Sustainable Urban Planning- Issues, options, Concepts an practices ptions
- 1. Ar. J.K.GUPTA, Email---- jit.kumar1944@gmail.com, Mob- 90410-26414 Sustainable Urban Planning Issues Options Concepts & Practices
- 3. Sustainable Development • 1987 UN World Commission on Environment and Development Report- Our Common Future- Brundtland Report- defined • Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- 4. • Crisis in Indian Urbanization-
- 5. Cities and their Context • Cities- remain in crisis – 32 crisis • both -natural and manmade • Crisis of Planning • Crisis of development, • Crisis of Urban Sprawl • Crisis of population, • Crisis of Over-crowding • Crisis of Migration • Crisis of poverty, • Crisis of pollution • Crisis of Traffic& transportation • Crisis of Shelter/housing • Crisis of Water • Crisis of Energy • Crisis of heat island • Crisis of Exclusion
- 6. Cities and their Context • Crisis of infrastructure; Crisis of flooding; • Crisis of Managing waste • Crisis of Slums • Crisis of Land • Crisis of unemployment; • Crisis of Quality of life; • Crisis of Resources • Crisis of leadership / management • Crisis of Safety • Crisis of Climate Change • Crisis of Environment • Ecology, bio-diversity • Crisis of identity • Crisis of Health • Crisis of Happiness
- 7. Major Challenges in Indian Urban Planning • Population • Poverty • Planning • Pollution • Migration • Culture • Environment, • bio-diversity • Disaster/safety • Infrastructure • Land • Water • Flooding • Shelter • Energy • Traffic • Green Spaces
- 8. URBAN INDIA- 2030- Mckinsey Global Inst- • India Urban Awakening :Building Inclusive Cities- Report- April, 2010 -- by 2030: • 590 m to live in Urban India- twice the US population • 70% GDP generated by cities • 80% Revenue generated by cities • 4 fold increase in per capita income • 5 times the number by which GDP would multiply • 270 million net increase in working age group • 70% of new jobs(170 mil) generated in cities • 91 M urban households will be middle class-- up from 22 M • 68 Cities will be Metropolises-Europe has 35 only • $ 1.2T capital needed to meet projected infrastructure demand • 700-900 million Sqmts of residential/ commercial area needed annually- a new Chicago to be created • 2.5 b Sqmts roads paved-20times created in last decade • 7400km (350-400 km/year) of metro needed -20times created in last decade • 200 million Rural Indians to benefit-living close to top 70 cities • 75%urban India to live in bottom segment -earning Rs 80 per day
- 9. Options for future Planning -Regional Planning -Urban Planning
- 10. New Order of Planning- Regional Planning New order of planning - - To focus on Regional Planning for: - - Reducing disparity between urban- rural areas - Promoting Equitable distribution of activities/population - Synergizing strength of urban / rural areas - Sharing Resources between urban/rural areas - Avoiding duplications of works - Defining roles and responsivities of rural/urban settlements - Minimising rural- urban Migration - Supporting Villages Empowering villages by; – Promoting Agro- based industries – Generating Employment – Removing Poverty – Making villages/people more productive, – making villages/people self-sufficient/self-reliant – more sustainable, – Making Villages energy/resource efficient, – more livable and humane - more safe,
- 14. Urban Planning • For making cities great places to live and work -urban planning in past focused on concepts – revolving around promoting: Planned cities Inclusive Cities Sustainable Cities Green Cities Intelligent Cities Smart Cities • Looking at solutions: Garden City Linear City Industrial City Vertical Cities Compact Cities Radiant Cities • City Planning needs to be leveraged to make cities Smart, cleaner, greener & Sustainable,
- 15. Options for Future Urban/City Planning- -5 Pillars of Urban Planning -Physical -Economic - Social -Environment - Cultural
- 16. SDG 11- Make cities and human settlements inclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainable
- 18. CO BS WO RKING LIVING CIRCULATIO N • The Radiant City •An organism capable of housing the works of man of machine-age society. • placed under the masterful government of natural conditions: •Sun •Space •Greenery •And its mission is the service of mankind: •To live •To work •To cultivate body and spirit •To travel about (in this order and obeying this hierarchy)
- 19. Overcoming crisis of Pollution
- 20. Defining Vision • Vision- starting point for any city to be sustainable & inclusive • Vision to be defined after: • - Carrying Out SWOT Analysis- • Looking at Existing Strengths and Prevailing Weaknesses,-- • -- Emerging Opportunities and Possible Future Threats • -- Overcoming existing problems • -Making best of the opportunities • Creating vision achievable and realistic • Making efforts focusing on achieving defined Vision • -Vision to be outcome of- • - Making Detailed study • Carrying out in-depth analysis • Adopting participatory approach • Using a consultative process • Involving all stakeholders • Creating a think tank • Involving intelligentia of city
- 21. Planning for Future cities • --Promoting State of art Planned Development • -Weaving nature with development- bio-diversity- • -Carrying out land suitability analysis • Making cities Compact • Making Cities Spongy- • Planning cities based on Circular Economy • --Making cities Inclusive & Safe • --Leveraging Technology • Making cities Green/blue - Leveraging landscape/water • -Leveraging Culture, Heritage, Art / Architecture • -Creating Quality Public Spaces • -Designing low energy Buildings • -Making cities community/people centric • -Creating ownership for cities • Reconnecting cities to food productivity • - integrating agriculture into cities through holistic architecture • Making informal sector- integral part of planning/develop.
