![2.6b The need for transport in animals - circulation
A Restricted responses – 1 mark each
•The heart pumps blood round body.
•The four chambers of the heart are right and left atria, right and left
ventricle. [all 4]
3. a. Vena cava returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
b. Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from heart to
lungs.
c. Pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.
d. Aorta transports oxygenated blood from heart to the body. [all 4]
4. Valves prevent backflow of blood.
5. Coronary artery supplies the cardiac muscle with blood.
6. a. Hepatic artery supplies liver with blood.
b. Renal artery supplies kidneys with blood.
c. Hepatic portal vein transports blood from small intestine to the
liver. [all 3]
7. Haemoglobin in red blood cells, carries oxygen. [both]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/supportpptcirculation-210407135655/85/Support-ppt-circulation-24-320.jpg)
![B Extended responses – 2-3 marks each
1. Left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the right;
left has to pump blood round the whole body and right
ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs. [1 each = 2]
2. a. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the organs
b. Veins return blood to the heart from the organs
c. Capillaries join arteries to veins [1 each = 3]
3. Red blood cells have no nucleus which gives extra space
inside; they are very small with dimples on each side which
increases their surface area for gas exchange; they contain
haemoglobin which carries oxygen
[1 each = 3]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/supportpptcirculation-210407135655/85/Support-ppt-circulation-25-320.jpg)
![2.6c The need for transport in animals–gas exchange and nutrient absorption
A Restricted responses – 1 mark each
1. Rings of cartilage keep airways open.
2. Alveoli have a large surface, good blood supply, thin walls for efficient gas
exchange. [all 3]
3. Villi are the finger like projections in the small intestine which increase the
surface area for absorption.
4. Glucose and amino acids are taken directly into blood in capillaries.
5. Fatty acids and glycerol are taken directly into the lacteal.
6. Glucose and amino acids are carried in the bloodstream to body cells.
7. Fatty acids and glycerol are carried in the lymphatic system.
B Extended responses – 2-3 marks each
1. Mucus traps particles; cilia drive mucus up out of the breathing system [1
each = 2]
2. During peristalsis, circular muscles relax in front of food; circular muscles
contract behind the food and push it along [1 each = 2]
3. Alveoli and villi both have large surface area; thin walls; moist walls; good
blood supply. [3 = 2, 2/1 = 1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/supportpptcirculation-210407135655/85/Support-ppt-circulation-60-320.jpg)
Support ppt circulation
- 2. How are the two types of blood (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) kept apart inside the heart? The heart is the organ at the centre of the circulatory system. It pumps blood around the body.
- 3. The inside of the heart is divided into two sections so that the two types of blood (oxygenated and deoxygenated) are kept apart . deoxygenated blood right side of the heart oxygenated blood left side of the heart Remember that the heart is always labelled as if it is in a body facing you, so the right side of the heart is on the left of the diagram.
- 4. During one complete circuit of the body, blood passes through the heart twice and so the circulatory system involves a double circulation. The right hand side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left hand side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body organs. body’s cells body’s cells lungs lungs
- 5. The heart has four chambers. A lower chamber is called a ventricle. An upper chamber is called an atrium (plural atria). right ventricle right atrium left ventricle left atrium
- 6. The chambers of the heart have different functions. The atria collect blood that enters the heart. The ventricles pump blood out of the heart. blood to the body blood from the body blood to the lungs blood from the lungs
- 7. The chambers of the heart are separated by valves which prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction. There are valves between the atria and the ventricles… …and there are valves leading out of the ventricles. valve between right atrium and right ventricle valve between left atrium and left ventricle valve leading out of right ventricle valve leading out of left ventricle
- 8. All the parts of the heart on either side, work together in a repeated sequence. The two atria contract and relax; then the two ventricles contract and relax. This is how blood moves through the heart and is pumped to the lungs and the body. One complete sequence of contraction and relaxation is called a heartbeat.
- 9. The heart is full of blood but also needs its own blood supply so that the muscle can keep pumping. coronary arteries supply blood to muscle tissue of the heart The blood vessels on the outside of the heart carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle cells. Oxygen-poor blood is then carried away from these cells by outer blood vessels and back into the heart. muscle tissue
- 10. Left atrium Vena cava Right atrium aorta Left ventricle Bicuspid valves Tricuspid valves Right ventricle Semilunar valves Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery
- 11. Different types of blood vessels The different blood vessels have different jobs to do in carrying blood around the body. vein carries blood back into the heart artery carries blood away from the heart Do all blood vessels carry the same type of blood? blood to the heart blood from the heart carries blood to and from the body’s cells
- 12. Cross-section of an artery thick outer wall thick inner layer of muscle and elastic fibres narrow central tube The arteries carry blood at high pressure away from the heart. Looking at the cross-section of an artery, why is it suitable for carrying blood at high pressure?
