Survey of sciences chapter 1
- 1. SCIENCE • What is Science? • Different kinds of science – Physics – Biology – Chemistry – Make your definition broad!
- 2. Science: A Way of Knowing Chapter 1 Great Idea: Science is a way of asking and answering questions about the physical universe
- 3. The Role of Science • Making Choices – Ask questions, make observations, form conclusions – Applied in a more formal, quantitative way equals science – Science is a process
- 5. Why Study Science? • Most powerful tool for understanding • Incorporates basic ideas and theories • Provides framework for new questions • Provides unparalleled view of order and symmetry of the universe and its workings
- 7. Observation • History – Greek Philosophers – Middle Ages • Observation – no manipulation • Experiment – manipulation
- 8. Plato and Aristotle with Students
- 9. Observation: Identifying Patterns • First step in scientific method • Regularity • Recognize patterns
- 10. Development of a Hypothesis • Second step of Scientific method • Establish regularity – Why is this happening? – Hypothesis is an explanation, educated guess • “If I drop my keys, they will fall”
- 11. Prediction • Predictions – Hypothesis, Theory, Law – Must be quantitatively testable
- 12. Testing • Final step of Scientific Method • Testing – Do not prove or disprove – Define range of validity • Every law and theory of nature is subject to change, based on new observations
- 13. Testing: Collecting data • Measurement-better description • Data-table or graph • Patterns emerge • Describe: – In words – In equation form – In symbols
- 14. Measurements Presented Visually in the Form of a Graph
- 15. Measurements of Falling Objects
- 16. Predicting the Behavior of Falling Objects
- 17. The Scientific Method in Operation • Cycle – Not rigid • Results must be reproducible • Cycle is continuous – Test one hypothesis at a time
- 19. Fig. 1-15-2
- 20. Facts, Hypotheses, Laws, and Theories • Test many hypotheses, can lead to theory or law – Hypothesis: educated guess • Theory – Well-substantiated description or explanation – Broad • Law – Numerous tests point to pattern – Statement
- 21. Organize
- 22. The Scientific Method observations Testing
- 23. How does science relate to me? • Make a list of 10 different things you have done in last 24 hours Describe each item (Briefly) ● Circle items related to science
- 24. Science in daily life • Chemistry: chemicals to clean clothes • Physics: electricity, cars (automotive engine), television, computers • Biology: medicine
- 25. Unit 1. Exercise 1: Solving a Real-Life Problem • Your task this week is to identify a problem in your field that we can tackle using the scientific method. • Do internet search – Current problems in your field
- 26. Unit 1. Exercise 1: Solving a Real-Life Problem • What is the problem/question? • What have you observed that gives you clues as to what might be happening? • What is a feasible hypothesis to explain what you have observed? • How could you test this hypothesis? What is your prediction about the outcome of the test?
- 27. Unit 1. Exercise 1: Solving a Real-Life Problem • 1-2 page report • Describe the problem and • How the scientific method could be applied to come up with a solution. • Answer the questions • Due 12/17/12
- 28. The Ongoing Process of Science Dynamic process of scientific research
- 29. Science is ongoing • There are still many questions to be answered by science • Why scientists still conduct science • Advancements in modern medicine – Vaccines, prosthetic limbs – http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/science/ja
- 30. Science in daily life • Take those items you circled • Brief explanation on how those items work in relation to science Are there other things in daily life that science could solve?
- 31. Other Ways of Knowing
- 32. Different Kinds of Questions • Cannot always use scientific method • Art – Use to address age of painting – Not for beauty, etc. • Religion – No conflict between science and religion – Faith vs. experiment
- 33. Pseudoscience • Pseudoscience – Belief, dogma – Ideas not testable • Evaluation of a claim 1. Are the ‘facts’ true as stated? 2. Is there an alternative explanation? 3. Is the claim falsifiable? 4. Have claims been tested? 5. Do claims require unreasonable changes in accepted ideas?
- 34. Writing Assignment 1 • Science in the Media • List of TV and movies that portray science • Is the work of the scientists glorified? Are the results of experiments realistic or exaggerated?
- 35. Science in the Media • Do the TV/movie characters follow the steps of the scientific method? • How does the science you see on TV and movies compare to the science you read about in the news? • www.nytimes.com
- 36. Writing assignment 1: Due 12/17 • Look at the website of a newspaper 2-3 news articles • controversial scientific issues like climate change, stem cell research, or evolution. • Summarize how each article demonstrates that science makes a difference in our lives. • Discuss how news articles differ from scientific articles.
- 37. Language Barrier • Technical language versus ‘everyday’ speech • Climate change – Scientists focus on future – Public wants to know in relation to present day – http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/n
- 38. The Organization of Science
- 39. Divisions of Science • What does a scientist do? • Imagine what a scientist would look like • Approach – Field researcher – Experimentalists – Theorists
- 40. Scientists Work at Many Different Tasks
- 41. The Branches of Science • Physics – Fundamental aspects of nature • Chemistry – Atoms in combination • Biology – Living systems • Astronomy – Objects in space • Geology – Earth
- 42. The Web of Knowledge • Center – Laws of nature – Apply to all areas • Areas Interconnected – All branches integrated
- 43. The Interconnected Web of Scientific Knowledge
- 44. Funding for Science • US Government – $130 billion – NSF, NIH, DOE, DOD, EPA, NASA, NOAA • Apply for funds – Grant proposal • Ranked by independent scientists • Highly competitive
- 46. 2008: Federal Science Funding
- 47. Communication Among Scientists • Collaboration • Scientific Meetings • Peer reviewed Journals – Cornerstone of science
- 48. Writing Assignment 2 • Process of science • Find article on scientific research found on the ITT Tech Virtual Library • Read the abstract and pay attention to figures as you skim the rest of the article. • Identify the general area of science that is being studied (biology, chemistry, physics, earth science, astronomy)
- 49. Writing Assignment 2 • Summarize and explain in your own words how/why the researchers working on this project are “doing science “? • Due 1/7/13
- 50. Writing Assignment 2 • Does this article make sense to you? • Is it easy or difficult to understand? • Can you identify the steps of the scientific method in this article, • and can you get a good idea of what the scientist did? • Discuss the importance of communication in science and difficulties of conveying scientific content to the general public.
- 51. Virtual Library • ITT Virtual Library – EBSCO host, citations (APA) • Earth Science • Chemistry • Biology
- 52. Scientific Articles • Peer reviewed • Introduction – Observations and Hypotheses – Predictions • Methods/Materials – Testing, experiments, data • Results • Discussion – Summarize your findings and what others have found