- 22. SMART URBAN PLANNING Focus of Urban Planning shall be on; -- Avoiding Urban Sprawl -- Stopping melting of cities – Making cities more compact, – making cities carbon neutral – -- Making cities energy efficient – -Promoting accessibility not mobility – Making cities/ road/ streets- safe – Creating dedicated/safe spaces for Pedestrians – Providing safe connected network for Cyclists – -Ensuring high quality Public Transport – Using data to detect problem areas – - Involving communities – -Planning for Need and not Greed
- 23. SOURCING LAND
- 25. PLANNING COMPACT CITIES Make cities compact to save land, resources, cost of development , reduce traffic by; – promoting High-density development --- Building inside not outside --- Building vertical not horizontal --- Building High not low --- Building mix not pure ---Building dense not shallow ---Building accessibility not mobility -- Planning for people not for vehicles -- optimizing available infrastructure. -- adopting Transit oriented development -- Raising Height --Rationalizing land uses and -- ---- Building bye-laws
- 26. COMPACT CITY
- 27. COMPACT CITY
- 29. Curitiba's BRT corridors run along high-density developed area
- 32. Compact City
- 33. Amazing Future Green City of World –Musdar –Abu Dhabi-UAE A city of 50,000population City of no cars , no waste Planned to make use of cool sea winds Using solar energy on rooftop Narrow streets shading houses Total recycling of waste/water working/ living area not farther than200 mts from transportation nodes). Electric powered light rail on elevated track to permit easy transport between Musdar and Abu Dhabi. •for Intra-city travel people use personal rapid transit pods (PRT) run on magnetic tracks using electric power. •Aim is to create: Zero Carbon Zero Waste Zero Car city
- 34. Amazing Future Cities- TIANJIN Eco-city- China ianjn •Introduction •Master Plan •Milestones -City developed as joint effort between China and Singapore Governments. -Located 40 kms from Tianjin city centre and 150 KMS from Beijing city -Total land area of 30 sq. km. - Projected to be completed in around 2022-- population of 350,000 residents. , Site made of saltpans, --barren land /polluted water-bodies, --included a 2.6 sq km large wastewater pond. Site selected --- a derelict area with shortage of drinking water
- 35. TIANJIN- Master Plan .. 1. Land-use Planning -planned to be compact, with a good mix of land uses and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) principles. 2. Transport Planning -Green transport .--to increase trips via public transport and non-motorised modes of transport --- via bicycles and walking, within Eco-city. 3. Green and Blue Network Planning---City planned with extensive green (vegetation) and blue (water) networks to provide quality living /working environment. The green network comprises a green lung at core and eco-corridors emanating from the lung to the other parts of city. 4. Water bodies linked for water circulation to enhance ecology ,provide attractive environment , recreational activities. 5. A wastewater pond rehabilitated /transformed into a clean/beautiful lake. 6. Master Plan can be summed as- 1 axis-3 centres-4 districts
- 38. •TIANJIN SMART CITY Planned on a network of self-contained / self-sufficient eco-cells, eco-neighbourhoods, eco-districts -- developed on 22 quantitative/ -- 4 qualitative Key Performance Indicators -city fast emerging as role model of smart city with:- -90% trips made as green trips, - 60% of waste recycled, -100% barrier free access provided, -20% energy generated from renewable resources, --- 59% water supplied from recycling -- using low energy lights, -- making all buildings green, --daily per capita water supply -- not exceeding 120 litres, ---assured green spaces @12 sqm/ person -----high proportion of technical manpower -- to promote planning and R&D. .
