Sugarcane lecture suheel ahmad
- 1. Sugarcane as an alternative feed resource for livestock: production and utilization Dr. Suheel Ahmad Sr. Scientist and OIC ICAR-ICAR- IGFRI, Regional Research Station Srinagar, UT of J & K
- 2. Need for fodder technologies The livestock sector represents around a third of agricultural GDP in most countries. Low productivity of livestock owing to fodder deficit (accounts for 50-60 %), genetic improvement, health management The limited land endowments make it difficult for the farmer to earmark adequate land for fodder cultivation. (Wani et al., 2014; Ahmad et al, 2017) The possibility of increased forage production by bringing additional area under fodder cultivation are limited and it is therefore, imperative that continuous efforts are made to augment forage resource availability through other niche areas.
- 3. There has been greater demand for livestock products globally as human populations increase and their dietary preferences change. In the past three decades, production and consumption of livestock products in developing countries has grown at 3-5% p.a. By 2050, total meat and milk consumption in developing countries is expected to at least double. These trends present both opportunities and challenges for livestock production sytems.
- 5. The livestock sector is the backbone of India’s economy in terms of; • Income • Employment • Equity • Sustainability • Foreign exchange earnings
- 6. Agriculture & allied sector share in Total GDP (%) 17.32 Livestock contribution to Agriculture GDP (%) 25.6 Growth rate of Agriculture sector in 12th Plan (%) (in first 4 years) 1.60 Growth rate of Livestock in 11th Plan (%) 4.80 Milk production (2015-16) in million tonnes 155.50 Per capita milk availability in India (2015-16) in gms/day 337.00 Facts of Indian Livestock sector **Economic survey 2017-18
- 7. Projected livestock population estimates (million Adult Cattle Unit, ACU) ** Source: Livestock census published by the Directorate of Economic & Statistics and Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying
- 8. **Source: Department of Animal Husbandry, Annual Report 2016-17
- 9. ** Source: IGFRI Vision 2050
- 11. Low productivity of Livestock Average yield of milk and meat: 20-60% lower than world average Responsible Factors: • Feed & Fodder deficiency - 50.2% • Breeding & reproduction - 21.1% • Diseases • Management - 7.9% - 10.5%
- 12. FEED SUPPLY SYSTEM Feed and fodder are the major important inputs representing 50-75% of the total cost of production in any livestock production influencing the survivability of the enterprises. Milk production in India is increasing But feed and fodder resources are depleting due to increased human population, urbanization and pressure on land to grow cereal and cash crops Have led to qualitative and quantitative insufficiency of feed and fodder resources.
- 14. THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH MULTIPRONGED APPROACH Strategies to increase forage production per unit area Encouraging forage production in mixed farming systems Exploitation of waste lands, denuded, degraded, marginal and sub marginal lands for the development of pastures and agro-forestry systems Strategies for efficient utilization of available resources like crop residues, non-conventional feeds and fodders National Fodder Mission
- 15. Non-conventional Feed/Fodder Resources The NCFR generally refer to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used for feeding livestock and are not commercially used in the production of livestock feeds. These have been frequently used to describe sources such as oil palm by-products, cassava foliage, spent brewer’s grains, rubber seed meal, single-cell proteins and feed materials derived from agro- industrial by-products of plant and animal origin, poor-quality cellulosic roughages from farm residues and other agro-industrial by-products such as slaughter-house by-products and those from the processing of sugar (bagasse, molasses) cereal grains, citrus fruits and vegetables from the processing of food for human consumption and some aquatic plants (Chadhokar, 1984; Amata, 2014).
- 16. The NCFRs are not to replace the traditional feeds and fodder but to be used to supplement the existing limited feed resources. Characteristics of NCFRs Some of the important characteristics of non-conventional feed resources are as following (FAO, 1985 and Amata, 2014 modified). •They are mostly of plant and organic origin. •Most of the NCFRs are generally low in energy, protein and minerals. •The majority of NCFRs of crop origin are bulky and poor in quality. •The NCFRs high in moisture and many of them may contain high amounts of anti- nutritional components that may have adverse impact on animal health. •Some of the NCFRs are the end products of production processes and consumption that have not been used, recycled or salvaged. •They are mostly cellulosic roughages with high crude fiber and low nitrogenous content and therefore, suitable for feeding to ruminants. •The NCFRs such as banana rejects, pineapple pulp, sugarcane and sugarbeet tops are rich in sugars, therefore, energetically beneficial to animals.
- 17. Fodder Sugarcane Crude Protein 10.95% NDF 64.96% ADF 37.07% Ash 9.66% Dry matter digestibility 65.69%
- 18. Sugarcane plant is a tall, leafy, perennial tropical or sub-tropical grass that out-yields most tropical grasses and that can be a valuable fodder for livestock. As a forage plant, sugarcane has multiple advantages. 1) adaptation to the tropical and subtropical environments, 2) less sensitivity than other crops to poor soil fertility, the hot- humid climate, and insect and disease problems, 3) existing technology for its production, 4) a high yield capability, and 5) the unique ability to maintain consistent quality as a standing crop in the field.
- 21. Variety Selection: Sugarcane has numerous varieties with widely varying characteristics. The three important items to consider are crop yield (plant and ratoon crops), nutritive quality (i.e., sugar and fiber contents) and ease of harvesting. Sugarcane varieties that are lower in fiber content should be selected. Forage sugarcane varieties have been especially bred for forage production.
