Study of ecosystem
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The document provides an overview of various ecosystem concepts including producers, consumers, decomposers, energy flow, food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids, and different types of ecosystems such as forest, grassland, desert, aquatic, and marine. It discusses abiotic and biotic factors, trophic levels, and key aspects of different ecosystems including climate, plants, animals, and adaptations. Examples are given of different food webs and how ecosystems function in terms of productivity, decomposition, nutrient cycling, and energy flow.
Study of ecosystem
- 1. SEMISTER V / ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ABDUL MUQEET JAWAD FAISAL JAMEEL AAQIB IQBAL ZAKI NOUMAN SHAHBAZ
- 2. Concept, Structure & Function Of An Ecosystem Producers, consumers & Decomposers/ Energy Flow In Ecosystem / Ecological Succession Food Chains, food Webs & Ecological Pyramids Forest Ecosystem & Aquatic Ecosystem Desert Ecosystem & Grassland Ecosystem
- 4. STRUCTURE OF ECOSYSTEM Ecosystem Abiotic non-living Eg. soil, water, light, inorganic nutrients and weather Biotic living Eg. producers and consumers
- 5. BIOTIC LIVING & ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
- 9. • Productivity • Gross primary productivity Secondary productivity PRODUCTIVITY ENERGY FLOW
- 10. Steps in decomposition Fragmentation Leaching Catabolism Humification Mineralization NUTRIENT CYCLE • A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter. • The process is regulated by food web pathways that decompose matter into mineral nutrients. Nutrient cycles occur within ecosystems.
- 19. Food chains were first introduced by the african-arab scientist and philosopher al-jahiz in the 9th century and later in a book published in 1927 by Charles Elton, who also introduced the food web concept. Flow of energy in an ecosystem is one way process.The sequence of organism through which the energy flows, is known as food chain. A food chain also shows how the organisms are related with each other by the food they eat. Each level of a food chain represents a different trophic level. A common metric used to quantify food web trophic structure is food chain length
- 20. TROPIC LEVELS IN A FOOD CHAIN
- 21. (I)GRAZING FOOD CHAIN • This type of food chain starts from the living green plants goes to grazing herbivores, and on to carnivores. Ecosystems with such type of food chain are directly dependent on entry of solar energy. • This type of chain thus depends on autotrophic energy(Energy from photosynthesis & chemosynthesis) capture and the movement of this captured energy to herbivores. • The phytoplankton's →zooplanktons →Fish sequence or the grasses →rabbit →Fox sequences are the examples, of grazing food chain.
- 22. (II)DETRITUS FOOD CHAIN • This type of food chain goes from dead organic matter into microorganisms and then to organisms feeding on detritus (detrivores) and their predators. Such ecosystems are thus less dependent on direct solar energy. • These depend chiefly on the entry of organic matter produced in another system. For example, such type of food chain operates in the decomposing accumulated litter in a temperate forest.
- 24. FOOD WEB
- 25. Autotroph Heterotroph Produce own food Yes No Food chain level Primary Secondary and tertiary Types Photoautotroph, Chemoautotroph Photoheterotroph, Chemoheterotroph Examples Plants, algae, and some bacteria Herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores Definition Plants are the prime example of autotrophs, using photosynthesis All other organisms must make use of food that comes from other organisms in the form of fats, carbohydrates and proteins.These organisms which feed on others are called heterotrophs. What or How they eat ? Produce their own food for energy. They eat other organisms to get proteins and energy.
- 26. TYPES OF FOOD WEB • These food webs simply indicate a feeding relationship. TOPOLOGICAL WEBS • Flow webs, include information on the strength of the feeding interaction. FLOWWEBS • In interaction the arrows show how one group influences another. INTERACTION WEB
- 27. • Soil food web • Aquatic food web • Food web in forest • Food web of grassland • Food web in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem DIFFERENT FOOD WEBS
- 33. What are Ecological Pyramids?
- 34. Pyramid of Biomass • The biomass of the members of the food chain present at any one time forms the pyramid of the biomass. Pyramid of biomass indicates decrease of biomass in each tropical level from base to apex.