- 41. • Traffic & Travel worst gifts of Urbanization •Large mismatch between vehicle population and road capacity •In last 53 years •--,motor vehicle population recorded -CAGR growth of 10.9% - compared to 3.6% in road length with National Highways increasing merely by 2.3%. •Travel becoming more expensive for poor with elimination of pedestrians / bicycles •Travel becoming risky with •--4.8 lakh Road accidents killed 1.51 lakh persons in 2016-17 •Every hour - 17 deaths occurred in road accidents with 55 accidents • majority of causalities among cyclists, pedestrians and pavement dwellers •Vehicular congestion and traffic jams becoming order of day TRANSPORTATION SCENARIO IN INDIA
- 42. • MAJOR ISSUES: •Heterogeneous Traffic •increasing individual vehicle ownership; •low road capacity; •poor road geometry; •large obsolete vehicular population; • inefficient and inadequate public transportation; • high degree of environmental pollution; • low priority for traffic planning; ; •Low priority to bicycles and pedestrians • poor traffic management; • mismatch between vehicle density and road capacity; •multiplicity of agencies involved • absence of unified traffic regulatory authority; • acute problems of parking; •high rates of accidents etc. TRANSPORTATION SCENARIO IN INDIA
- 43. Traffic Congestion • TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN CITIES:- -- HINDERS MOBILITY OF PEOPLE AND GOODS -- INCREASINGLY UNDERMINING THE– i. ECONOMIC, ii. SOCIAL AND iii. ENVIRONMENTAL WELFARE OF OUR CITIES. • TRAFFIC CONGESTION MAKES CITIES: i LESS PLEASANT AND • ii MORE EXPENSIVE PLACES • -- TO LIVE, WORK AND PLAY. • iii Hampers urban vitality • The demand for road space continues to grow due to---- • i) increased car ownership, • ii)demand for higher mobility • Iii higher freight traffic. • cities which are already built: • - Supply of road space / • -- space for parking within cities is finite, • -- Optimum use of road space has to be managed. •
- 44. -Redefining approach to Land-use Planning. -Redefining shape and size of cities -Making cities compact -Promoting sustainable communities -Reordering prioritization of modes of travel •-Making public transport more equitable, reliable, affordable, safe, comfortable, sustainable, energy/operationally efficient, cost- effective, eco/ users friendly •Equitable allocation of road space. •Road Pricing • Promoting intelligent/smart transportation •Creating public awareness •Involving communities/ stakeholders •Deregistration of Old Vehicles •Establishing effective regulatory/enforcement mechanisms SMART TRANSPORTATION
- 45. 8 Principles of transportation to make cities great 8 Principles for Better Streets and Better Cities • WALK -- Develop neighbourhoods that promote walking • CYCLE -Prioritize non-motorized transport networks • CONNECT -Create dense networks of streets and paths • TRANSIT - Locate development near high-quality public transport • MIX -- Plan for mixed use • DENSIFY -- Optimize density and transit capacity • COMPACT - Create regions with short commutes • SHIFT - Increase mobility by regulating parking and road use
- 46. 8 Principles of transportation to make cities great
- 47. Defining Sustainable Transport • Sustainable Transport -- • -- sometimes known as Green Transport • -- form of transport that does not use / rely on dwindling natural resources. • -- relies on renewable /regenerated energy • -- rather than fossil fuels that have a finite life expectancy
- 48. •Promoting use of Bicycle as preferred mode of travel for majority of intra- city travel being : Most inexpensive Most flexible Environmental friendly Zero pollution Zero Energy Vehicle Occupying minimum road space Requiring minimum Parking Space Promoting National Economy Promoting Human Health Reducing depletion of Non- renewable resources Best option for travelling over short distance. SMART TRANSPORTATION- CYCLING
- 51. Bikeway in Lima
- 53. PROMOTING PUBLIC TRANSPORT Public transport key to rationalizing urban transportation and making cities Smart -- DELHI, CHICAGO , COPENHAGEN ( within 400 metres) • Redefining approach to public transportation • Promoting Public Transport would require: • Promoting development along transport network • improved passenger information system • intelligent monitoring and control; • affordable ticket pricing; • e-ticketing; • single ticket for all modes of travel • introducing comfortable buses , • involving Communities, • creating dedicated bus lanes
- 54. TRAFFIC-DELHI,AHMEDABAD, ISTANBUL, SINGAPORE • City of Singapore promoted: • high degree of road efficiency,/ reduced road congestion,-- through • carpooling, Road pricing and public transport • Generating resources for city infrastructure by Road Pricing • Delhi, through its green metro, achieved milestone of : • Transporting 2.8 million people persons • --on a single day • --with target of 6 million, when all the four phases operational • reduced road congestion , air pollution and carbon contents, • increasing road efficiency ,Making city much cleaner and greener • Ahmadabad’s state of art BRTS— • reinvented and revolutionized the city road traffic • Istanbul used 42 Kms dedicated road lanes • --- for new Bus Rapid Transport System, to promote: • public transport, • tackled problem of traffic congestion and air pollution • most efficient service to 6,20,000 passengers on daily basis.