- 13. The veins carry blood at low pressure back into the heart. Looking at the cross-section of a vein, why is it suitable for carrying blood at low pressure? Cross-section of a vein thin outer wall thin inner layer of muscle and elastic fibres wide central tube
- 14. Blood flow in veins – valves Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood. blood to the heart backflow prevented vein valve open vein valve closed When blood flows along veins it pushes past the valves, which can only open in one direction. If blood in a vein does flow backwards, it is trapped by closed valves.
- 15. Cross-section of a capillary The capillaries carry blood to and from the body’s cells. Looking at the cross-section of a capillary, why is it suitable for the exchange of substances between the blood and body cells?
- 17. Type of blood vessel Function Features Arteries Carry blood away from heart to the body organs Thick elastic walls to withstand high blood pressure. Capillaries Carry blood through tissues and organs to allow the exchange of material Thin and large surface area for quick easy diffusion of substances Veins Carry blood back to the heart from the body organs Thin muscular walls Contains valves which prevent the backflow of blood
- 18. What is blood made of? Blood is made up of a liquid called plasma and blood cells that float in this plasma. If a test tube of blood is left to stand for a while the blood cells sink to the bottom of the test tube and separate from the plasma which is a clear yellow liquid. blood cells (45% of volume) plasma (55% of volume) Liquid plasma transports many substances around the body. It transports digested food, and waste substances like carbon dioxide and urea around the body.
- 19. Different types of blood cells Blood plasma carries three types of blood cells. They have different shapes and carry out different functions. red blood cell white blood cell platelet
- 20. A red blood cell has several features that help it do its job: Disc-shaped, with a dent on each side, creates a large surface area for gas exchange. A large surface area compared to volume, so oxygen is always close to the surface. It has no nucleus, so there is more space for haemoglobin and so more oxygen. It contains haemoglobin, a special pigment that combines with oxygen.
- 21. haemoglobin haemoglobin Haemoglobin is the special pigment in red blood cells. At the lungs, oxygen diffuses into red blood cells and combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. This is how red blood cells are able to bind to oxygen and carry it in the blood. Oxyhaemoglobin makes red blood cells appear bright red. oxygen oxygen + + oxyhaemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin
- 22. Name of blood component Drawing of component structure Function of cell component White blood cells Defends the body against disease Red blood cells Contains red pigment haemoglobin which transports oxygen around the body Plasma N/A Yellow fluid that contains the blood cells, glucose and CO2 Platelets Clotting blood, forming scabs, stopping bleeding
- 23. Learning Outcomes In mammals, nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. Be able to trace the pathway of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through heart, lungs and body. Know heart structures and their functions including right and left atria and ventricles and location of valves and the blood vessels- aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins, and coronary arteries.
- 24. 2.6b The need for transport in animals - circulation A Restricted responses – 1 mark each •The heart pumps blood round body. •The four chambers of the heart are right and left atria, right and left ventricle. [all 4] 3. a. Vena cava returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. b. Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs. c. Pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from lungs to heart. d. Aorta transports oxygenated blood from heart to the body. [all 4] 4. Valves prevent backflow of blood. 5. Coronary artery supplies the cardiac muscle with blood. 6. a. Hepatic artery supplies liver with blood. b. Renal artery supplies kidneys with blood. c. Hepatic portal vein transports blood from small intestine to the liver. [all 3] 7. Haemoglobin in red blood cells, carries oxygen. [both]
- 25. B Extended responses – 2-3 marks each 1. Left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the right; left has to pump blood round the whole body and right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs. [1 each = 2] 2. a. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the organs b. Veins return blood to the heart from the organs c. Capillaries join arteries to veins [1 each = 3] 3. Red blood cells have no nucleus which gives extra space inside; they are very small with dimples on each side which increases their surface area for gas exchange; they contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen [1 each = 3]
- 27. What are we going to learn about today? •Why mammals need transport systems. •The internal structure of the lungs •How rings of cartilage in the trachea stop it from collapsing. •About the self-cleaning mechanism of our lungs.
- 29. Breathing involves the exchange of gases in the lungs, a process which occurs by diffusion. What is the vital gas that you breathe in? The lungs have a huge surface area to maximize the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with each breath. oxygen carbon dioxide What is the waste gas that you breathe out?
- 30. You can think of the trachea as a tube lined with C-shaped supporting rungs. Diagram of trachea with cartilage rungs. These rings are made of a tough material called cartilage. They help to hold the trachea open. The cartilage rungs are C-shaped and not full circles so that when you breathe in the trachea can also expand and allow in maximum air.
- 31. As well as being adapted on its outer surface, the trachea shows adaptations on its inner lining. If we look closely at the inner surface of the trachea… ciliated epithelial cells The trachea trachea
- 32. The ciliated epithelial cells that line the wall of the trachea show two special adaptations. We say the cells show specialisation. These specialised cells have a particular job to do. Some cells produce a sticky liquid - mucus to trap dirt and germs. All cells have tiny hairs called cilia which move the mucus and trapped dirt and germs upwards away from the lungs Ciliated epithelial cells
- 33. trachea bronchus bronchiole diaphragm Air sacs or alveoli ribs Intercostal muscles lung Rings of cartilage
- 34. Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli, the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. The alveoli increase the surface area for the efficient diffusion of gases. What are these blood vessels around each alveolus called?
