Submerged tunnel ppt
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A submerged tunnel floats underwater, supported by buoyancy, with cables anchoring it to prevent floating up or sinking down. It has advantages over bridges such as being lighter and experiencing less stress during earthquakes. Submerged tunnels can be constructed by dredging a trench, casting tunnel elements, transporting them to the site, and lowering them into place before sealing the joints and backfilling over top. While requiring specialized marine construction, the technique is often less risky than other tunneling methods and allows for faster construction between shores.
Submerged tunnel ppt
- 2. What is this??? ∗ A Submerged Tunnel is a tunnel that floats in water, supported by its buoyancy(specifically, by employing the hydrostatic thrust, or Archimedes' Principle). ∗ The tube is placed underwater, deep enough to avoid water traffic and weather, but not so deep that high water pressure needs to be dealt with —usually 20–50 m (60–150 ft.) is sufficient. Cables either anchored to the Earth or to pontoons at the surface prevent it from floating to the surface or submerging, respectively.
- 3. Why this ? ∗ The big advantage of a floating submerged tunnel compared to a bridge is the lightly loaded construction. Under water a weight reduction takes place which lowers the loads to be carried by the tunnel. ∗ Flexible submerged tunnel has much less problems with earthquakes which can less problems with earthquakes happen in this area. ∗ Floating tunnel can be built fast from both shores having no problems with wind or high seas. or high seas ∗ Another possible advantage is space: the downward ramp leading to a tunnel leaves a smaller footprint compared to the upward ramps required by most bridges. ∗ Moreover traffic can run very fast through this tunnel compared to ferry link. ∗ Due to lesser contact with the sea bed it has lesser possibilities of chemical reaction with the construction material & the sea bad soil strata.
- 4. Submerged tunnels can be placed immediately beneath a waterway. In contrast, a bored tunnel is usually only stable if its roof is at least its own diameter beneath the water. This allows Submerged tunnel approaches to be shorter and/or approach gradients to be flatter - an advantage for all tunnels, but especially so for railways.
- 5. Sydney Harbour Tunnel(2.8 km)
- 6. Seikan Tunnel (53.9 km)- world's longest undersea railway tunnel
- 7. Channel Tunnel( 37.9 km)-the tube rail between ENGLAND & FRANCE world's longest undersea portion railway tunnel
- 8. Marmaray (ISTANBUL) connecting Asia and Europe
- 9. Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line (9.6 km) world's longest undersea portion road tunnel
- 10. Eiksund Tunnel(7.7 km), world's deepest undersea road tunnel
- 11. Cross Harbour Tunnel- Hong Kong, a busy road tunnel
- 12. Regular vs. Underwater Tunnels Regular Underwater Average Costs $ 787,500,000 $6,349,500,000 Average Length 3.5 miles = 5.63 km 1-3 4.5miles = 7.24 km 3-6 Years Build http://www.eurotunnel.com/uk/
- 13. How this is constructed……. ∗ A trench is dredged in the bed of the water channel. DREDGING Dredging technology has improved considerably in recent years, and it is now possible to remove a wide variety of material underwater without adverse effects on the environment of the waterway.
- 14. ∗ Tunnel elements are constructed in the dry, for example in a casting basin, a fabrication yard, on a ship-lift platform or in a factory unit. casting basin ship-lift platform fabrication yard factory unit
- 15. After Casting….. ∗ After casting the ends of the element are then temporarily sealed with bulkheads. ∗ Each tunnel element is transported to the tunnel site - usually floating, occasionally on a barge, or assisted by cranes.
- 16. The immersion of the tunnel element is carried out after the tunnel element has been moved and the element has been ballasted as necessary to provide adequate loads in the immersion tackles.
- 17. The tunnel element is lowered to its final place on the bottom of the dredged trench.
- 18. The new element is placed against the previous element under water. Water is then pumped out of the space between the bulkheads. Water pressure on the free end of the new element compresses the rubber seal between the two elements, closing the joint.
- 19. Backfill material is placed beside and over the tunnel to fill the trench and permanently bury the tunnel, as illustrated in the figures.
- 20. Approach structures can be built on the banks before, after or concurrently with the Submerged tunnel, to suit local circumstances.
- 21. ∗ Submerged tunnels are sometimes perceived by newcomers to the technology as "difficult" due to the presence of marine operations. ∗ In reality though, the technique is often less risky than bored tunneling and construction can be better controlled. The marine operations, though unfamiliar to many, pose no particular difficulties.
- 22. ∗ Tunnels required for higher costs of security and construction than bridges. This may mean that over short distances bridges may be preferred rather than tunnels (for example Dartford Crossing). ∗ Bridges may not allow shipping to pass, so solutions such as the Oresund Bridge have been constructed. ∗ Implementation of this project is very tough & requiring skilled labours & heavy machinery & facing very adverse situations.