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest" msg="errors.required"> //…some text deleted
  • 94. Validator-rules.xml (continued) <javascript><![CDATA[ function validateRequired(form) { var bValid = true; var focusField = null; var i = 0; var fields = new Array(); oRequired = new required(); for (x in oRequired) { if ((form[oRequired[x][0]].type == 'text' || form[oRequired[x][0]].type == 'textarea' || form[oRequired[x][0]].type == 'select-one' || form[oRequired[x][0]].type == 'radio' || form[oRequired[x][0]].type == 'password') && (form[oRequired[x][0]].value == '')) { if (i == 0) { focusField = form[oRequired[x][0]]; } fields[i++] = oRequired[x][1]; bValid = false; } } </javascript>
  • 95. Validator.xml File <form name="checkoutForm"> <field property="shippingAddress" depends="required,mask"> <arg0 key="label.address"/> <var> <var-name>mask</var-name> <var-value>^w+$</var-value> </var> </field> …
  • 96. Message Bundle … errors.required={0} is required. errors.minlength={0} can not be less than {1} characters. errors.maxlength={0} can not be greater than {1} characters. errors.invalid={0} is invalid. errors.byte={0} must be an byte. errors.short={0} must be an short. errors.integer={0} must be an integer. errors.long={0} must be an long. errors.float={0} must be an float. errors.double={0} must be an double. errors.date={0} is not a date. …
  • 97. Validator Failures Validation failures
  • 98. Struts Plug-in Capabilities Declarative means for “Startup Classes” Can declare multiple Plug-ins per sub- application Just need to implement the PlugIn interface Framework will call init() on startup and destroy() on shutdown
  • 99. Using the Plug-in Functionality
  • 100. Plug-in Example <plug-in className="com.cavaness.beer4all.service.ServiceFactory"> <set-property property="serviceClassName" value="com.cavaness.beer4all.service.Beer4AllOBJService"/> </plug-in>
  • 101. Beer4All ServiceFactory Plug-in public class ServiceFactory implements PlugIn { private String serviceClassName = null; public String getServiceClassName(){ return serviceClassName; } public void setServiceClassName( String className ){ this.serviceClassName = className; } public void init(ActionServlet servlet, ApplicationConfig config){ // Perform initialization functionality here } public void destroy(){ // Perform shutdown functionality here } }
  • 102. Tiles Library Features Advanced templating mechanism Set of JSP Tags Supports the idea of Layouts (known as Tiles) Layouts based on Locale/Channel Tiles can be reused Created by Cedric Dumoulin (while working at S1 coincidently ) Added to core in Struts 1.1
  • 103. Beer4All Layout Header Region/Tile Menu Bar Region/Tile Body Content Region/Tile Copyright Region/Tile
  • 104. Beer4All Layout Tile <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html"%> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld" prefix="bean"%> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/tiles.tld" prefix="tiles"%> <html:html> <head><title><bean:message key="global.title"/></title> </head> <body topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <tiles:insert attribute="header" /> <tiles:insert attribute=“banner"/> <tiles:insert attribute="body-content"/> <tiles:insert attribute="copyright"/> </body> </html:html>
  • 105. Beer4All JSPs Using Tiles <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/tiles.tld" prefix="tiles" %> <tiles:insert page="/layouts/beer4AllDefaultLayout.jsp" flush="true"> <tiles:put name="header" value="/common/header.jsp" /> <tiles:put name=“banner" value="/common/banner.jsp" /> <tiles:put name="body-content" value="/main.jsp" /> <tiles:put name="copyright" value="/common/copyright.jsp" /> </tiles:insert> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/tiles.tld" prefix="tiles" %> <tiles:insert page="/layouts/beer4AllDefaultLayout.jsp" flush="true"> <tiles:put name="header" value="/common/header.jsp" /> <tiles:put name=“banner" value="/common/banner.jsp" /> <tiles:put name="body-content" value="/beer.jsp" /> <tiles:put name="copyright" value="/common/copyright.jsp" /> </tiles:insert>
  • 106. Tiles XML Definition <!DOCTYPE tiles-definitions PUBLIC “-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Tiles Configuration//EN" “http://jakarta.apache.org/struts/dtds/tiles-config.dtd"> <tiles-definitions> <definition name=“beer4All.default" path="/layouts/beer4allDefaultLayout.jsp"> <put name="header" value="/common/header.jsp" /> <put name=“banner" value="/common/banner.jsp" /> <put name="copyright" value="/common/copyright.jsp" /> </definition> </tiles-definitions>
  • 107. Extending Tiles Definitions <tiles-definitions> <definition name=“beer4All.custom" extends=”beer4All.default”> <put name="copyright" value="/common/new-copyright.jsp" /> </definition> </tiles-definitions>
  • 108. Other Tiles Resources Cedric’s Site (http://www.lifl.fr/~dumoulin/tiles/) My Chapter on Tiles (http://www.theserverside.com/resources/strutsreview.jsp)
  • 109. Jakarta Commons Packages BeanUtils Collections Digester DBCP Logging Lang Resources
  • 110. Logging in a Struts Application Struts utilizes Commons Logging (jakarta.apache.org/Commons) Various logging implementations supported (JDK1.4, log4J, Console, etc.)
  • 111. Logging Example Log logger = LogFactory.getLog( getClass() ); logger.debug( "LoginAction entered" ); try{ // Attempt to authenticate the user userView = serviceImpl.authenticate(username, password); }catch( InvalidLoginException ex ){ logger.error( "Exception in the LoginAction class", ex ); //…
  • 112. Packaging and Deployment Package as a Web ARchive File (WAR) Deploys into any Servlet 2.2, JSP 1.1 compliant web container You can also leave it exploded Use Ant to build and deploy
  • 114. Beer4All Is a Success!
  • 115. Beer Drinkers Everywhere Rejoice The world unites by using Beer4All.com
  • 116. Resources Jakarta Struts Home Site (jakarta.apache.org/struts) Ted Husted’s Site (http://www.husted.com/struts) TheServerSide Struts Book Review (http://www.theserverside.com/resources/strutsreview.jsp) Jakarta Struts from O’Reilly (Available for order on Amazon right now!) Struts user and dev mailing lists Atlanta Struts user group (http://www.open-tools.org/struts-atlanta/index.jsp)
  • 117. Third-Party Tools for Struts Struts Console (http://www.jamesholmes.com/struts) Easy Struts Project (http://easystruts.sourceforge.net) Adalon (http://www.synthis.com) More (jakarta.apache.org/struts/resources)
  • 118. When is 1.1 GA? I Don’t Know!
  • 119. Q&A What did I miss?