- 35. FOREST ECOSYSTEM
- 36. ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC FACTORS Sun: Provides light for photosynthesis Producers: Plants that are a source of food and/or O2 Soil: Provides minerals and nutrients for plants(producers) to grow. Primary Consumers: Herbivores that feed on producers Water: Helps in Photosynthesis, hydration of flora and fauna, maintains optimum climate Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that feed on primary consumers and/ or other secondary consumers Air: Provides CO2 for photosynthesis and O2 for respiration Decomposers: Organisms that decompose dead matter and supply minerals and other substances for the improvement to the soil
- 38. CATEGORY DECIDUOUS FOREST TROPICAL RAINFOREST COASTAL FOREST CONIFEROUS FOREST Primary Consumers: Rodents, Squirrels, Insects, Birds, Deer Insects, Slugs, Humming Birds, Squirrels, Deer Deer, Rabbits, Squirrel, Birds, Insects Moose, Elks, Birds, Insects, Small Rodents, Secondary Consumers: Possums, Raccoons, Snakes, Foxes Frogs, Birds, Rodents, Spiders, Rodents, Raccoons, Spiders Birds, Skunks, Owls,Weasels, Foxes Tertiary Consumers: Cougars, Bears Hawks, Owls, Foxes, Jackals, Tigers Eagles, Owls, Tigers Wolves, Lynx, Bears
- 39. DECIDUOUS FORESTS TROPICAL RAINFOREST Trees here have large, flat leaves that drop off in the fall and new leaves grow in spring These trees grow in places that are hot and wet all year. Leaves change colour with the seasons The forest has three layers: canopy, understory, forest floor. These grow in places with hot, wet summers and cool, dry winters. Trees are very tall and leaves are always green
- 40. COASTAL FORESTS CONIFEROUS FOREST Grows in places where there is lots of rain. Grows in places with very cold winters and cool summers. Temperature is not too hot or too cold, just cool. The leaves look like needles so they don’t need much water Has three layers: canopy, understory, forest floor Seeds grow in cones. Get less rain than all the other forests
- 41. FEATURES - FOREST CANOPY/ FOREST FLOOR / FOREST SOIL Forest Canopy FOREST FLOOR FOREST SOIL • Since trees reach different heights in different forests and there can be many layers of trees, defining the canopy is a difficult task. • However, the canopy is considered the uppermost layer of plants, including all of the additional plant and animals living in that layer. • The maximum height of the canopy can vary dramatically. • The forest floor is where decomposition takes place. Decomposition is the process by which fungi and microorganisms break down dead plants and animals and recycle essential materials and nutrients. • Also, many of the largest rainforest animals are found on the forest floor. The most common soil definition is "Soils as a media for plant growth“ • Recycling system for nutrients and organic waste • Modifier of the atmosphere • Habitat for soil organisms • Engineering medium • System for water supply and purification
- 43. DESERTS AROUND THE WORLD
- 44. CLIMATE & FAUNA • The desert is the hottest biome on Earth. It also has its extremes. It can be over 50 degrees during the day and below 32 degrees at night. • Less than 25 cm or rainfall every year. The amount of rainfall varies, but when it rain • After a storm, the desert may not see any rain for weeks or months. • The animals include snakes, owls, mice, armadillo lizards, fennec foxes, gila monsters, bats, and vultures.
- 45. FLORA LIFE OF DESERTS • There are several plants that are able to survive in the desert. • Most plants survive by their long roots to reach underground water sources. • A Variety of cactuses - Prickly Pear, Dragon Tree,Octillo Plant, Desert Spoon,Boojum etc. • Some desert flora include shrubs eg. Prickly Pearls, Desert Holly and the Brittlebush. • Most desert plants are drought- or salt-tolerant eg. Xerophytes • Other desert plants have long Taproots eg. Turnip
- 48. • The temperate grasslands (also called prairies, steppes, pampas and veld) are found in all four corners of the world • The largest expanse is the Great Plains of North America • Grasslands are defined by their semiarid climates, with 10-30 inches of precipitation annually (mostly in snow form depending on latitude) • Temperatures range from -40 to over 70 F Butterfly weed Prairie dog
- 49. • Also known as tropical grasslands. They are found in a wide band on either side of the equator on the edges of tropical rainforests. • The savanna is characterized by very hot temperatures and distinctive wet and dry periods • During the winter less than 4 inches of rain can fall but they can receive over 25 inches during the summer months Gum-Arabic tree Emu
- 50. • Savanna gets more rainfall(20-50inches) than a temperate grassland(20-35inches) annually • The grass grows better on Savanna Grassland than in the Temperate Grassland • The soils in Temperate Grassland is rich in Nutrient and is suitable for cultivation where as in Savanna, Soils are frequently nutrient poor and dry but contain many valuable minerals Savanna Grassland Temperate Grassland
- 55. 1-Ponds Ecosystem 2-Fresh water Ecosystem 3-Marine ecosystem These are a specific type of freshwater ecosystems that are largely based on the autotroph algae which provide the base trophic level for all life in the area. Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand of water. Actual salinity varies among different marine ecosystems. The largest predator in a pond ecosystem will normally be a fish and in-between range smaller insects and microorganisms. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, strea ms and springs, and wetlands. Marine ecosystems cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and contain approximately 97% of the planet's water.They generate 32% of the world's net primary production. It may have a scale of organisms from small bacteria to big creatures like water snakes, beetles, water bugs, frogs, tadpoles, and turtles. This is important for the environment. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. They are distinguished from freshwater ecosystems by the presence of dissolved compounds, especially salts, in the water. Approximately 85% of the dissolved materials in seawater are sodium and chlorine