- 26. Sugarcane by-products as livestock feed Sugarcane bagasse Bagasse is the residual fibre resulting from the extraction of sugarcane juice. There are two main types of bagasse. 1. Factory bagasse 2. Farm bagasse The materials are fibrous and relatively high in lignocellulose. Most of the residue substances have insufficient crude protein (CP) (<9% of DM) for efficient rumen fermentation, with a high crude fiber (CF) and cell wall content. Residues also have a low mineral content, especially phosphorus, and are deficient in vitamins.
- 27. Sugarcane trash In India, approximately 6.5 million tonnes of sugarcane trash is being produced every year, with most of the residues usually burned in the field. About 5-8 tonnes of trash can be obtained from one hectare of sugarcane. But, when sugarcane trash is burnt, most of the organic matter and nutrients in the trash are lost, leading to dreadful environmental pollution Loss of nutrients due to burning of crop residues
- 28. In India, crop residues are traditionally utilized as animal feed by itself or by supplementing with some additives To meet the nutritional requirements of animals, the residues need processing and enriching with urea and molasses, and supplementing with green fodders (leguminous/non-leguminous) and legume (sun hemp, horse gram, cowpea, gram) straws.
- 29. Sugarcane trash is very bulky material and light occupies lot of space. This can be a major drawback during transportation. The problem can be overcome by chaffing to small pieces with the help of mechanical chaff cutter (10 to 15 cm). This is essential for before feeding to animals. At the National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, total mixed ration was formulated using 70% of dry trash, 20% seasonal fodder and 10% c o n c e n t r a t e mixture. The c o n c e n t r a t e mixture was prepared with the composition of maize grain, 35%; groundnutcake, 32%; rice bran, 15%; wheat bran, 15%; mineral mixture, 2% and salt 1%).
- 30. Complete Feed System or Balanced Rationing The feeding value of these crop residues can be increased by incorporating them into total mixed rations (TMR) by fortifying them with required nutrients TMR can be defined as a mixture of both the roughages and the concentrate ingredients, formulated and mixed thoroughly to form a balanced feed. It can form a sole feed source for a 24 hour period and can be offered ad libitum for best results.
- 31. Ingredients (%) in total mixed ration Level of inclusion of some crop residues in total mixed rations
- 32. TMR formulations for cattle (For 100 kg feed) S.No Ingredient Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 1 Maize/Sorghum/Bajra grains 10 4 5 6 2 Groundnut/Soybean meal 15 15 10 6 3 De-oiled Sunflower cake 10 5 4 5 4 Rice bran 22 23 18 10 5 Molasses 10 10 10 10 6 Maize/wheat/jowar straw/dry grasses/Sugarcnae trash/bagasse/tops/press mud 30 40 50 60 7 Mineral mixture 2 2 2 2 8 Salt 1 1 1 1 Type 1 : For high producing dairy animals (more than 20 kg milk/day) Type 2 and 3 : For medium producers, growing heifers and pregnant animals Type 4 : For dry animals
- 33. Sugarcane press-mud (SPM) It is produced during clarification of sugarcane juice, and its current production is about 8-10 million tons annually in India, which is roughly 23% of world’s production. During the course of clarification of sugarcane juice most of its impurities are precipitated. These impurities are filtered in filter process and washed to remove sugar content. The cake, which is discharged after washing, is called press- mud. Generally, it amounts to 3.80 per cent of sugarcane.
- 34. SPM is one such potential feed ingredient, which can be incorporated in livestock feeding. Suresh and Reddy, 2011 and Suma et al. 2007 reported that SPM is a potential source of protein (11-13%) and other nutrients including major minerals Ca, P, K, Mg and S as well as trace minerals like Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn, which could contribute in body growth of animals.
- 35. Molasses Molasses is a sticky dark by-product of processing sugar cane or sugar beets into sugar. The calcium content of sugar cane molasses is high (up to one percent). Cane molasses is also high in sodium, potassium, magnesium and sulphur. Molasses also contains significant quantities of trace minerals such as copper, zinc, iron and manganese. Nutrient composition of molasses (dry matter basis) Dry Matter 74% Crude Protein 6.5% Oil Trace NDF Nil Starch Trace Sugar 65% ME (MJ/KG DM) 12.5
- 36. Molasses can be a source of quick energy and an excellent source of minerals for farm animals. Supplementing poor quality hay with molasses will increase feed intake and improve palatability. Microbes in the rumen break down the sugars in molasses rapidly, which extensively causes a rapid release of energy that makes molasses very useful for balancing other feeds in the dairy diet all year round. Feeding molasses to farm animals will improve digestion of pastures/hay; increase milk production, help maintain body condition and appetite and result in less feed waste.
- 37. BENEFITS Molasses can reduce the dusty powdery nature of some finely ground feeds. In this role, it makes a feed mixture more palatable and edible to livestock. Molasses can be added to replace missing sugar and trace minerals and help with fermentation in cases of low quality forages especially with low sugar levels. Cattle and Dairy • Provides sugar during early pasture growth • Promotes animal health • Increases milk solid production • Increases diet density when intake is reduced before calving • Improves milk • Improves digestion of fiber • Helps reduce heat-related stress • Helps growth and development of young stock