- 36. Alveoli are adapted for efficient diffusion of gases as they ; •Have a large surface area. •Are thin for quick easy diffusion. •Have a good blood supply for the efficient transport of gases around the body.
- 37. Structure of Lung Function Trachea/windpipe Passage through which air enters the lungs. Lining produces mucus which traps dirt and germs keeping air passages clean. Rings of cartilage Keep trachea open Bronchi Branch off the trachea Bronchioles Narrow branches off the bronchus Air sacs At the end of bronchioles ,have a large surface area for efficient exchange of gases Blood capillaries Surround the air sacs so gases can be efficiently exchanged and then transported around the body. Diaphragm Muscle involved in breathing. Intercostal muscles Muscles between the ribs which are involved in breathing
- 38. Feature of air sac Importance Large surface area Allows the efficient diffusion of gases. Moist So gases can dissolve in water before they diffuse from the air sac. Thin walls For quick easy diffusion. Rich blood supply For quick efficient transport of gases throughout the body.
- 41. Learning Outcomes •Rings of cartilage keep main airways open. •Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the alveolar walls. •Alveoli have a large surface area, a good blood supply and thin walls for more efficient diffusion of gases. •Mucus traps dirt and microorganisms and cilia move this up and away from the lungs.
- 46. Animals need food to provide the energy for growth ,repair, chemical reactions, warmth & movement. The main food groups in the in the human diet are ;carbohydrates, fats proteins.
- 47. Animals need food to provide the energy for growth ,repair, chemical reactions, warmth & movement. The main food groups in the in the human diet are ;carbohydrates, fats proteins.
- 48. •Carbohydrates- provide an instant source of energy. •Fats- provide a long term source of energy and help insulate animals. •Proteins- are required for growth and repair of body tissues.
- 49. Food Group (Large Insoluble Food Molecule) Constituent Elements Basic Unit (Small Soluble Food Molecule) Examples of foods Starch CHO glucose Bread, pasta, cereals, potatoes Fat CHO Fatty acids and glycerol Milk, cheese, butter, oil, meat Protein CHON Amino acids Fish, eggs, meat
- 50. •Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food particles into small soluble molecules by enzymes. •Digestion is required as only small soluble molecules can pass through the wall of the small intestine and enter the blood.
- 51. Carbohydrates are chains of identical glucose molecules. The digestive enzymes break the chemical bonds between the individual sugar molecules in each carbohydrate chain to form glucose. long carbohydrate molecule glucose molecules
- 52. Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acids. Proteins are digested by digestive enzymes called proteases. These enzymes work in an acidic environment to break proteins into smaller amino acids. protease long protein molecule amino acid molecules Enzymes and protein digestion
- 53. Fats are digested in two stages: Firstly, bile (released by the gall bladder) allows the fat to “mix” with water by breaking the fat into smaller droplets. This is called emulsification. Secondly, the digestive enzyme lipase breaks each fat molecule into the smaller glycerol fatty acid molecules . bile lipase + fat molecule glycerol fatty acids Enzymes and fat digestion
- 54. Starch and glucose mixture inside the Visking tubing. Only glucose is small enough to diffuse through the pores in the Visking tubing.
- 55. Circular muscle contracts behind food Circular muscle relaxes in front of food pushing food along the gut. Peristalsis is the alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles which results in the movement of food along the digestive system or alimentary canal.
- 56. Salivary glands oesophagus liver Gall bladder pancreas Stomach Small intestine Large intestine rectum
- 58. Dissolved food molecules diffuse from the small intestine into the blood, moving from higher to lower concentration. wall of small intestine blood entering villus blood leaving villus inside the small intestine diffusion Fatty acids & glycerol diffuse into the lacteal Glucose & amino Acids diffuse into the blood capillaries
- 59. Both are thin for quick easy diffusion Both have a large surface area for quick easy diffusion Both have a good blood supply for efficient transport of substances around the body. Both are moist so substances can dissolve before the can diffuse into cells
- 60. 2.6c The need for transport in animals–gas exchange and nutrient absorption A Restricted responses – 1 mark each 1. Rings of cartilage keep airways open. 2. Alveoli have a large surface, good blood supply, thin walls for efficient gas exchange. [all 3] 3. Villi are the finger like projections in the small intestine which increase the surface area for absorption. 4. Glucose and amino acids are taken directly into blood in capillaries. 5. Fatty acids and glycerol are taken directly into the lacteal. 6. Glucose and amino acids are carried in the bloodstream to body cells. 7. Fatty acids and glycerol are carried in the lymphatic system. B Extended responses – 2-3 marks each 1. Mucus traps particles; cilia drive mucus up out of the breathing system [1 each = 2] 2. During peristalsis, circular muscles relax in front of food; circular muscles contract behind the food and push it along [1 each = 2] 3. Alveoli and villi both have large surface area; thin walls; moist walls; good blood supply. [3 = 2, 2/1 = 1]