study on laser
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This document provides information about lasers, including their characteristics and production. It discusses Einstein's theory of stimulated emission and the three possible interactions of radiation and matter: induced absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. It describes the Nd:YAG laser and its components, including the YAG crystal doped with neodymium ions, the resonator cavity, and optical pumping using a flash lamp.
study on laser
- 1. Gandhinagar Institute Of Technology Subject : engineering Physic Sub Code:2110011 topic name : laser Prepared by: Jani Parth U.(150120119051) Jerin Sibi.(150120119052) gothi dhairya.(150120119047) Guided By : sanket Sir
- 2. Laser Originally LASER Was An Acronym For Light Amplification By The Stimulated Emission Of Radiation. Now Laser Is A Word Used To Identify This Type Of Equip- pment Or The Light It Produces.
- 3. Characteristics Of Laser 1.Coherence 2.High Intensity 3.High Directionality 4.High Monochromaticity laser light is highly powerful and is capable of propagating over long distances and is not easily absorbed by water.
- 4. Einstein’s Theory Production Of Laser Light Is A Particular Consequence Of Interaction Of Radiation With Matter. Albert Einstein First Broached The Possibility Of Stimulated Emission In A 1917 On Paper. Radiation Interacts With Matter Under Appropriate Cond- ition And Transition Of An Atom Or A Molecule From One Enrgy Atate To The Onther.
- 5. There Are Three Possible Ways Through Which Interaction Of Radiation And Matter Can Take Pace. 1.Induced Absorption 2.Spontaneous Emission 3.Stimulated Emission
- 6. The Atom Different electron orbits represent different energy levels.
- 7. (A) Induced absorption in this process atom be initially in the lower state E1. if a photon of energy hv is incident on the atom in the electron and excited to the higher energy state E2
- 8. The Electron Applying energy to an electron causes it to jump to a higher orbit.
- 9. (b)Spontaneous emission it is a process in which there is an emisiion of a photon whenever an atom transits from a higher energy state to a lower energy state without the aid of any external agency.
- 10. The Electron in process
- 11. (c) Stimulated emission it is process in which there is an emission of a a photon whenever an atom transits from a higher energy state to a lower under the influence of an external agency.
- 13. ND: YAG LASER 1.WHAT IS FULL FORM OF YAG ? YAG :- YTTRIUM ALUMINIUM GARNET ( Y3AL5O12 ) DOPED WITH NEODYMIUM IONS ND+3 IN CRYSTAL FROM • RESONATOR CAVITY THE END FACES OF THE ND: YAG ROD ARE GROUND POLISHED AND SILVERED TO ACT AS THE OPTICAL RESONATOR MIRRORS, OR THE OPTICAL CAVITY CAN BE FORMED BY USING TWO EXTERNAL REFLECTING MIRRORS M1 AND M2
- 14. OPTICAL PUMPING A XENON FLASH LAMP OR A KRYPTON FLASH LAMP IS USED AS A PUMPING SOURCE.
- 16. Pumping pumping is the mechanism of exciting atoms from the lower energy state to a higher energy state by supplying energy from an external source. Optical pumping Optical pumping is a process in which light is used to raise (or "pump") electrons from a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher one.
- 17. Electricalpumping Electrical pumping is the second most commonly used pumpingscheme. It is commonly used to pump gas and semiconductor lasers. Here we will only consider gas laser pumping. In gas lasers a DC, RF or pulses current discharge is formed in the gas tube. The discharge can be longitudinal or transverse.