- 56. Curitiba’s futuristic ‘tube’ station system for buses--,85% Curitiba uses Bus Rapid Transit -- transporting two million each day-- London subway carries three million-- BRT built in 1974; now 300 cities around world are using .”
- 63. Open Spaces India - 35 billion trees for 1.3 billion people @28 trees per person. Canada -318 b trees-@ 8953 trees per person. Russia-- with 641 billion- 4,461 trees per person based on 2014
- 64. Lack Of Open Spaces • Globally, 7 million people die every year due to air pollution. • In London, two million people - of which 400,000 are children - are living in areas with toxic air.
- 66. Benefits of green space in cities • WHO--physical inactivity -- a major public health risk. • --people using public open spaces • --three times more physical active ---better health, ---reduced stress levels, - Network of parks / open spaces helps in • -- increased physical activity • -- improved mental health • --reduced healthcare / other costs. --- Improved environmental benefits. • -- Providing healthy habitats-- for humans-- wildlife / plants in densely built places-- preserves regional ecosystems
- 67. Benefits- Open Spaces Three Benefits - urban open spaces provide to -- recreation, • --ecology, -- aesthetic value. • Recreational • -- active recreation --organized sports / individual exercise) • -- passive recreation-- being in open space. • -- offers a reprieve from urban environment. • Ecological • -- Conservation of nature in urban environment . • - Creates ecological awareness". • -- serves as islands of nature, promote biodiversity • -- provides home for natural species in urban environment • Aesthetic Aesthetic value of urban open spaces is __ --People enjoy viewing nature. -- "substitute gray infrastructure. -- makes neighbourhoods attractive -- create positive attitudes -- increase walking
- 68. Difference of temperature between area under sunlight /area under shade is 3 – 3.5 degree C Use of deciduous trees, like mulberry, champa, etc reduces overall heating content of buildings Deciduous trees preferred – because in summers they posses dense foliage,--which cut sun, in winters, they shed their leaves – brings sun inside building. Planting Trees– shading building facades/pavements to reduce heat gain– reduce heat island effect. Promoting sustainable landscaping through: --Using native species, --species requiring less water --Enhancing biodiversity --Effective waste management Water savings : 40-50%, Energy savings : 20--30% Greening Roofs, Greening Walls, Landscaped courtyards, Deciduous trees provide shade from summer sun and allow winter Sun LANDSCAPING
- 69. Hyde Park London- 253 Hectare
- 70. Central Park New York- 700 Acs Vaux and Olmsted'
- 71. PERTH- Australia
- 72. Sabarmati River Front- Ahmadabad
- 73. Chandigarh Master Plan- Le Corbusier
- 75. IMPLICATIONS OF BUILDINGS •Built environment has significant impact on environment and consumption of resources, accounting for: 16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal. 25% of wood harvested. 30% of consumption of raw material. 50% of global energy consumption. 35% of world's CO2 emission 40% of Municipal solid waste. 50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use. 30% of residents having sick building syndrome. • 40-45 % of global warming - outcome of built environment. •Majority of existing buildings -have low concern with energy conservation. •--With large volume of existing built space / space to be added •-- energy/ environment implications can be critical. •--Buildings need to be designed with utmost care •-- for consideration for energy/ sustainability.
- 77. India’s First Platinum rated Green Building CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad Centre of “Excellence” for Energy, Environment, Green Buildings, Renewable energy, Water & Climate change activities in India
- 79. USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY •IT/ITES •--revolutionized human living, working/ thinking. ----potential for impacting planning, growth, development / management of cities. ---City patterns to undergo qualitative change. • use in urban planning/ designing buildings minimal. • Extensive use of IT required for --- •Promoting accessibility and reducing mobility •-managing /governing cities •- creating interface with communities- •-- Efficient service delivery •reducing energy consumptions at building / settlement level. • IT/ITES software to assess Energy implications' of: – Master plans/layout plans. –Transport Plans – Building design. – Building material. – Structural systems. – Structural designs. – Construction technologies.
- 80. Globally, ICT leveraged by cities of Boston , Berlin, California, London,/ South Korea -- to make city smarter-by --making planning/Development / management Smarter: --- promoting smart mobility -- reducing air pollution ; •--using One Map, enabling government/ business/organisations / residents to access geo- spatial data; -- Registering concern about streets requiring cleaning /repair • regarding pending changes to land use plan; -- suggesting best bus route for journey in city ; • engaging citizens as partners in city planning and development-- •besides smart cities made Intelligent/user-friendly -- supportive of productivity and quality of life.
- 82. •QUALITY LEADERSHIP • Smart cities would require: • well defined city ownership-ULBs •Well defined city Leadership- Mayor •Building a High performance team •Adopting professional / Management Approach •Promoting Training and Development •Investing in Learning •Creating Culture of Accountability •Securing Stakeholders Consensus •Launching Pilot Programs •Prioritizing/defining Agenda for City Growth •Each City to have a starting Point •Mayors of Curitiba, New York, Washington, Rio-de Janerio,, Bogota, Toledo ,London----, created highest degree of urban Leadership/Governance to make cities Smart
- 83. Jaimy Learner- Mayor Curitiba
- 84. EGAN WHEEL •
- 85. Egan Wheel • Prime Minister UK asked Sir John Egan – 2004- how communities could be made more sustainable. • Egan --Introduced ‘Egan Wheel’ - for making communities sustainable • Egan suggested - sustainable communities must meet ‘Diverse needs of --existing and future residents their children and other users’ --by offering choices. • Sustainable, communities must: • --ƒ Make effective use of natural resources • --ƒ Enhance the environment ƒ • -- Promote equity ,social cohesion and inclusion • -- ƒ Strengthen economic prosperity. • - Have Good Governance • -Provide Good Connectivity
- 86. Egan Wheel
- 87. Future cities
- 88. • HIGH RISE BUILDINGS: have enormous capacity to create large volume of built space sparing large ground space for non -urban uses. provide optimum solutions for housing large population/activities using minimum area. Making cities more compact Reduces need of long travels. Offer opportunities for pedestrianising cities. Make cities more humane & eco-friendly. Create well knit & close communities. •Providing work space & amenities within/near buildings helps in reducing travel within cities. •High rise buildings connected by efficient means of mass transportation -minimize use of personalized vehicles. • Cities would look more green, open and eco-friendly. Looking Forward - Reshaping Cities
- 89. Future Cities-Conceptual Ultima Tower- 2Mile High Sky City •Location: Any densely populated urban environment •Date: 1991 •Cost: $150,000,000,000 •Population: 1,000,000 people •Exterior surface area of building: 150,000,000 sft. •Enclosed volume: 53,000,000,000 cubic feet •Total enclosed acreage: 39,000 acres-156 secors •Elevator speed: 20 feet per second (13 miles per hour) 9 minutes and 40 seconds to reach top floor from ground floor. •Dimensions: Height--10,560 feet; •Diameter at the base--6000 feet; •Number of stories--500; •Total Square Feet: Approximately 5,000,000 sft
- 90. Mile-High Tower- Jeddah, Saudi Arabia • Location Jeddah, Saudi Arabia • Cost US$28.5 billion • Height 1 mile (1,600 m; 5,280 ft) • Floor area 3,530,000 m2 (38,000,000 sft) • Capacity 80,000 people • The tower will have -275 floors • Lobby upto 5 th floor • Offices 6- 50 floors • Five-star hotel &Conference halls 51-75 floors • Deluxe residential units 76-195 floors and • Retail facilities 196-275 floors • Alternate Energy Generation 196-275 floors • Status of project -- Already under construction since 2008
- 91. Earth Scraper – Mexico City • Location- Mexico City • Depth 300 m below ground • Designed as Inverted Pyramid • Glass floor to cover 240 mtrs X 240 mtrs. hole in cities main square to filter natural light • Preserve the cities historic centre and heritage buildings surrounding square. • Interior of building to look natural. • Building to be city”s top retail destination.
- 93. • • Three Mantra for Smart cities • 1. Achieve smart growth • -- finding best options to do things sustainably • -- promote economic growth for people – • -- making them earn good livelihood • -- enjoy a good quality of life. • 2. Do more with less– • -- cities need money-- to accomplish all wants . • Cities to collect, manage/spend resources effectively/ efficiently • 3. Win support for change- • - City leaders need to;-- deliver fast, positive, /visible results, • - build support for changes. • -- Based on high-performing civil servants • -- made accountable for their work—Singapore model
- 96. AND SEARCH FOR CREATING RESILIENT CITIES WILL CONTINUE TO POSE GREATEST CHALLENGE TO ARCHITECTS, ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING