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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Campbell, Iain.
Symbian OS communications programming / Iain Campbell, with Dale Self . . .
[et al.]. – 2nd Edition.
p. cm.
Previously published: Symbian OS communications programming / Michael J.
Jipping, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-51228-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Symbian OS (Computer file) 2. Operating systems (Computers) 3. Data
transmission systems. I. Jipping, Michael J. Symbian OS communications
programming. II. Title.
QA76.76.063J56 2997
055.4
482 – dc22
2007011028
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-470-51228-9
Typeset in 10/12pt Optima by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bell Bain, Glasgow
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable
forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-11-320.jpg)
![Two hundred Jews live there by themselves on mount Parnassus,
and carry on agriculture upon their own land and property; of these,
R. Solomon, R. Chaim, and R. Jedaiah are the principal. Three days
to the city of Corinth, which contains about three hundred Jews, of
whom the chief are R. Leon, R. Jacob, and R. Ezekias.
Three days to the large city of Thebes, containing about two
thousand Jewish inhabitants. These are the most eminent
manufacturers of silk and purple cloth in all Greece[139]. Among
them are many eminent Talmudic scholars and men as famous as
any of the present generation. The principal of them are, the great
rabbi R. Aaron Koti, his brother, R. Moses, R. Chija, R. Elijah
Tareteno, and R. Joktan. No scholars like them are to be found in the
whole Grecian empire, except at Constantinople. A journey of three
days brings you to Negropont, a large city on the coast, to which
merchants resort from all parts. Of the two hundred Jews who reside
there, the principal are R. Elijah Psalteri, R. Emanuel, and R. Khaleb.
From thence to Jabustrisa[140] is one day's journey. This city stands
on the coast, and contains about one hundred Jews, the principal of
whom are R. Joseph, R. Samuel, and R. Nethaniah. Rabenica[141] is
distant one day's journey, and contains about one hundred Jews, of
whom R. Joseph, R. Eleasar, and R. Isaac are the principal. Sinon
Potamo, or Zeitun, is one day's journey further; R. Solomon and R.
Jacob are the principal of its fifty Jewish inhabitants.
Here we reach the confines of Wallachia, the inhabitants of which
country are called Vlachi. They are as nimble as deer, and descend
from their mountains into the plains of Greece, committing robberies
and making booty. Nobody ventures to make war upon them, nor
can any king bring them to submission, and they do not profess the
Christian faith. Their names are of Jewish origin, and some even say
that they have been Jews, which nation they call brethren.
Whenever they meet an Israelite, they rob, but never kill him, as
they do the Greeks. They profess no religious creed.
From thence it is two days to Gardiki[142], a ruined place, containing
but few Jewish or Grecian inhabitants. Two days further, on the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-31-320.jpg)
![coast, stands the large commercial city of Armiro[143], which is
frequented by the Venetians, the Pisans, the Genoese, and many
other merchants. It is a large city, and contains about four hundred
Jewish inhabitants; of whom the chief are R. Shiloh, R. Joseph the
elder, and R. Solomon, the president. One day to Bissina[144]; the
principal of the hundred Jews who reside here are the rabbi R.
Shabtha, R. Solomon, and R. Jacob. The town of Salunki[145] is
distant two days by sea; it was built by king Seleucus, one of the
four Greek nobles who rose after Alexander, is a very large city, and
contains about five hundred Jewish inhabitants. The rabbi R. Samuel
and his sons are eminent scholars, and he is appointed provost of
the resident Jews by the king's command. His son-in-law R.
Shabthai, R. Elijah, and R. Michael, also reside there. The Jews are
much oppressed in this place, and live by the exercise of handicraft.
Mitrizzi[146], distant two days' journey, contains about twenty Jews.
R. Isaiah, R. Makhir, and R. Eliab are the principal of them.
Drama[147], distance from hence two days' journey, contains about
one hundred and forty Jews, of whom the chief are R. Michael and
R. Joseph. From thence one day's journey to Christopoli[148], which
contains about twenty Jewish inhabitants. Three days from thence
by sea stands Abydos, on the coast.
It is hence five days' journey through the mountains to the large city
of Constantinople, the metropolis of the whole Grecian empire, and
the residence of the emperor, king Manuel[149]. Twelve princely
officers govern the whole empire by his command, each of them
inhabiting a palace at Constantinople, and possessing fortresses and
cities of his own. The first of these nobles bears the title of
Præpositus magnus; the second is called Megas Domesticus, the
third Dominus, the fourth Megas Ducas, the fifth Œconomus
magnus, and the names of the others are similar to these[150].
The circumference of the city of Constantinople is eighteen miles;
one half of the city being bounded by the continent, the other by the
sea, two arms of which meet here; the one a branch or outlet of the
Russian, the other of the Spanish sea. Great stir and bustle prevails
at Constantinople in consequence of the conflux of many merchants,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-32-320.jpg)
![who resort thither, both by land and by sea, from all parts of the
world for purposes of trade, including merchants, from Babylon and
from Mesopotamia, from Media and Persia, from Egypt and
Palestine, as well as from Russia, Hungary, Patzinakia, Budia,
Lombardy, and Spain. In this respect the city is equalled only by
Bagdad, the metropolis of the Mohammedans. At Constantinople is
the place of worship called St. Sophia, and the metropolitan seat of
the pope of the Greeks, who are at variance with the pope of Rome.
It contains as many altars as there are days of the year, and
possesses innumerable riches, which are augmented every year by
the contributions of the two islands and of the adjacent towns and
villages. All the other places of worship in the whole world do not
equal St. Sophia in riches. It is ornamented with pillars of gold and
silver, and with innumerable lamps of the same precious materials.
The Hippodrome is a public place near the wall of the palace, set
aside for the king's sports. Every year the birthday of Jesus the
Nazarene is celebrated there with public rejoicings. On these
occasions you may see there representations of all the nations who
inhabit the different parts of the world, with surprising feats of
jugglery. Lions, bears, leopards, and wild asses, as well as birds,
which have been trained to fight each other, are also exhibited. All
this sport, the equal of which is nowhere to be met with, is carried
on in the presence of the king and the queen[151].
King Manuel has built a large palace for his residence on the sea-
shore, near the palace built by his predecessors; and to this edifice
is given the name of Blachernes. The pillars and walls are covered
with pure gold, and all the wars of the ancients, as well as his own
wars, are represented in pictures. The throne in this palace is of
gold, and ornamented with precious stones; a golden crown hangs
over it, suspended on a chain of the same material, the length of
which exactly admits the emperor to sit under it. This crown is
ornamented with precious stones of inestimable value. Such is the
lustre of these diamonds, that, even without any other light, they
illumine the room in which they are kept. Other objects of curiosity](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-33-320.jpg)
![are met with here which it would be impossible to describe
adequately.
The tribute, which is brought to Constantinople every year from all
parts of Greece, consisting of silks, and purple cloths, and gold, fills
many towers. These riches and buildings are equalled nowhere in
the world. They say that the tribute of the city alone amounts every
day to twenty thousand florins, arising from rents of hostelries and
bazaars, and from the duties paid by merchants who arrive by sea
and by land. The Greeks who inhabit the country are extremely rich,
and possess great wealth in gold and precious stones. They dress in
garments of silk, ornamented with gold and other valuable materials.
They ride upon horses, and in their appearance they are like princes.
The country is rich, producing all sorts of delicacies, as well as
abundance of bread, meat, and wine. They are well skilled in the
Greek sciences, and live comfortably, every man under his vine and
his fig tree.[152] The Greeks hire soldiers of all nations, whom they
call barbarians, for the purpose of carrying on their wars with the
sultan of the Thogarmim, who are called Turks. They have no martial
spirit themselves, and, like women, are unfit for warlike enterprises.
No Jews dwell in the city with them; they are obliged to reside
beyond the one arm of the sea, where they are shut in by the
channel of Sophia on one side, and they can reach the city by water
only, when they want to visit it for purposes of trade. The number of
Jews at Constantinople amounts to two thousand Rabbanites and
five hundred Caraites[153], who live on one spot, but divided by a
wall. The principal of the Rabbanites, who are learned in the law, are
the rabbi R. Abtalion, R. Obadiah, R. Aaron Khuspo, R. Joseph
Sargeno, and R. Eliakim the elder. Many of them are manufacturers
of silk cloth, many others are merchants, some being extremely rich;
but no Jew is allowed to ride upon a horse, except R. Solomon
Hamitsri, who is the king's physician, and by whose influence the
Jews enjoy many advantages even in their state of oppression,
which is very severely felt by them; and the hatred against them is
increased by the practice of the tanners, who pour out their filthy
water in the streets and even before the very doors of the Jews,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-34-320.jpg)
![who, being thus defiled, become objects of contempt to the Greeks.
Their yoke is severely felt by the Jews, both good and bad; for they
are exposed to be beaten in the streets, and must submit to all sorts
of bad treatment. Still the Jews are rich, good, benevolent, and
religious men, who bear the misfortunes of their exile with humility.
The quarter inhabited by the Jews is called Pera.
Two days from Constantinople stands Rodosto, containing a
congregation of about four hundred Jews, the principal of whom are
R. Moses, R. Abijah, and R. Jacob. From hence it is two days to
Gallipoli. Of the two hundred Jews of this city the principal are R.
Elijah Kapid, R. Shabthai the little, and R. Isaac Megas; this latter
term in the Greek language means tall. To (Kales, or) Kilia[154], two
days. The principal of the fifty Jews who inhabit this place are R.
Juda, R. Jacob, and R. Shemaiah. It is hence two days to Mitilene,
one of the islands of the sea. Ten places in this island contain Jewish
congregations. Three days from thence is situated the island of Chio,
containing about four hundred Jews, the principal of whom are R.
Elijah, R. Theman, and R. Shabthai. The trees which yield mastic are
found here[155]. Two days bring us to the island of Samos, which
contains about three hundred Jews, the chief of whom are R.
Shemaria, R. Obadiah, and R. Joel. These islands contain many
congregations of Jews. It is three days hence by sea to Rhodes. The
principal of the four hundred Jews who reside here are R. Aba, R.
Chananel, and R. Elijah. Hence it is four days to Cyprus. Besides the
rabbanitic Jews in this island, there is a community of heretic Jews
called Kaphrosein, or Cyprians. They are epicureans, and the
orthodox Jews excommunicate them. These sectarians profane the
evening of the Sabbath and keep holy that of the Sunday. We next
come in two days to Corycus, the frontier of Aram, which is called
Armenia. Here are the confines of the empire of Toros, king of the
mountains[156], sovereign of Armenia, whose rule extends to the city
of Dhuchia and the country of the Togarmim, or Turks. Two days
further is Malmistras[157], which is Thersoos, situated on the coast.
Thus far reaches the empire of the Javanites, who are called Greeks.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-35-320.jpg)
![The large city of Antioch is distant two days hence. It stands on the
banks of the Makloub, which river flows down from Mount Lebanon,
from the country of Hamah. The city was founded by king Antiochus,
and is overlooked by a very high mountain. A wall surrounds this
height, on the summit of which is situated a well. The inspector of
the well distributes the water by subterranean aqueducts, and thus
provides the houses of the principal inhabitants of the city. The other
side of the city is surrounded by the river. This place is very strongly
fortified, and in the possession of prince Boemond Poitevin,
surnamed le Baube[158]. It contains about ten Jews, who are glass
manufacturers, and the principal of whom are R. Mordecai, R.
Chaiim, and R. Ishmael.
Two days bring us from thence to Lega, which is Latachia, and
contains about two hundred Jews, the principal of whom are R. Chiia
and R. Joseph. Hence it is two days to Jebilee, the Baal Gad of
Scripture, under Mount Lebanon.
In this vicinity reside the people called Assassins, who do not believe
in the tenets of Mohammedanism, but in those of one whom they
consider like unto the prophet Kharmath[159]. They fulfil whatever
he commands them, whether it be a matter of life or death. He goes
by the name of Sheikh-al-Hashishin, or their old man, by whose
commands all the acts of these mountaineers are regulated. His
residence is in the city of Kadmus[160], the Kedemoth of Scripture, in
the land of Sichon. The Assassins are faithful to one another by the
command of their old man, and make themselves the dread of every
one, because their devotion leads them gladly to risk their lives, and
to kill even kings when commanded. The extent of their country is
eight days' journey. They are at war with the Christians, called
Franks, and with the count of Tripoli, which is Tarablous el Sham.
Some time ago Tripoli was visited by an earthquake, which
destroyed many Jews and Gentiles, numbers of the inhabitants being
killed by the falling houses and walls, under the ruins of which they
were buried. More than twenty thousand persons were killed in
Palestine by this earthquake.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-36-320.jpg)
![One day's journey to the other Jebail, which was the Gebal of the
children of Ammon[161]; it contains about one hundred and fifty
Jews, and is governed by seven Genoese, the supreme command
being vested in one of them named Julianus Embriaco[162]. You
there find the ancient place of worship of the children of Ammon.
The idol of this people is seated on a cathedral or throne,
constructed of stone and richly gilt; two female figures occupy the
seats on his side, one being on the right, the other on the left, and
before it stands an altar, upon which the children of Ammon
anciently offered sacrifices and burned incense. The city contains
about two hundred Jews, the principal of whom are R. Meir, R.
Jacob, and R. Szimchah. It stands on the coast of the sea of the
Holy Land. Two days hence is Beyrut, which is Beeroth[163]. The
principal of its fifty Jewish inhabitants are R. Solomon, R. Obadiah,
and R. Joseph. It is hence one day's journey to Saida, which is Sidon
of Scripture, a large city, with about twenty Jewish inhabitants.
Within twenty miles of this place reside a people who are at war with
the inhabitants of Sidon, and who are called Druses. They are called
heathens and unbelievers, because they confess no religion. Their
dwellings are on the summits of the mountains and in the ridges of
the rocks, and they are subject to no king or prince. Mount Hermon,
a distance of three days' journey, is the boundary of their territory.
This people live incestuously; a father cohabits with his own
daughter, and once every year all men and women assemble to
celebrate a festival, upon which occasion, after eating and drinking,
they hold promiscuous intercourse. They say that the soul of a
virtuous man is transferred to the body of a new-born child; whereas
that of the wicked transmigrates into a dog or some other animal.
This their way is their folly. Jews have no permanent residence
among them, although some tradesmen and a few dyers travel
through the country occasionally, to carry on their trades or sell
goods, and return home when their business is done. The Druses
are friendly towards the Jews; they are so nimble in climbing hills
and mountains, that nobody can successfully carry on war against
them.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-37-320.jpg)
![One day's journey to New Sur, a very beautiful city, the port of which
is in the town itself, and is guarded by two towers, within which the
vessels ride at anchor. The officers of the customs draw an iron
chain from tower to tower every night, thus effectually preventing
any thieves or robbers from escape by boats or by other means.
There is no port in the world equal to this. About four hundred Jews
reside here, the principal of whom are the judge R. Ephraim Mitsri,
R. Meier of Carcasson, and R. Abraham, the elder of the community.
The Jews of Sur are ship-owners and manufacturers of the
celebrated Tyrian glass[164]; the purple dye is also found in this
vicinity. If you mount the walls of New Sur, you may see the remains
of Tyre the crowning,[165] which was inundated by the sea; it is
about the distance of a stone's throw from the new town, and
whoever embarks may observe the towers, the markets, the streets,
and the halls at the bottom of the sea. The city of New Sur is very
commercial, and one to which traders resort from all parts.
It is one day hence to Acre, the Acco of Scripture, on the confines of
the tribe of Asher. It is the frontier town of Palestine; and, in
consequence of its situation on the shore of the Mediterranean and
of its large port, it is the principal place of disembarkation of all
pilgrims who visit Jerusalem by sea. A river called Kishon[166] runs
near the city. There are here about two hundred Jewish inhabitants,
of whom R. Zadok, R. Jepheth, and R. Jona are the principal. Three
parasangs further is Kaiffa, which is Gath Hachepher[167]. One side
of this city is situated on the coast, on the other it is overlooked by
Mount Carmel. Under the mountain are many Jewish sepulchres, and
near the summit is the cavern of Elija, upon whom be peace. Two
Christians have built a place of worship near this site, which they call
St. Elias. On the summit of the hill you may still trace the site of the
altar which was rebuilt by Elija of blessed memory, in the time of
king Ahab[168], and the circumference of which is about four yards.
The river Mukattua runs down the mountain and along its base. It is
four parasangs hence to Khephar Thanchum, which is Capernaum,
identical with Meon, the place of abode of Nabal the Carmelite. Six
parasangs brings us to Cesarea, the Gath of the Philistines of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-38-320.jpg)
![Scripture, inhabited by about ten Jews and two hundred Cutheans.
The latter are Samaritan Jews, commonly called Samaritans. This
city is very elegant and beautiful, situated on the sea-shore, and was
built by king Herod, who called it Cesarea in honour of the emperor,
or Cæsar. To Kakun, the Keilah of Scripture[169], half a day's
journey; in this place are no Jews. To St. George, the ancient
Luz[170], half a day's journey. One Jew only, a dyer, lives here. To
Sebaste, one day's journey. This is the ancient Shomron, where you
may still trace the site of the palace of Ahab, king of Israel. It was
formerly a very strong city, and is situated on a mount, in a fine
country, richly watered, and surrounded with gardens, orchards,
vineyards, and olive-groves. No Jews live here.
It is two parasangs further to Nablous, the ancient Sichem, on
Mount Ephraim. This place contains no Jewish inhabitants, and is
situated in the valley between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal. It is
the abode of about one hundred Cutheans, who observe the Mosaic
law only, and are called Samaritans. They have priests, descendants
of Aaron the priest of blessed memory, whom they call Aaronim.
These do not intermarry with any other but priestly families; but
they are priests only of their own law, who offer sacrifices and burnt-
offerings in their synagogue on Mount Gerizim. They do this in
accordance with the words of Scripture[171], Thou shalt put the
blessing on Mount Gerizim, and they pretend that this is the holy
temple[172]. On passover and holidays they offer burnt-offerings on
the altar which they have erected on Mount Gerizim, from the stones
put up by the children of Israel after they had crossed the Jordan.
They pretend to be of the tribe of Ephraim, and are in possession of
the tomb of Joseph the righteous, the son of our father Jacob, upon
whom be peace, as is proved by the following passage of
Scripture[173], The bones of Joseph, which the children of Israel
brought up with them from Egypt, they buried in Sichem. The
Samaritans do not possess the three letters He, Cheth, and Ain; the
He of the name of our father Abraham, and they have no glory; the
Cheth of the name of our father Isaac, in consequence of which they
are devoid of piety; the Ain of the name of Jacob, for they want](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-39-320.jpg)
![humility. Instead of these letters, they always put an Aleph, by which
you may know that they are not of Jewish origin, because, in their
knowledge of the law of Moses, they are deficient in three
letters[174]. This sect carefully avoid being defiled by touching
corpses, bones, those killed by accident, or graves; and they change
their daily garments whenever they visit their synagogue, upon
which occasion they wash their body and put on other clothes.
These are their daily habits.
Mount Gerizim is rich in wells and orchards, whereas Mount Ebal is
dry like stone and rock. The city of Nablous lies in the valley
between these two hills. Four parasangs from thence is situated
Mount Gilboa, which Christians call Monto Jelbon. The country in this
part is very barren. Five parasangs further is the valley of
Ajalon[175], called by the Christians Val de Luna. One parasang to
Gran David, formerly the large city of Gibeon. It contains no Jewish
inhabitants.
From thence it is three parasangs to Jerusalem, a small city strongly
fortified with three walls. It contains a numerous population,
composed of Jacobites, Armenians, Greeks, Georgians, Franks, and
indeed of people of all tongues. The dyeing-house is rented by the
year, and the exclusive privilege of dyeing is purchased from the king
by the Jews of Jerusalem, two hundred of whom dwell in one corner
of the city, under the tower of David. About ten yards of the base of
this building are very ancient, having been constructed by our
ancestors; the remaining part was added by the Mohammedans. The
city contains no building stronger than the tower of David. There are
at Jerusalem two hospitals, which support four hundred knights, and
afford shelter to the sick; these are provided with everything they
may want, both during life and in death; the second is called the
hospital of Solomon, being the palace originally built by king
Solomon. This hospital also harbours and furnishes four hundred
knights[176], who are ever ready to wage war, over and above those
knights who arrive from the country of the Franks and other parts of
Christendom. These generally have taken a vow upon themselves to
stay a year or two, and they remain until the period of their vow is](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-40-320.jpg)
![expired. The large place of worship, called Sepulchre, and containing
the sepulchre of that man[177], is visited by all pilgrims.
Jerusalem has four gates, called the gates of Abraham, David, Sion,
and Jehoshaphat. The latter stands opposite the place of the holy
temple, which is occupied at present by a building called Templo
Domino. Omar Ben Al-Khataab erected a large and handsome cupola
over it, and nobody is allowed to introduce any image or painting
into this place, it being set aside for prayers only. In front of it you
see the western wall, one of the walls which formed the Holy of
Holies of the ancient temple; it is called the Gate of Mercy, and all
Jews resort thither to say their prayers near the wall of the court-
yard. At Jerusalem you also see the stables erected by Solomon[178],
and which formed part of his house. Immense stones have been
employed in this fabric, the like of which are nowhere else to be met
with. You further see to this day vestiges of the canal near which the
sacrifices were slaughtered in ancient times; and all Jews inscribe
their name upon an adjacent wall. If you leave the city by the gate
of Jehoshaphat, you may see the pillar erected on Absalom's
place[179], and the sepulchre of king Uzziah[180], and the great
spring of Shiloah, which runs into the brook Kedron. Over this spring
is a large building erected in the times of our forefathers. Very little
water is found at Jerusalem; the inhabitants generally drink rain
water, which they collect in their houses.
From the Valley of Jehoshaphat the traveller immediately ascends
the Mount of Olives, as this valley only intervenes between the city
and the mount. From hence the Dead Sea is distinctly visible. Two
parasangs from the sea stands the salt pillar into which Lot's wife
was metamorphosed; and although the sheep continually lick it, the
pillar grows again, and retains its original state. You also have a
prospect over the whole valley of the Dead Sea, and of the brook of
Shittim, even as far as Mount Nebo. Mount Sion is also near
Jerusalem, upon the acclivity of which stands no building except a
place of worship of the Nazarenes (Christians). The traveller further
sees there three Jewish cemeteries, where formerly the dead were
buried; some of the sepulchres had stones with inscriptions upon](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-41-320.jpg)
![them, but the Christians destroy these monuments, and use the
stones in building their houses.
Jerusalem is surrounded by high mountains. On Mount Sion are the
sepulchres of the house of David, and those of the kings who
reigned after him. In consequence of the following circumstance,
however, this place is at present hardly to be recognised. Fifteen
years ago, one of the walls of the place of worship on Mount Sion
fell down, and the patriarch commanded the priest to repair it. He
ordered stones to be taken from the original wall of Sion for that
purpose, and twenty workmen were hired at stated wages, who
broke stones from the very foundation of the walls of Sion. Two of
these labourers, who were intimate friends, upon a certain day
treated one another, and repaired to their work after their friendly
meal. The overseer accused them of dilatoriness, but they answered
that they would still perform their day's work, and would employ
thereupon the time while their fellow labourers were at meals. They
then continued to break out stones, until, happening to meet with
one which formed the mouth of a cavern, they agreed to enter it in
search of treasure, and they proceeded until they reached a large
hall, supported by pillars of marble, encrusted with gold and silver,
and before which stood a table, with a golden sceptre and crown.
This was the sepulchre of David, king of Israel, to the left of which
they saw that of Solomon in a similar state, and so on the
sepulchres of all the kings of Juda, who were buried there. They
further saw chests locked up, the contents of which nobody knew,
and were on the point of entering the hall, when a blast of wind like
a storm issued forth from the mouth of the cavern so strong that it
threw them down almost lifeless on the ground. There they lay until
evening, when another wind rushed forth, from which they heard a
voice like that of a man calling aloud, Get up, and go forth from this
place. The men rushed out full of fear, and proceeded to the
patriarch to report what had happened to them. This ecclesiastic
summoned into his presence R. Abraham el Constantini, a pious
ascetic, one of the mourners of the downfall of Jerusalem[181], and
caused the two labourers to repeat what they had previously](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-42-320.jpg)
![reported. R. Abraham thereupon informed the patriarch that they
had discovered the sepulchres of the house of David and of the
kings of Juda. The following morning the labourers were sent for
again, but they were found stretched on their beds and still full of
fear; they declared that they would not attempt to go again to the
cave, as it was not God's will to discover it to any one. The patriarch
ordered the place to be walled up, so as to hide it effectually from
every one unto the present day. The above-mentioned R. Abraham
told me all this.
Two parasangs from Jerusalem is Bethlehem of Judea, called Beth-
lehem; and within half a mile of it, where several roads meet[182],
stands the monument which points out the grave of Rachel. This
monument is constructed of eleven stones, equal to the number of
the children of Jacob. It is covered by a cupola, which rests upon
four pillars; and every Jew who passes there inscribes his name on
the stones of the monument. Twelve Jews, dyers by profession[183],
live at Bethlehem. The country abounds with rivulets, wells, and
springs of water. Six parasangs further is Hebron. The ancient city of
that name was situated on the hill, and lies in ruins at present;
whereas the modern town stands in the valley, even in the field of
Machpelah[184]. Here is the large place of worship called St.
Abraham, which during the time of the Mohammedans was a
synagogue. The Gentiles have erected six sepulchres in this place,
which they pretend to be those of Abraham and Sarah, of Isaac and
Rebecca, and of Jacob and Leah; the pilgrims are told that they are
the sepulchres of the fathers, and money is extorted from them. But
if any Jew come, who gives an additional fee to the keeper of the
cave, an iron door is opened, which dates from the times of our
forefathers who rest in peace, and with a burning candle in his
hands, the visitor descends into a first cave, which is empty,
traverses a second in the same state, and at last reaches a third,
which contains six sepulchres, those of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob,
and of Sarah, Rebecca, and Leah, one opposite the other. All these
sepulchres bear inscriptions, the letters being engraved: thus, upon
that of Abraham, we read, This is the sepulchre of our father](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-43-320.jpg)
![Abraham, upon whom be peace; and so on that of Isaac and upon
all the other sepulchres. A lamp burns in the cave and upon the
sepulchres continually, both night and day; and you there see tubs
filled with the bones of Israelites, for unto this day it is a custom of
the house of Israel to bring thither the bones of their relicts and of
their forefathers, and to leave them there. On the confines of the
field of Machpelah stands the house of our father Abraham[185], who
rests in peace; before which house there is a spring, and, out of
respect to Abraham, nobody is allowed to construct any building on
that site.
It is five parasangs hence to Beit Jaberim, the ancient
Mareshah[186], where there are but three Jewish inhabitants. Five
parasangs further bring us to Toron de los Caballeros, which is
Shunem[187], inhabited by three hundred Jews. We then proceed
three parasangs to St. Samuel of Shiloh, the ancient Shiloh, within
two parasangs of Jerusalem. When the Christians took Ramleh,
which is Ramah, from the Mohammedans, they discovered the
sepulchre of Samuel the Ramathi[188] near the Jewish synagogue,
and removed his remains to Shiloh, where they erected a large place
of worship over them, called St. Samuel of Shiloh to the present day.
Hence it is three parasangs to Pesipua, which is Gibeah of Saul, or
Geba of Benjamin; it contains no Jews. Three parasangs to Beith
Nubi, which is Nob, the city of the priests. In the middle of the road
are the two rocks of Jonathan[189], the name of one of which is
Botsets, and of the other Séné. The two Jews who live here are
dyers.
It is three parasangs hence to Ramleh, which is Harama, where you
still find walls erected by our forefathers, as is evident from the
inscriptions upon the stones. The city contains about three Jews; but
it was formerly very considerable, for a Jewish cemetery in its
vicinity is two miles in extent. Five parasangs hence to Jaffa, the
Japho of Scripture, on the coast; one Jew only, a dyer by profession,
lives here. Three parasangs to Ibelin, the ancient Jabneh[190], where
the site of the schools may still be traced; it contains no Jews. Here
was the frontier of the tribe of Ephraim. Two parasangs to Palmis, or](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-44-320.jpg)
![Asdoud[191], formerly a city of the Philistines, at present in ruins,
and containing no Jews. Two parasangs to Ascalon, which is in fact
the New Ascalon, built on the coast by Esra the priest, of blessed
memory, and originally called Benebra, distant about four parasangs
from ancient Ascalon, which lies in ruins. This city is very large and
handsome; and merchants from all parts resort to it, on account of
its convenient situation on the confines of Egypt. There are here
about two hundred rabbanite Jews, of whom the principal are R.
Tsemach, R. Aaron, and R. Solomon, besides about forty Caraites,
and about three hundred Cutheans or Samaritans. In the city is a
fountain called Bir Ibrahim-al-Khahil, which was dug in the time of
the Philistines. From hence back to St. George, which is Lydda, and
in one day and a half to Serain, the Jezreel of Scripture[192], a city
containing a remarkably large fountain. It has one Jewish inhabitant,
a dyer. Three parasangs to Sufurieh, the Tsippori of antiquity[193].
The sepulchres of Rabenu Hakkadosh, of R. Chija, who came back
from Babylon, and of Jonah the son of Amittai the prophet, are
shown here; they are buried in the mountain, which also contains
numerous other sepulchres.
From hence it is five parasangs to Tiberias, a city situated on the
Jordan, which here bears the name of the Sea of Chinnereth[194], or
Lake of Tiberias. Here are the falls of the Jordan, in consequence of
which the place bears also the name of Ashdoth-Pisga[195], which
means the place where the rapid rivers have their fall: the Jordan
afterwards empties itself into Lake Asphaltes, or the Dead Sea.
Tiberias contains about fifty Jews, the principal of whom are R.
Abraham the astronomer[196], R. Muchthar, and R. Isaac. The hot
waters, which spout forth from under ground, are called the warm
baths of Tiberias. In the vicinity is the synagogue of Khaleb, son of
Jepuneh; and among numerous other Jewish sepulchres are those of
R. Jochanan, son of Zakhai[197], and of R. Jonathan, son of Levi.
These are all in Lower Galilee. Two parasangs bring us to Tebnin, the
Thimnatha of Scripture[198], where you find the sepulchre of Samuel
(Simeon) the Just, and many other sepulchres of Israelites. It is
hence one day to Gish, which is Gush Chaleb, and contains about](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-45-320.jpg)
![twenty Jewish inhabitants. We go hence six parasangs to Meroon,
which is Maron[199]; in a cave near this place are the sepulchres of
Hillel and Shamai, and of twenty of their disciples, as well as those
of R. Benjamin, son of Jephet, and of R. Juda, son of Bethera. Six
parasangs to Alma, which contains fifty Jewish inhabitants, and a
large cemetery of the Israelites. Half a day brings you to Kades,
which is Kadesh Naphthali, on the banks of the Jordan. Here are the
sepulchres of R. Eleasar, son of Arach, of R. Eleasar, son of Asariah,
of Chuni Hamaagal, of R. Simeon, son of Gamaliel, of R. Jose
Hagelili, and of Barak the son of Abinoam[200]. This place contains
no Jews.
A day's journey brings us to Belinas[201], the ancient Dan[202],
where the traveller may see a cave, from which the Jordan issues,
and three miles hence this river unites its waters with those of the
Arnon, a rivulet of the ancient land of Moab. In front of the cave you
may still trace vestiges of the altar of the image of Micha, which was
adored by the children of Dan in ancient times. Here also is the site
of the altar erected by Jeroboam, son of Nebat, in honour of the
golden calf; and here were the confines of the land of Israel toward
the uttermost sea[203].
Two days from this place brings you to Damascus, a large city and
the frontier town of the empire of Noureddin[204], king of the
Thogarmim, or Turks. This city is very large and handsome, and is
inclosed with a wall and surrounded by a beautiful country, which in
a circuit of fifteen miles presents the richest gardens and orchards,
in such numbers and beauty as to be without equal upon earth. The
rivers Amana[205] and Parpar[206], the sources of which are on
Mount Hermon (on which the city leans), run down here; the Amana
follows its course through Damascus, and its waters are carried by
means of pipes into the houses of the principal inhabitants, as well
as into the streets and markets. A considerable trade is carried on
here by merchants of all countries. The Parpar runs between the
gardens and orchards in the outskirts, and supplies them copiously
with water. Damascus contains a Mohammedan mosque, called the
Synagogue of Damascus, a building of unequalled magnificence.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-46-320.jpg)
![They say that it was the palace of Ben-Hadad[207], and that one wall
of it is framed of glass by enchantment. This wall contains as many
openings as there are days in the solar year, and the sun in gradual
succession throws its light into the openings, which are divided into
twelve degrees, equal to the number of the hours of the day, so that
by this contrivance every body may know what time it is. The palace
contains vessels richly ornamented with gold and silver, formed like
tubs, and of a size to allow three persons to bathe in them at once.
In this building is also preserved the rib of a giant, which measures
nine spans in length, and two in breadth, and which belonged to an
ancient giant king named Abchamas, whose name was found
engraved upon a stone of his tomb, and it was further stated in the
inscription that he reigned over the whole world.
This city contains three thousand Jews, many of whom are learned
and rich men; it is the residence of the president of the university of
Palestine, named R. Esra, whose brother, Sar Shalom, is the principal
of the Jewish court of law. The other distinguished Jews are R.
Joseph, who ranges fifth in the university, R. Matsliach, the lecturer
and master of the schools, R. Meir, a flower of the learned, R.
Joseph Ibn Pilath, who may be called the prop of the university, R.
Heman the elder, and R. Zadok the physician. The city contains also
two hundred Caraites and about four hundred Samaritans, sects
which here live upon friendly terms, but they do not intermarry.
It is one day's journey thence to Jelaad, which is Gilead; it contains
about sixty Jews, the principal of whom is R. Zadok. The city is
large, well watered, and surrounded by gardens and orchards. Half a
day's journey further stands Salkhat, the city of Salcah of Scripture.
From thence to Baalbec is half a day's journey. This is the city
mentioned in Scripture as Baalath in the valley of Lebanon, which
Solomon built for the daughter of Pharaoh. The palace is constructed
of stones of enormous size, measuring twenty spans in length and
twelve in breadth; no binding material holds these stones together,
and people pretend that the building could have been erected only
by the help of Ashmodai. A copious spring takes its rise at the upper
side of the city, through which its waters rush like those of a](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-47-320.jpg)
![considerable river. They are employed in the working of several mills
within the city, which also incloses numerous gardens and orchards.
Tadmor in the desert was also built by Solomon of equally large
stones; this city is surrounded by a wall, and stands in the desert,
far from any inhabited place, being four days' journey distant from
the above-mentioned Baalath. It contains two thousand warlike
Jews, who are at war with the Christians and with the Arabian
subjects of Noureddin, and assist their neighbours the
Mohammedans. Their chiefs are R. Isaac Hajevani, R. Nathan, and
R. Usiel. Half a day brings us to Cariyatin, which is Kirjathaim; one
Jew only, a dyer by profession, lives there. One day hence is Hamah,
the Hamath of Scripture, on the Orontes, under Mount Lebanon.
Some time ago this city was visited by an earthquake, in
consequence of which fifteen thousand men died in one day, leaving
only seventy survivors[208]. The principals of the Jews here are R.
Ulah Hacohen, the sheikh Abu al Galeb, and Muktar. Half a day to
Reiha, which is Hazor. Three parasangs to Lamdin, from whence it is
a journey of two days to Aleppo, the Aram Zoba of Scripture. This
city is the residence of king Noureddin, and contains his palace, a
building fortified by an extraordinarily high wall. There being neither
spring nor river, the inhabitants are obliged to drink rain-water,
which is collected in every house in a cistern called in Arabic, Algub.
The principal of the fifteen hundred Jews who live in Aleppo are R.
Moses el-Constandini, R. Israel, and R. Seth.
To Bales, which is Pethor[209] on the Euphrates, two days. Even at
this day you there still find remains of the tower of Balaam the son
of Beor (may the name of the wicked rot!) which he built in
accordance with the hours of the day. This place contains about ten
Jews. Half a day hence we come to Kala Jiaber[210], which is Sela
Midbarah. This city remained in the power of the Arabs even at the
time when the Thogarmim (or Turks) took their country and
dispersed them in the desert. It contains about two thousand Jews,
of whom R. Zedekiah, R. Chia, and R. Solomon are the principal.
One day brings us to Racca, which is Calneh of Scripture[211], on the
confines of Mesopotamia, being the frontier town between that](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-48-320.jpg)
![country and the empire of the Thogarmim (or Turks); it contains
about seven hundred Jewish inhabitants, the principal of whom are
R. Sakhai, R. Nadib, who is blind, and R. Joseph. One of the
synagogues was built by Esra the scribe, when he returned to
Jerusalem from Babylon. It is one day hence to the ancient place of
Haran[212], which contains twenty Jewish inhabitants, who also
possess a synagogue erected by Esra. Nobody is allowed to
construct any building on the spot where the house of our father
Abraham was situated; even the Mohammedans pay respect to the
place, and resort thither to pray. Two days' journey from thence is ...
[213] at the mouth of the El-Khabur, the Habor of Scripture. This
river takes its course through Media, and loses itself in the Kizil
Ozein. About two hundred Jews dwell near this place. Two days to
Nisibin, a large city plentifully watered, and containing about one
thousand Jews. Two days to Jezireh Ben Omar, an island in the
Tigris, at the foot of Mount Ararat[214], and four miles distant from
the spot where the ark of Noah rested; Omar Ben al-Khatab
removed the ark from the summit of the two mountains and made a
mosque of it. There still exists in the vicinity of the ark a synagogue
of Esra the scribe, which is visited by the Jews of the city on the 9th
of Ab[215]. The city of Jezireh Omar Ben al-Khatab contains about
four thousand Jews, the principals of whom are R. Mubchar, R.
Joseph, and R. Chiia.
Two days from thence stands Mosul, mentioned in Scripture as Ashur
the great, which contains about seven thousand Jews, the principal
of whom are R. Sakhai, the prince, a descendant of King David, and
R. Joseph, surnamed Borhan-al-Phulkh, who is astronomer of
Seifeddin, the brother of Noureddin, king of Damascus. This city,
situated on the confines of Persia, is of great extent and very
ancient; it stands on the banks of the Tigris, and is joined by a
bridge to Nineveh. Although the latter lies in ruins, there are
numerous inhabited villages and small towns on its site. Nineveh is
on the Tigris, distant one parasang from the town of Arbil[216].
Mosul contains the synagogues of Obadiah, of Jonah, son of Amittai,
and of Nahum the Elkoshite. It is three days hence to Rahabah,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-49-320.jpg)
![which is Rehoboth, by the river Euphrates, and contains about two
thousand Jews, the principal of whom are R. Ezekiah, R. Ehud, and
R. Isaac. The city is surrounded by a wall, it is very handsome, large,
and well fortified; and the environs abound with gardens and
orchards. One day to Karkisia[217], the Carchemish of Scripture, on
the banks of the Euphrates, containing about five hundred Jewish
inhabitants, of whom the principal are R. Isaac and R. Elchanan. Two
days to Juba, which is Pumbeditha, in Nehardea; it contains about
two thousand Jews, some of them eminent scholars. The rabbi R.
Chen, R. Moses, and R. Eliakim are the principal. Here the traveller
may see the sepulchres of R. Juda and R. Samuel, opposite two
synagogues which they erected during their lives; as well as the
sepulchres of R. Bosthenai, the prince of the captivity, of R. Nathan,
and of R. Nachman, the son of Papa[218]. Five days to Hardah (or
Hadrah), containing fifteen thousand Jews, of whom R. Saken, R.
Joseph, and R. Nathaniel are the principal. Two days to Akbara, the
city which was built by Jeconiah, king of Juda; it contains about ten
thousand Jews, the principal of whom are R. Joshua and R. Nathan.
Two days from thence stands Bagdad, the large metropolis of the
khalif Emir-al-Mumenin al Abassi, of the family of their prophet, who
is the chief of the Mohammedan religion[219]. All Mohammedan
kings acknowledge him, and he holds the same dignity over them
which the pope enjoys over the Christians. The palace of the khalif
at Bagdad is three miles in extent. It contains a large park filled with
all sorts of trees, both useful and ornamental, and all kinds of
beasts, as well as a pond of water carried thither from the river
Tigris; and whenever the khalif desires to enjoy himself and to sport
and carouse, birds, beasts, and fishes are prepared for him and for
his courtiers, whom he invites to his palace. This great Abasside is
extremely friendly towards the Jews, many of his officers being of
that nation; he understands all languages, is well versed in the
Mosaic law, and reads and writes the Hebrew tongue. He enjoys
nothing but what he earns by the labour of his own hands, and
therefore manufactures coverlets, which he stamps with his seal,
and which his officers sell in the public market; these articles are](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-50-320.jpg)
![cured. There are about sixty medical warehouses here, all well
provided from the king's stores with spices and other necessaries;
and every patient who claims assistance is fed at the king's expense,
until his cure is completed.
There is further a large building, called Dar-al-Maraphtan[220], in
which are confined all the insane persons who are met with,
particularly during the hot season, every one of whom is secured by
iron chains until his reason returns, when he is allowed to return to
his home. For this purpose they are regularly examined once a
month by officers appointed by the king for that purpose; and when
they are found to be possessed of reason they are immediately
liberated. All this is done by the king in pure charity towards all who
come to Bagdad, either ill or insane; for the king is a pious man, and
his intention is excellent in this respect.
Bagdad contains about one thousand Jews, who enjoy peace,
comfort, and much honour under the government of the great king.
Among them are very wise men and presidents of the colleges,
whose occupation is the study of the Mosaic law. The city contains
ten colleges. The principal of the great college is the rabbi R.
Samuel, the son of Eli, principal of the college Geon Jacob; the
provost of the Levites is the president of the second; R. Daniel, the
master of the third college; R. Eleasar, the fellow, presides over the
fourth; R. Eleasar, the son of Tsemach, is chief of the fifth college;
he is master of the studies, and possesses a pedigree of his descent
from the prophet Samuel, who rests in peace, and he and his
brothers know the melodies that were sung in the temple during its
existence; R. Chasadiah, principal fellow, is the master of the sixth,
R. Chagai, the prince, the principal of the seventh, and R. Esra, the
president of the eighth college; R. Abraham, called Abu Tahir,
presides over the ninth, and R. Zakhai, son of Bosthenai, master of
the studies, is president of the tenth college. All these are called
Batlanim, i. e. the Idle: because their sole occupation consists in the
discharge of public business. During every day of the week they
dispense justice to all the Jewish inhabitants of the country, except
Monday, which is set aside for assemblies under the presidency of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-53-320.jpg)
![the rabbi Samuel, master of the college Geon Jacob, who on that
day dispenses justice to every applicant, and is assisted therein by
the other Batlanim, presidents of the colleges.
The principal of all these, however, is R. Daniel, the son of Chisdai,
who bears the titles of Prince of the Captivity and Lord, and who
possesses a pedigree which proves his descent from king David. The
Jews call him Lord, Prince of the Captivity, and the Mohammedans
entitle him Saidna Ben Daoud, noble descendant of David. He holds
great command over all Jewish congregations under the authority of
the Emir-al-Mumenin, the lord of the Mohammedans, who has
commanded that he shall be respected, and has confirmed his power
by granting him a seal of office. Every one of his subjects, whether
he be Jew or Mohammedan or of any other faith, is commanded to
rise in the presence of the prince of the captivity, and to salute him
respectfully, under a penalty of one hundred stripes. Whenever he
pays a visit to the king, he is escorted by numerous horsemen, both
Jews and Gentiles, and a crier proclaims aloud: Make way before
our lord the son of David, as becomes his dignity; in Arabic, Amilu
tarik la-saidna ben-Daud. Upon these occasions he rides upon a
horse, and his dress is composed of embroidered silk; on his head
he wears a large turban covered with a white cloth, and surmounted
by a chain (or diadem). The authority of the prince of the captivity
extends over the countries of Mesopotamia, Persia, Khorassan, Seba,
which is Yemen, Diarbekh, all Armenia and the land of Kota near
Mount Ararat, over the country of the Alanians, which is shut in by
mountains, and has no outlet except by the iron gates which were
made by Alexander, over Sikbia and all the provinces of the
Turkmans unto the Aspisian mountains, over the country of the
Georgians unto the river Oxus (these are the Girgasim of Scripture,
and believe in Christianity), and as far as the frontiers of the
provinces and cities of Tibet and India. All the Jewish congregations
of these different countries receive authority from the prince of
captivity to elect rabbis and ministers, all of whom appear before
him in order to receive consecration[221] and the permission to
officiate, upon which occasions presents and valuable gifts are](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/24159-250513064756-7f8f4162/85/Symbian-OS-Communications-Programming-2nd-ed-Edition-Iain-Campbell-54-320.jpg)
Symbian OS Communications Programming 2nd ed Edition Iain Campbell
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- 10. Symbian OS Communications Programming 2nd Edition By Iain Campbell With Dale Self, Emlyn Howell, Ian Bunning, Ibrahim Rahman, Lucy Caffery, Malcolm Box, Matthew Elliott, Natasha Ho, Pierre Cochart, Tim Howes, Twm Davies Reviewed by Chris Notton, Dan Handley, David Harper, David Singleton, Donald Page, Graeme Duncan, Ian Bunning, John Roe, Malcolm Box, Tim Howes Head of Symbian Press Freddie Gjertsen Managing Editor Satu McNabb
- 11. Copyright ¤ 2007 Symbian Software Ltd Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. The Bluetooth£ word mark and logos are registered trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. and any use of such marks by Symbian Software Ltd is under license. Other trademarks and trade names are those of their respective owners. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 6045 Freemont Blvd, Mississauga, Ontario, L5R 4J3, Canada Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Campbell, Iain. Symbian OS communications programming / Iain Campbell, with Dale Self . . . [et al.]. – 2nd Edition. p. cm. Previously published: Symbian OS communications programming / Michael J. Jipping, 2002. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-51228-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Symbian OS (Computer file) 2. Operating systems (Computers) 3. Data transmission systems. I. Jipping, Michael J. Symbian OS communications programming. II. Title. QA76.76.063J56 2997 055.4 482 – dc22 2007011028 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-470-51228-9 Typeset in 10/12pt Optima by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bell Bain, Glasgow This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
- 12. Contents Contributors ix About the Authors xi Acknowledgments xv Symbian Press Acknowledgements xvii Section I: Introduction and Overview 1 Introduction 3 1.1 What is in this Book 3 1.2 What isn’t in this Book 4 1.3 Expected Level of Knowledge 6 1.4 Structure of this Book 7 1.5 To which Versions of Symbian OS does the Information in this Book Apply? 8 1.6 Example Applications 9 1.7 Reading Guide 9 1.8 Other Sources of Information 9 1.9 The History of Symbian OS Communications 10 1.10 Summary 12 2 Overview 13 2.1 Low-level Functionality 14 2.2 High-level Functionality 19 2.3 Summary 23
- 13. vi CONTENTS Section II: Low-level Technology and Frameworks 3 An Introduction to ESOCK 27 3.1 Overview of ESOCK 27 3.2 Into Practice 52 3.3 Summary 62 4 Bluetooth 63 4.1 Bluetooth Technology Overview 63 4.2 Bluetooth in Symbian OS 82 4.3 Example Symbian OS Bluetooth Application 112 4.4 AV Protocols and Profiles 118 4.5 Summary 124 5 Infrared 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Infrared Overview 125 5.3 IrDA in Symbian OS 129 5.4 Summary 153 6 IP and Related Technologies 155 6.1 IP Networks Overview 156 6.2 IP Networks and Symbian OS 160 6.3 Network Bearer Technologies in Symbian OS 163 6.4 Using the Network Connection 175 6.5 Information Gathering and Connection Management 193 6.6 Quality of Service 197 6.7 Summary 203 7 Telephony in Symbian OS 205 7.1 Overview 206 7.2 Using the ETel ISV API 207 7.3 Restrictions and Considerations 211 7.4 Summary 214 Section III: High-level Technology and Frameworks 8 Receiving Messages 217 8.1 Example Application – Summary Screen 218 8.2 The Message Server 220 8.3 The Message Store 223 8.4 Messaging Application Design and Implementation 233
- 14. CONTENTS vii 8.5 Receiving Application-specific SMS Messages 235 8.6 Summary 240 9 Sending Messages 241 9.1 Examples Provided in this Chapter 242 9.2 SendAs Overview 242 9.3 Services/Accounts 246 9.4 Technical Description 246 9.5 Using the UI Platform Send Dialogs 250 9.6 A Brief Background to MTMs 255 9.7 The Flickr MTM 257 9.8 The Flickr Data MTM 260 9.9 The Flickr UI MTM 262 9.10 Flickr Client MTM 263 9.11 The Flickr Server MTM 265 9.12 MTM DLLs and Platsec 268 9.13 FlickrMTM Shared Settings 269 9.14 Installation of an MTM 269 9.15 Summary 271 10 OBEX 273 10.1 OBEX Overview 273 10.2 OBEX in Symbian OS 289 10.3 Summary 341 11 HTTP 343 11.1 HTTP Overview 343 11.2 Getting Started: Creating a Session 344 11.3 Creating and Submitting a Transaction 347 11.4 Supplying Body Data 349 11.5 Monitoring a Transaction 350 11.6 Cancelling a Transaction 353 11.7 Closing a Transaction 353 11.8 Stringpool 353 11.9 Proxy Support 355 11.10 Cookie Handling 356 11.11 HTTP Connection Configuration 356 11.12 Platform Security 361 11.13 Filters 361 11.14 Summary 364 12 OMA Device Management 365 12.1 Introduction 365 12.2 Device Management In Symbian OS 366 12.3 OMA Device Management Essentials 367
- 15. viii CONTENTS 12.4 The Example DM Adapter 372 12.5 Summary 387 Section IV: Development Tips 13 Setting Up for Development 391 13.1 Bluetooth 391 13.2 IrDA 394 13.3 Network Connections for IP 396 13.4 Telephony 403 13.5 ‘Help, help, my serial port’s been stolen’ 404 13.6 Summary 406 14 The Future 407 14.1 Better Networks 407 14.2 Better Interaction 409 14.3 Better Services 410 14.4 The End 411 Appendix A: Web Resources 413 Appendix B: Authorizing FlickrMTM to Use Your Flickr Account 415 Appendix C: SendWorkBench.app Guide 419 Index 421
- 16. Contributors Head of Symbian Press Freddie Gjertsen Authors Iain Campbell Dale Self Emlyn Howell Ian Bunning Ibrahim Rahman Lucy Caffery Malcolm Box Matthew Elliott Natasha Ho Pierre Cochart Tim Howes Twm Davies Symbian Press Editorial Managing Editor Satu McNabb
- 17. x CONTRIBUTORS Reviewers and additional contributors Chris Notton Dan Handley David Harper David Singleton Donald Page Graeme Duncan Ian Bunning John Roe Malcolm Box Tim Howes
- 18. About the Authors Iain Campbell, lead author Iain joined the comms team (as it then was) in Symbian in 2001, working on Symbian OS v6.1, v7.0 and v7.0s for the Nokia 7650, Sony Ericsson P800 and Nokia 6600, respectively. After spending a year working in the Bluetooth team creating the Symbian OS PAN profile implementation, he moved to Symbian’s Technical Consulting group where he has spent the last three years helping Symbian’s licensees and partners build Symbian OS-based phones. As part of this Iain has been involved in many aspects of Symbian OS – from debugging components at all levels of the system, through advising on adaptation to particular hardware platforms, to high-level system design. Iain received an MEng in Information Systems Engineering from Imperial College, London, and enjoys spending his spare time finding out how things work. Malcolm Box Malcolm first joined Psion Software in 1998, shortly before it became Symbian. His first job was writing the kernel for the Ericsson R380 phone, following which he led the design and implementation of the Symbian OS Bluetooth stack. Subsequently he’s worked in the System Architecture group, Symbian’s reference design team and with licensees as a senior consultant. He has previously co-authored Symbian C++ for Mobile Phones and contributes to various open-source projects. He would like to thank his wife, Judith, and children Franz and Abigail for their support and patience during the writing of this book.
- 19. xii ABOUT THE AUTHORS Ian Bunning Ian attended Trinity Hall at the University of Cambridge, where he gained an MA in Computer Science. On graduating in 2001 he joined the Shortlink team at Symbian, and soon became the expert on the IrDA subsystem. Since then he has also worked on a number of OBEX projects, as well as a smaller number of Bluetooth projects – the main one being part of the initial implementation of Bluetooth PAN profile. He is currently focusing on USB, but frequently supports maintenance work on IrDA and OBEX. Out of work hours, Ian is a keen photographer, and also makes items of jewellery. Lucy Caffery Lucy has been at Symbian since 2000, where she has worked for the Licensee Product Development team helping UIQ licensees to create Symbian products. Starting out as a Bluetooth specialist, she became Head of the Comms Porting group in LPD, a team which specializes in consultancy in all areas of the Symbian OS Comms subsystem. More recently Lucy has become the Deputy Head of LPD. Lucy has been involved in comms on all the UIQ devices that have shipped to date: Sony Ericsson P8xx, P9xx, M600i, W950i and P990, Motorola A92x, A1000 and M1000. Pierre Cochart Pierre Cochart graduated from King’s College London in 2000. He then joined Symbian as a graduate in the telephony team to help with the development of the 7.0 OS release. In 2003 he joined Licensee Product Development group to work in the Comms Porting group where he assisted customers with software development in various areas of comms. Pierre is now responsible for handling the communications area for the Japanese licensees. Twm Davies Twm joined Symbian as a graduate in 1999. Twm has had a varied career within Symbian, initially working as a developer of the ’crystal’ messaging application which provided the UI to the Nokia communicator range, then as a technical consultant for Motorola, Nokia and significantly the technical lead on the first non-Nokia S60 handset, the Siemens SX1. Twm currently works as Product Manager for performance. Twm graduated
- 20. ABOUT THE AUTHORS xiii from Cardiff University with a First Honours Computer Science BSc. Interests outside of work include collecting mispronunciations of his name, scuba diving, Vespas and he runs a web site selling his art works. Matt Elliott Matt joined Symbian in 2004 as a software engineer, and has spent his time at Symbian in the Device Provisioning team. He graduated with a BEng in Digital Electronics from the University of Kent, and coming from a hardware background still misses his soldering iron (but not the burnt fingers). Matt would like to thank all the past and present members of the Device Provisioning team for their carefully worded criticism/help, and his long suffering girlfriend Elaine. Natasha Ho Natasha joined Symbian in 1998, where she worked on the development of the Ericsson R380. Since then, she has contributed to almost every UIQ smartphone including the Motorola A920 and A1000, the Arima U300 and more recently the Sony Ericsson P800, P900, M600i, W950i and P990i. She has worked on various parts of the Symbian OS but now likes to concentrate solely on networking. Prior to Symbian, Natasha worked at Motorola designing and writing software for the GSM and GPRS cellular infrastructures. Natasha graduated from University College London with a BSc in Computer Science. Emlyn Howell Emlyn Howell has worked on various technologies within Symbian over the past seven years including messaging and telephony. He is currently the Comms Architect for the Reference Designs team. He lives and works in Cambridge. Tim Howes After studying for a PhD in the effects of indirect lightning strikes on power lines, Tim joined Symbian Software, where for seven years he has worked primarily within the Bluetooth area. Within the Bluetooth SIG, Tim represents Symbian on the Bluetooth Architecture Review Board, and contributes to the Core Specification, Audio Video and Medical Devices Working groups. Despite the high technology area Tim works in, he has a strong interest in mechanical timepieces.
- 21. xiv ABOUT THE AUTHORS Ibrahim Rahman Ibrahim has been at Symbian for eight years. Working as a software developer in areas including email and HTTP. Dale Self Dale started work for Psion Software in mid-1998, which transformed to Symbian about a week later. Initially working in the messaging team on an IMAP4 mail client, he later moved to the PAN team where he has worked with Bluetooth, OBEX and USB technologies ever since. During this time he has seen a great deal of growth; both in Symbian, and, sadly, in his waist measurement.
- 22. Acknowledgements Firstly we’d like to thank the Symbian Press team who helped put this book together, especially Satu, who kept us working on it until it was finished – without her it would probably be sitting half-written on various hard disks around Symbian. Secondly we’d like to thank all of our wives, husbands, partners and significant others for putting up with us whilst we hid away in the evenings and weekends writing the material for this book. I’d like to thank Apple for creating a computer that’s a pleasure to use – it made the whole editing process so much less painful. And finally I’d like to extend an additional thank you to my wife Chris, who put up with me not moving from in front of the computer for a month whilst I pulled the book into shape. Iain Campbell
- 24. Symbian Press Acknowledgements Symbian Press would like to thank Iain for his patience during this project and for the countless hours he spent polishing the text into perfection. We’d also like to thank the authors Dale, Emlyn, Ian, Ibrahim, Lucy, Malcolm, Matt, Natasha, Pierre, Tim and Twm for their dedication and hard work, and all the reviewers for their time and willingness to share their technical knowledge.
- 26. Section I Introduction and Overview
- 28. 1 Introduction Welcome to the updated edition of Symbian OS Communications Programming! In this book we’ll introduce you to much of the major communications functionality in Symbian OS and demonstrate how to perform common tasks in each area. For this new edition we’ve started from scratch to produce chapters that are relevant to you as developers. Each chapter gives background information on the technology where necessary, an overview of the functionality provided in Symbian OS, and descriptions or examples of how to use the Symbian OS APIs. In cases where APIs or implementation differ between Symbian OS-based devices this is noted, and when the user interface platforms work differently then we’ll show you what those differences are, or at least point you in the direction of some documentation that does. 1.1 What is in this Book In this book we focus on using and extending Symbian OS functionality using the native C++ APIs. Whilst it is also possible to use Java to develop applications for Symbian OS devices, we do not cover that in this book. We also focus on APIs available in standard UIQ3 and S60 3rd edition SDKs – thus engineers at Symbian’s licensees and partners will want to look elsewhere for details on the internals of the Symbian OS subsystems that we describe. However, the material in this book is suited to all developers – at third parties, Symbian’s licensees and Symbian’s partners – who wish to use the functionality described. This book should also prove useful to newcomers to Symbian OS in the device creation community, providing a high-level overview of the communications side of Symbian OS, and an idea of how it all fits together. However, this is not likely to be sufficient for creating a device, for that you will need to look elsewhere.
- 29. 4 INTRODUCTION There are three main user interfaces supported on Symbian OS – MOAP, S60 and UIQ. At present, only S60 and UIQ allow developers to extend functionality natively in the aftermarket, so we concentrate on those platforms in this book. S60 and UIQ have, in some places, differences in the way they choose to use and expose certain Symbian OS functionality. As a result, some details given in this book differ between the different UI platforms. Where this is the case we will highlight this, along with tips on how to use the functionality on each platform. In some cases functionality might have an alternate implementation on a given platform, in which case we will point you to the appropriate developer documentation. In other cases, it might be missing entirely, which might mean you need to reconsider your development plans. In cases where functionality is missing or not yet exposed, it is possible that it will be available in a later release of that UI platform – check with the appropriate developer website for more information in these cases. The scope of this book is quite broad – not only will we discuss the core communications functionality in Symbian OS – Bluetooth“, IrDA, TCP/IP and telephony, but we also look at some of the main areas where those technologies are employed – the messaging framework and plug-ins, the HTTP stack, the OBject EXchange (OBEX) stack and the OMA Device Management system. Therefore whether you need access to communications functionality at a high or a low level, there should be something in this book for you. 1.2 What isn’t in this Book Symbian’s licensees have a lot of flexibility when creating a device – as is necessary in a market where there is plenty of differentiation between products. As such, the supported feature set in any given device depends greatly on the market segment at which that device is aimed. You can expect to find that some features are not supported in given devices – either where they are not suitable, or cost-effective enough to be included. Equally, some devices have leading-edge features that have been developed for differentiation – in these cases, the generic implementa- tion developed when the feature becomes widely available may differ from the original one, which is normally highly tailored for the lead device. Throughout this book we describe the generic implementa- tions – the ones you can rely upon to remain compatible beyond the initial implementation. Therefore it is best to use these implementations wherever possible to minimize, or eliminate, the amount of rework your application requires when deploying it to a new device.
- 30. Another Random Document on Scribd Without Any Related Topics
- 31. Two hundred Jews live there by themselves on mount Parnassus, and carry on agriculture upon their own land and property; of these, R. Solomon, R. Chaim, and R. Jedaiah are the principal. Three days to the city of Corinth, which contains about three hundred Jews, of whom the chief are R. Leon, R. Jacob, and R. Ezekias. Three days to the large city of Thebes, containing about two thousand Jewish inhabitants. These are the most eminent manufacturers of silk and purple cloth in all Greece[139]. Among them are many eminent Talmudic scholars and men as famous as any of the present generation. The principal of them are, the great rabbi R. Aaron Koti, his brother, R. Moses, R. Chija, R. Elijah Tareteno, and R. Joktan. No scholars like them are to be found in the whole Grecian empire, except at Constantinople. A journey of three days brings you to Negropont, a large city on the coast, to which merchants resort from all parts. Of the two hundred Jews who reside there, the principal are R. Elijah Psalteri, R. Emanuel, and R. Khaleb. From thence to Jabustrisa[140] is one day's journey. This city stands on the coast, and contains about one hundred Jews, the principal of whom are R. Joseph, R. Samuel, and R. Nethaniah. Rabenica[141] is distant one day's journey, and contains about one hundred Jews, of whom R. Joseph, R. Eleasar, and R. Isaac are the principal. Sinon Potamo, or Zeitun, is one day's journey further; R. Solomon and R. Jacob are the principal of its fifty Jewish inhabitants. Here we reach the confines of Wallachia, the inhabitants of which country are called Vlachi. They are as nimble as deer, and descend from their mountains into the plains of Greece, committing robberies and making booty. Nobody ventures to make war upon them, nor can any king bring them to submission, and they do not profess the Christian faith. Their names are of Jewish origin, and some even say that they have been Jews, which nation they call brethren. Whenever they meet an Israelite, they rob, but never kill him, as they do the Greeks. They profess no religious creed. From thence it is two days to Gardiki[142], a ruined place, containing but few Jewish or Grecian inhabitants. Two days further, on the
- 32. coast, stands the large commercial city of Armiro[143], which is frequented by the Venetians, the Pisans, the Genoese, and many other merchants. It is a large city, and contains about four hundred Jewish inhabitants; of whom the chief are R. Shiloh, R. Joseph the elder, and R. Solomon, the president. One day to Bissina[144]; the principal of the hundred Jews who reside here are the rabbi R. Shabtha, R. Solomon, and R. Jacob. The town of Salunki[145] is distant two days by sea; it was built by king Seleucus, one of the four Greek nobles who rose after Alexander, is a very large city, and contains about five hundred Jewish inhabitants. The rabbi R. Samuel and his sons are eminent scholars, and he is appointed provost of the resident Jews by the king's command. His son-in-law R. Shabthai, R. Elijah, and R. Michael, also reside there. The Jews are much oppressed in this place, and live by the exercise of handicraft. Mitrizzi[146], distant two days' journey, contains about twenty Jews. R. Isaiah, R. Makhir, and R. Eliab are the principal of them. Drama[147], distance from hence two days' journey, contains about one hundred and forty Jews, of whom the chief are R. Michael and R. Joseph. From thence one day's journey to Christopoli[148], which contains about twenty Jewish inhabitants. Three days from thence by sea stands Abydos, on the coast. It is hence five days' journey through the mountains to the large city of Constantinople, the metropolis of the whole Grecian empire, and the residence of the emperor, king Manuel[149]. Twelve princely officers govern the whole empire by his command, each of them inhabiting a palace at Constantinople, and possessing fortresses and cities of his own. The first of these nobles bears the title of Præpositus magnus; the second is called Megas Domesticus, the third Dominus, the fourth Megas Ducas, the fifth Œconomus magnus, and the names of the others are similar to these[150]. The circumference of the city of Constantinople is eighteen miles; one half of the city being bounded by the continent, the other by the sea, two arms of which meet here; the one a branch or outlet of the Russian, the other of the Spanish sea. Great stir and bustle prevails at Constantinople in consequence of the conflux of many merchants,
- 33. who resort thither, both by land and by sea, from all parts of the world for purposes of trade, including merchants, from Babylon and from Mesopotamia, from Media and Persia, from Egypt and Palestine, as well as from Russia, Hungary, Patzinakia, Budia, Lombardy, and Spain. In this respect the city is equalled only by Bagdad, the metropolis of the Mohammedans. At Constantinople is the place of worship called St. Sophia, and the metropolitan seat of the pope of the Greeks, who are at variance with the pope of Rome. It contains as many altars as there are days of the year, and possesses innumerable riches, which are augmented every year by the contributions of the two islands and of the adjacent towns and villages. All the other places of worship in the whole world do not equal St. Sophia in riches. It is ornamented with pillars of gold and silver, and with innumerable lamps of the same precious materials. The Hippodrome is a public place near the wall of the palace, set aside for the king's sports. Every year the birthday of Jesus the Nazarene is celebrated there with public rejoicings. On these occasions you may see there representations of all the nations who inhabit the different parts of the world, with surprising feats of jugglery. Lions, bears, leopards, and wild asses, as well as birds, which have been trained to fight each other, are also exhibited. All this sport, the equal of which is nowhere to be met with, is carried on in the presence of the king and the queen[151]. King Manuel has built a large palace for his residence on the sea- shore, near the palace built by his predecessors; and to this edifice is given the name of Blachernes. The pillars and walls are covered with pure gold, and all the wars of the ancients, as well as his own wars, are represented in pictures. The throne in this palace is of gold, and ornamented with precious stones; a golden crown hangs over it, suspended on a chain of the same material, the length of which exactly admits the emperor to sit under it. This crown is ornamented with precious stones of inestimable value. Such is the lustre of these diamonds, that, even without any other light, they illumine the room in which they are kept. Other objects of curiosity
- 34. are met with here which it would be impossible to describe adequately. The tribute, which is brought to Constantinople every year from all parts of Greece, consisting of silks, and purple cloths, and gold, fills many towers. These riches and buildings are equalled nowhere in the world. They say that the tribute of the city alone amounts every day to twenty thousand florins, arising from rents of hostelries and bazaars, and from the duties paid by merchants who arrive by sea and by land. The Greeks who inhabit the country are extremely rich, and possess great wealth in gold and precious stones. They dress in garments of silk, ornamented with gold and other valuable materials. They ride upon horses, and in their appearance they are like princes. The country is rich, producing all sorts of delicacies, as well as abundance of bread, meat, and wine. They are well skilled in the Greek sciences, and live comfortably, every man under his vine and his fig tree.[152] The Greeks hire soldiers of all nations, whom they call barbarians, for the purpose of carrying on their wars with the sultan of the Thogarmim, who are called Turks. They have no martial spirit themselves, and, like women, are unfit for warlike enterprises. No Jews dwell in the city with them; they are obliged to reside beyond the one arm of the sea, where they are shut in by the channel of Sophia on one side, and they can reach the city by water only, when they want to visit it for purposes of trade. The number of Jews at Constantinople amounts to two thousand Rabbanites and five hundred Caraites[153], who live on one spot, but divided by a wall. The principal of the Rabbanites, who are learned in the law, are the rabbi R. Abtalion, R. Obadiah, R. Aaron Khuspo, R. Joseph Sargeno, and R. Eliakim the elder. Many of them are manufacturers of silk cloth, many others are merchants, some being extremely rich; but no Jew is allowed to ride upon a horse, except R. Solomon Hamitsri, who is the king's physician, and by whose influence the Jews enjoy many advantages even in their state of oppression, which is very severely felt by them; and the hatred against them is increased by the practice of the tanners, who pour out their filthy water in the streets and even before the very doors of the Jews,
- 35. who, being thus defiled, become objects of contempt to the Greeks. Their yoke is severely felt by the Jews, both good and bad; for they are exposed to be beaten in the streets, and must submit to all sorts of bad treatment. Still the Jews are rich, good, benevolent, and religious men, who bear the misfortunes of their exile with humility. The quarter inhabited by the Jews is called Pera. Two days from Constantinople stands Rodosto, containing a congregation of about four hundred Jews, the principal of whom are R. Moses, R. Abijah, and R. Jacob. From hence it is two days to Gallipoli. Of the two hundred Jews of this city the principal are R. Elijah Kapid, R. Shabthai the little, and R. Isaac Megas; this latter term in the Greek language means tall. To (Kales, or) Kilia[154], two days. The principal of the fifty Jews who inhabit this place are R. Juda, R. Jacob, and R. Shemaiah. It is hence two days to Mitilene, one of the islands of the sea. Ten places in this island contain Jewish congregations. Three days from thence is situated the island of Chio, containing about four hundred Jews, the principal of whom are R. Elijah, R. Theman, and R. Shabthai. The trees which yield mastic are found here[155]. Two days bring us to the island of Samos, which contains about three hundred Jews, the chief of whom are R. Shemaria, R. Obadiah, and R. Joel. These islands contain many congregations of Jews. It is three days hence by sea to Rhodes. The principal of the four hundred Jews who reside here are R. Aba, R. Chananel, and R. Elijah. Hence it is four days to Cyprus. Besides the rabbanitic Jews in this island, there is a community of heretic Jews called Kaphrosein, or Cyprians. They are epicureans, and the orthodox Jews excommunicate them. These sectarians profane the evening of the Sabbath and keep holy that of the Sunday. We next come in two days to Corycus, the frontier of Aram, which is called Armenia. Here are the confines of the empire of Toros, king of the mountains[156], sovereign of Armenia, whose rule extends to the city of Dhuchia and the country of the Togarmim, or Turks. Two days further is Malmistras[157], which is Thersoos, situated on the coast. Thus far reaches the empire of the Javanites, who are called Greeks.
- 36. The large city of Antioch is distant two days hence. It stands on the banks of the Makloub, which river flows down from Mount Lebanon, from the country of Hamah. The city was founded by king Antiochus, and is overlooked by a very high mountain. A wall surrounds this height, on the summit of which is situated a well. The inspector of the well distributes the water by subterranean aqueducts, and thus provides the houses of the principal inhabitants of the city. The other side of the city is surrounded by the river. This place is very strongly fortified, and in the possession of prince Boemond Poitevin, surnamed le Baube[158]. It contains about ten Jews, who are glass manufacturers, and the principal of whom are R. Mordecai, R. Chaiim, and R. Ishmael. Two days bring us from thence to Lega, which is Latachia, and contains about two hundred Jews, the principal of whom are R. Chiia and R. Joseph. Hence it is two days to Jebilee, the Baal Gad of Scripture, under Mount Lebanon. In this vicinity reside the people called Assassins, who do not believe in the tenets of Mohammedanism, but in those of one whom they consider like unto the prophet Kharmath[159]. They fulfil whatever he commands them, whether it be a matter of life or death. He goes by the name of Sheikh-al-Hashishin, or their old man, by whose commands all the acts of these mountaineers are regulated. His residence is in the city of Kadmus[160], the Kedemoth of Scripture, in the land of Sichon. The Assassins are faithful to one another by the command of their old man, and make themselves the dread of every one, because their devotion leads them gladly to risk their lives, and to kill even kings when commanded. The extent of their country is eight days' journey. They are at war with the Christians, called Franks, and with the count of Tripoli, which is Tarablous el Sham. Some time ago Tripoli was visited by an earthquake, which destroyed many Jews and Gentiles, numbers of the inhabitants being killed by the falling houses and walls, under the ruins of which they were buried. More than twenty thousand persons were killed in Palestine by this earthquake.
- 37. One day's journey to the other Jebail, which was the Gebal of the children of Ammon[161]; it contains about one hundred and fifty Jews, and is governed by seven Genoese, the supreme command being vested in one of them named Julianus Embriaco[162]. You there find the ancient place of worship of the children of Ammon. The idol of this people is seated on a cathedral or throne, constructed of stone and richly gilt; two female figures occupy the seats on his side, one being on the right, the other on the left, and before it stands an altar, upon which the children of Ammon anciently offered sacrifices and burned incense. The city contains about two hundred Jews, the principal of whom are R. Meir, R. Jacob, and R. Szimchah. It stands on the coast of the sea of the Holy Land. Two days hence is Beyrut, which is Beeroth[163]. The principal of its fifty Jewish inhabitants are R. Solomon, R. Obadiah, and R. Joseph. It is hence one day's journey to Saida, which is Sidon of Scripture, a large city, with about twenty Jewish inhabitants. Within twenty miles of this place reside a people who are at war with the inhabitants of Sidon, and who are called Druses. They are called heathens and unbelievers, because they confess no religion. Their dwellings are on the summits of the mountains and in the ridges of the rocks, and they are subject to no king or prince. Mount Hermon, a distance of three days' journey, is the boundary of their territory. This people live incestuously; a father cohabits with his own daughter, and once every year all men and women assemble to celebrate a festival, upon which occasion, after eating and drinking, they hold promiscuous intercourse. They say that the soul of a virtuous man is transferred to the body of a new-born child; whereas that of the wicked transmigrates into a dog or some other animal. This their way is their folly. Jews have no permanent residence among them, although some tradesmen and a few dyers travel through the country occasionally, to carry on their trades or sell goods, and return home when their business is done. The Druses are friendly towards the Jews; they are so nimble in climbing hills and mountains, that nobody can successfully carry on war against them.
- 38. One day's journey to New Sur, a very beautiful city, the port of which is in the town itself, and is guarded by two towers, within which the vessels ride at anchor. The officers of the customs draw an iron chain from tower to tower every night, thus effectually preventing any thieves or robbers from escape by boats or by other means. There is no port in the world equal to this. About four hundred Jews reside here, the principal of whom are the judge R. Ephraim Mitsri, R. Meier of Carcasson, and R. Abraham, the elder of the community. The Jews of Sur are ship-owners and manufacturers of the celebrated Tyrian glass[164]; the purple dye is also found in this vicinity. If you mount the walls of New Sur, you may see the remains of Tyre the crowning,[165] which was inundated by the sea; it is about the distance of a stone's throw from the new town, and whoever embarks may observe the towers, the markets, the streets, and the halls at the bottom of the sea. The city of New Sur is very commercial, and one to which traders resort from all parts. It is one day hence to Acre, the Acco of Scripture, on the confines of the tribe of Asher. It is the frontier town of Palestine; and, in consequence of its situation on the shore of the Mediterranean and of its large port, it is the principal place of disembarkation of all pilgrims who visit Jerusalem by sea. A river called Kishon[166] runs near the city. There are here about two hundred Jewish inhabitants, of whom R. Zadok, R. Jepheth, and R. Jona are the principal. Three parasangs further is Kaiffa, which is Gath Hachepher[167]. One side of this city is situated on the coast, on the other it is overlooked by Mount Carmel. Under the mountain are many Jewish sepulchres, and near the summit is the cavern of Elija, upon whom be peace. Two Christians have built a place of worship near this site, which they call St. Elias. On the summit of the hill you may still trace the site of the altar which was rebuilt by Elija of blessed memory, in the time of king Ahab[168], and the circumference of which is about four yards. The river Mukattua runs down the mountain and along its base. It is four parasangs hence to Khephar Thanchum, which is Capernaum, identical with Meon, the place of abode of Nabal the Carmelite. Six parasangs brings us to Cesarea, the Gath of the Philistines of
- 39. Scripture, inhabited by about ten Jews and two hundred Cutheans. The latter are Samaritan Jews, commonly called Samaritans. This city is very elegant and beautiful, situated on the sea-shore, and was built by king Herod, who called it Cesarea in honour of the emperor, or Cæsar. To Kakun, the Keilah of Scripture[169], half a day's journey; in this place are no Jews. To St. George, the ancient Luz[170], half a day's journey. One Jew only, a dyer, lives here. To Sebaste, one day's journey. This is the ancient Shomron, where you may still trace the site of the palace of Ahab, king of Israel. It was formerly a very strong city, and is situated on a mount, in a fine country, richly watered, and surrounded with gardens, orchards, vineyards, and olive-groves. No Jews live here. It is two parasangs further to Nablous, the ancient Sichem, on Mount Ephraim. This place contains no Jewish inhabitants, and is situated in the valley between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal. It is the abode of about one hundred Cutheans, who observe the Mosaic law only, and are called Samaritans. They have priests, descendants of Aaron the priest of blessed memory, whom they call Aaronim. These do not intermarry with any other but priestly families; but they are priests only of their own law, who offer sacrifices and burnt- offerings in their synagogue on Mount Gerizim. They do this in accordance with the words of Scripture[171], Thou shalt put the blessing on Mount Gerizim, and they pretend that this is the holy temple[172]. On passover and holidays they offer burnt-offerings on the altar which they have erected on Mount Gerizim, from the stones put up by the children of Israel after they had crossed the Jordan. They pretend to be of the tribe of Ephraim, and are in possession of the tomb of Joseph the righteous, the son of our father Jacob, upon whom be peace, as is proved by the following passage of Scripture[173], The bones of Joseph, which the children of Israel brought up with them from Egypt, they buried in Sichem. The Samaritans do not possess the three letters He, Cheth, and Ain; the He of the name of our father Abraham, and they have no glory; the Cheth of the name of our father Isaac, in consequence of which they are devoid of piety; the Ain of the name of Jacob, for they want
- 40. humility. Instead of these letters, they always put an Aleph, by which you may know that they are not of Jewish origin, because, in their knowledge of the law of Moses, they are deficient in three letters[174]. This sect carefully avoid being defiled by touching corpses, bones, those killed by accident, or graves; and they change their daily garments whenever they visit their synagogue, upon which occasion they wash their body and put on other clothes. These are their daily habits. Mount Gerizim is rich in wells and orchards, whereas Mount Ebal is dry like stone and rock. The city of Nablous lies in the valley between these two hills. Four parasangs from thence is situated Mount Gilboa, which Christians call Monto Jelbon. The country in this part is very barren. Five parasangs further is the valley of Ajalon[175], called by the Christians Val de Luna. One parasang to Gran David, formerly the large city of Gibeon. It contains no Jewish inhabitants. From thence it is three parasangs to Jerusalem, a small city strongly fortified with three walls. It contains a numerous population, composed of Jacobites, Armenians, Greeks, Georgians, Franks, and indeed of people of all tongues. The dyeing-house is rented by the year, and the exclusive privilege of dyeing is purchased from the king by the Jews of Jerusalem, two hundred of whom dwell in one corner of the city, under the tower of David. About ten yards of the base of this building are very ancient, having been constructed by our ancestors; the remaining part was added by the Mohammedans. The city contains no building stronger than the tower of David. There are at Jerusalem two hospitals, which support four hundred knights, and afford shelter to the sick; these are provided with everything they may want, both during life and in death; the second is called the hospital of Solomon, being the palace originally built by king Solomon. This hospital also harbours and furnishes four hundred knights[176], who are ever ready to wage war, over and above those knights who arrive from the country of the Franks and other parts of Christendom. These generally have taken a vow upon themselves to stay a year or two, and they remain until the period of their vow is
- 41. expired. The large place of worship, called Sepulchre, and containing the sepulchre of that man[177], is visited by all pilgrims. Jerusalem has four gates, called the gates of Abraham, David, Sion, and Jehoshaphat. The latter stands opposite the place of the holy temple, which is occupied at present by a building called Templo Domino. Omar Ben Al-Khataab erected a large and handsome cupola over it, and nobody is allowed to introduce any image or painting into this place, it being set aside for prayers only. In front of it you see the western wall, one of the walls which formed the Holy of Holies of the ancient temple; it is called the Gate of Mercy, and all Jews resort thither to say their prayers near the wall of the court- yard. At Jerusalem you also see the stables erected by Solomon[178], and which formed part of his house. Immense stones have been employed in this fabric, the like of which are nowhere else to be met with. You further see to this day vestiges of the canal near which the sacrifices were slaughtered in ancient times; and all Jews inscribe their name upon an adjacent wall. If you leave the city by the gate of Jehoshaphat, you may see the pillar erected on Absalom's place[179], and the sepulchre of king Uzziah[180], and the great spring of Shiloah, which runs into the brook Kedron. Over this spring is a large building erected in the times of our forefathers. Very little water is found at Jerusalem; the inhabitants generally drink rain water, which they collect in their houses. From the Valley of Jehoshaphat the traveller immediately ascends the Mount of Olives, as this valley only intervenes between the city and the mount. From hence the Dead Sea is distinctly visible. Two parasangs from the sea stands the salt pillar into which Lot's wife was metamorphosed; and although the sheep continually lick it, the pillar grows again, and retains its original state. You also have a prospect over the whole valley of the Dead Sea, and of the brook of Shittim, even as far as Mount Nebo. Mount Sion is also near Jerusalem, upon the acclivity of which stands no building except a place of worship of the Nazarenes (Christians). The traveller further sees there three Jewish cemeteries, where formerly the dead were buried; some of the sepulchres had stones with inscriptions upon
- 42. them, but the Christians destroy these monuments, and use the stones in building their houses. Jerusalem is surrounded by high mountains. On Mount Sion are the sepulchres of the house of David, and those of the kings who reigned after him. In consequence of the following circumstance, however, this place is at present hardly to be recognised. Fifteen years ago, one of the walls of the place of worship on Mount Sion fell down, and the patriarch commanded the priest to repair it. He ordered stones to be taken from the original wall of Sion for that purpose, and twenty workmen were hired at stated wages, who broke stones from the very foundation of the walls of Sion. Two of these labourers, who were intimate friends, upon a certain day treated one another, and repaired to their work after their friendly meal. The overseer accused them of dilatoriness, but they answered that they would still perform their day's work, and would employ thereupon the time while their fellow labourers were at meals. They then continued to break out stones, until, happening to meet with one which formed the mouth of a cavern, they agreed to enter it in search of treasure, and they proceeded until they reached a large hall, supported by pillars of marble, encrusted with gold and silver, and before which stood a table, with a golden sceptre and crown. This was the sepulchre of David, king of Israel, to the left of which they saw that of Solomon in a similar state, and so on the sepulchres of all the kings of Juda, who were buried there. They further saw chests locked up, the contents of which nobody knew, and were on the point of entering the hall, when a blast of wind like a storm issued forth from the mouth of the cavern so strong that it threw them down almost lifeless on the ground. There they lay until evening, when another wind rushed forth, from which they heard a voice like that of a man calling aloud, Get up, and go forth from this place. The men rushed out full of fear, and proceeded to the patriarch to report what had happened to them. This ecclesiastic summoned into his presence R. Abraham el Constantini, a pious ascetic, one of the mourners of the downfall of Jerusalem[181], and caused the two labourers to repeat what they had previously
- 43. reported. R. Abraham thereupon informed the patriarch that they had discovered the sepulchres of the house of David and of the kings of Juda. The following morning the labourers were sent for again, but they were found stretched on their beds and still full of fear; they declared that they would not attempt to go again to the cave, as it was not God's will to discover it to any one. The patriarch ordered the place to be walled up, so as to hide it effectually from every one unto the present day. The above-mentioned R. Abraham told me all this. Two parasangs from Jerusalem is Bethlehem of Judea, called Beth- lehem; and within half a mile of it, where several roads meet[182], stands the monument which points out the grave of Rachel. This monument is constructed of eleven stones, equal to the number of the children of Jacob. It is covered by a cupola, which rests upon four pillars; and every Jew who passes there inscribes his name on the stones of the monument. Twelve Jews, dyers by profession[183], live at Bethlehem. The country abounds with rivulets, wells, and springs of water. Six parasangs further is Hebron. The ancient city of that name was situated on the hill, and lies in ruins at present; whereas the modern town stands in the valley, even in the field of Machpelah[184]. Here is the large place of worship called St. Abraham, which during the time of the Mohammedans was a synagogue. The Gentiles have erected six sepulchres in this place, which they pretend to be those of Abraham and Sarah, of Isaac and Rebecca, and of Jacob and Leah; the pilgrims are told that they are the sepulchres of the fathers, and money is extorted from them. But if any Jew come, who gives an additional fee to the keeper of the cave, an iron door is opened, which dates from the times of our forefathers who rest in peace, and with a burning candle in his hands, the visitor descends into a first cave, which is empty, traverses a second in the same state, and at last reaches a third, which contains six sepulchres, those of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and of Sarah, Rebecca, and Leah, one opposite the other. All these sepulchres bear inscriptions, the letters being engraved: thus, upon that of Abraham, we read, This is the sepulchre of our father
- 44. Abraham, upon whom be peace; and so on that of Isaac and upon all the other sepulchres. A lamp burns in the cave and upon the sepulchres continually, both night and day; and you there see tubs filled with the bones of Israelites, for unto this day it is a custom of the house of Israel to bring thither the bones of their relicts and of their forefathers, and to leave them there. On the confines of the field of Machpelah stands the house of our father Abraham[185], who rests in peace; before which house there is a spring, and, out of respect to Abraham, nobody is allowed to construct any building on that site. It is five parasangs hence to Beit Jaberim, the ancient Mareshah[186], where there are but three Jewish inhabitants. Five parasangs further bring us to Toron de los Caballeros, which is Shunem[187], inhabited by three hundred Jews. We then proceed three parasangs to St. Samuel of Shiloh, the ancient Shiloh, within two parasangs of Jerusalem. When the Christians took Ramleh, which is Ramah, from the Mohammedans, they discovered the sepulchre of Samuel the Ramathi[188] near the Jewish synagogue, and removed his remains to Shiloh, where they erected a large place of worship over them, called St. Samuel of Shiloh to the present day. Hence it is three parasangs to Pesipua, which is Gibeah of Saul, or Geba of Benjamin; it contains no Jews. Three parasangs to Beith Nubi, which is Nob, the city of the priests. In the middle of the road are the two rocks of Jonathan[189], the name of one of which is Botsets, and of the other Séné. The two Jews who live here are dyers. It is three parasangs hence to Ramleh, which is Harama, where you still find walls erected by our forefathers, as is evident from the inscriptions upon the stones. The city contains about three Jews; but it was formerly very considerable, for a Jewish cemetery in its vicinity is two miles in extent. Five parasangs hence to Jaffa, the Japho of Scripture, on the coast; one Jew only, a dyer by profession, lives here. Three parasangs to Ibelin, the ancient Jabneh[190], where the site of the schools may still be traced; it contains no Jews. Here was the frontier of the tribe of Ephraim. Two parasangs to Palmis, or
- 45. Asdoud[191], formerly a city of the Philistines, at present in ruins, and containing no Jews. Two parasangs to Ascalon, which is in fact the New Ascalon, built on the coast by Esra the priest, of blessed memory, and originally called Benebra, distant about four parasangs from ancient Ascalon, which lies in ruins. This city is very large and handsome; and merchants from all parts resort to it, on account of its convenient situation on the confines of Egypt. There are here about two hundred rabbanite Jews, of whom the principal are R. Tsemach, R. Aaron, and R. Solomon, besides about forty Caraites, and about three hundred Cutheans or Samaritans. In the city is a fountain called Bir Ibrahim-al-Khahil, which was dug in the time of the Philistines. From hence back to St. George, which is Lydda, and in one day and a half to Serain, the Jezreel of Scripture[192], a city containing a remarkably large fountain. It has one Jewish inhabitant, a dyer. Three parasangs to Sufurieh, the Tsippori of antiquity[193]. The sepulchres of Rabenu Hakkadosh, of R. Chija, who came back from Babylon, and of Jonah the son of Amittai the prophet, are shown here; they are buried in the mountain, which also contains numerous other sepulchres. From hence it is five parasangs to Tiberias, a city situated on the Jordan, which here bears the name of the Sea of Chinnereth[194], or Lake of Tiberias. Here are the falls of the Jordan, in consequence of which the place bears also the name of Ashdoth-Pisga[195], which means the place where the rapid rivers have their fall: the Jordan afterwards empties itself into Lake Asphaltes, or the Dead Sea. Tiberias contains about fifty Jews, the principal of whom are R. Abraham the astronomer[196], R. Muchthar, and R. Isaac. The hot waters, which spout forth from under ground, are called the warm baths of Tiberias. In the vicinity is the synagogue of Khaleb, son of Jepuneh; and among numerous other Jewish sepulchres are those of R. Jochanan, son of Zakhai[197], and of R. Jonathan, son of Levi. These are all in Lower Galilee. Two parasangs bring us to Tebnin, the Thimnatha of Scripture[198], where you find the sepulchre of Samuel (Simeon) the Just, and many other sepulchres of Israelites. It is hence one day to Gish, which is Gush Chaleb, and contains about
- 46. twenty Jewish inhabitants. We go hence six parasangs to Meroon, which is Maron[199]; in a cave near this place are the sepulchres of Hillel and Shamai, and of twenty of their disciples, as well as those of R. Benjamin, son of Jephet, and of R. Juda, son of Bethera. Six parasangs to Alma, which contains fifty Jewish inhabitants, and a large cemetery of the Israelites. Half a day brings you to Kades, which is Kadesh Naphthali, on the banks of the Jordan. Here are the sepulchres of R. Eleasar, son of Arach, of R. Eleasar, son of Asariah, of Chuni Hamaagal, of R. Simeon, son of Gamaliel, of R. Jose Hagelili, and of Barak the son of Abinoam[200]. This place contains no Jews. A day's journey brings us to Belinas[201], the ancient Dan[202], where the traveller may see a cave, from which the Jordan issues, and three miles hence this river unites its waters with those of the Arnon, a rivulet of the ancient land of Moab. In front of the cave you may still trace vestiges of the altar of the image of Micha, which was adored by the children of Dan in ancient times. Here also is the site of the altar erected by Jeroboam, son of Nebat, in honour of the golden calf; and here were the confines of the land of Israel toward the uttermost sea[203]. Two days from this place brings you to Damascus, a large city and the frontier town of the empire of Noureddin[204], king of the Thogarmim, or Turks. This city is very large and handsome, and is inclosed with a wall and surrounded by a beautiful country, which in a circuit of fifteen miles presents the richest gardens and orchards, in such numbers and beauty as to be without equal upon earth. The rivers Amana[205] and Parpar[206], the sources of which are on Mount Hermon (on which the city leans), run down here; the Amana follows its course through Damascus, and its waters are carried by means of pipes into the houses of the principal inhabitants, as well as into the streets and markets. A considerable trade is carried on here by merchants of all countries. The Parpar runs between the gardens and orchards in the outskirts, and supplies them copiously with water. Damascus contains a Mohammedan mosque, called the Synagogue of Damascus, a building of unequalled magnificence.
- 47. They say that it was the palace of Ben-Hadad[207], and that one wall of it is framed of glass by enchantment. This wall contains as many openings as there are days in the solar year, and the sun in gradual succession throws its light into the openings, which are divided into twelve degrees, equal to the number of the hours of the day, so that by this contrivance every body may know what time it is. The palace contains vessels richly ornamented with gold and silver, formed like tubs, and of a size to allow three persons to bathe in them at once. In this building is also preserved the rib of a giant, which measures nine spans in length, and two in breadth, and which belonged to an ancient giant king named Abchamas, whose name was found engraved upon a stone of his tomb, and it was further stated in the inscription that he reigned over the whole world. This city contains three thousand Jews, many of whom are learned and rich men; it is the residence of the president of the university of Palestine, named R. Esra, whose brother, Sar Shalom, is the principal of the Jewish court of law. The other distinguished Jews are R. Joseph, who ranges fifth in the university, R. Matsliach, the lecturer and master of the schools, R. Meir, a flower of the learned, R. Joseph Ibn Pilath, who may be called the prop of the university, R. Heman the elder, and R. Zadok the physician. The city contains also two hundred Caraites and about four hundred Samaritans, sects which here live upon friendly terms, but they do not intermarry. It is one day's journey thence to Jelaad, which is Gilead; it contains about sixty Jews, the principal of whom is R. Zadok. The city is large, well watered, and surrounded by gardens and orchards. Half a day's journey further stands Salkhat, the city of Salcah of Scripture. From thence to Baalbec is half a day's journey. This is the city mentioned in Scripture as Baalath in the valley of Lebanon, which Solomon built for the daughter of Pharaoh. The palace is constructed of stones of enormous size, measuring twenty spans in length and twelve in breadth; no binding material holds these stones together, and people pretend that the building could have been erected only by the help of Ashmodai. A copious spring takes its rise at the upper side of the city, through which its waters rush like those of a
- 48. considerable river. They are employed in the working of several mills within the city, which also incloses numerous gardens and orchards. Tadmor in the desert was also built by Solomon of equally large stones; this city is surrounded by a wall, and stands in the desert, far from any inhabited place, being four days' journey distant from the above-mentioned Baalath. It contains two thousand warlike Jews, who are at war with the Christians and with the Arabian subjects of Noureddin, and assist their neighbours the Mohammedans. Their chiefs are R. Isaac Hajevani, R. Nathan, and R. Usiel. Half a day brings us to Cariyatin, which is Kirjathaim; one Jew only, a dyer by profession, lives there. One day hence is Hamah, the Hamath of Scripture, on the Orontes, under Mount Lebanon. Some time ago this city was visited by an earthquake, in consequence of which fifteen thousand men died in one day, leaving only seventy survivors[208]. The principals of the Jews here are R. Ulah Hacohen, the sheikh Abu al Galeb, and Muktar. Half a day to Reiha, which is Hazor. Three parasangs to Lamdin, from whence it is a journey of two days to Aleppo, the Aram Zoba of Scripture. This city is the residence of king Noureddin, and contains his palace, a building fortified by an extraordinarily high wall. There being neither spring nor river, the inhabitants are obliged to drink rain-water, which is collected in every house in a cistern called in Arabic, Algub. The principal of the fifteen hundred Jews who live in Aleppo are R. Moses el-Constandini, R. Israel, and R. Seth. To Bales, which is Pethor[209] on the Euphrates, two days. Even at this day you there still find remains of the tower of Balaam the son of Beor (may the name of the wicked rot!) which he built in accordance with the hours of the day. This place contains about ten Jews. Half a day hence we come to Kala Jiaber[210], which is Sela Midbarah. This city remained in the power of the Arabs even at the time when the Thogarmim (or Turks) took their country and dispersed them in the desert. It contains about two thousand Jews, of whom R. Zedekiah, R. Chia, and R. Solomon are the principal. One day brings us to Racca, which is Calneh of Scripture[211], on the confines of Mesopotamia, being the frontier town between that
- 49. country and the empire of the Thogarmim (or Turks); it contains about seven hundred Jewish inhabitants, the principal of whom are R. Sakhai, R. Nadib, who is blind, and R. Joseph. One of the synagogues was built by Esra the scribe, when he returned to Jerusalem from Babylon. It is one day hence to the ancient place of Haran[212], which contains twenty Jewish inhabitants, who also possess a synagogue erected by Esra. Nobody is allowed to construct any building on the spot where the house of our father Abraham was situated; even the Mohammedans pay respect to the place, and resort thither to pray. Two days' journey from thence is ... [213] at the mouth of the El-Khabur, the Habor of Scripture. This river takes its course through Media, and loses itself in the Kizil Ozein. About two hundred Jews dwell near this place. Two days to Nisibin, a large city plentifully watered, and containing about one thousand Jews. Two days to Jezireh Ben Omar, an island in the Tigris, at the foot of Mount Ararat[214], and four miles distant from the spot where the ark of Noah rested; Omar Ben al-Khatab removed the ark from the summit of the two mountains and made a mosque of it. There still exists in the vicinity of the ark a synagogue of Esra the scribe, which is visited by the Jews of the city on the 9th of Ab[215]. The city of Jezireh Omar Ben al-Khatab contains about four thousand Jews, the principals of whom are R. Mubchar, R. Joseph, and R. Chiia. Two days from thence stands Mosul, mentioned in Scripture as Ashur the great, which contains about seven thousand Jews, the principal of whom are R. Sakhai, the prince, a descendant of King David, and R. Joseph, surnamed Borhan-al-Phulkh, who is astronomer of Seifeddin, the brother of Noureddin, king of Damascus. This city, situated on the confines of Persia, is of great extent and very ancient; it stands on the banks of the Tigris, and is joined by a bridge to Nineveh. Although the latter lies in ruins, there are numerous inhabited villages and small towns on its site. Nineveh is on the Tigris, distant one parasang from the town of Arbil[216]. Mosul contains the synagogues of Obadiah, of Jonah, son of Amittai, and of Nahum the Elkoshite. It is three days hence to Rahabah,
- 50. which is Rehoboth, by the river Euphrates, and contains about two thousand Jews, the principal of whom are R. Ezekiah, R. Ehud, and R. Isaac. The city is surrounded by a wall, it is very handsome, large, and well fortified; and the environs abound with gardens and orchards. One day to Karkisia[217], the Carchemish of Scripture, on the banks of the Euphrates, containing about five hundred Jewish inhabitants, of whom the principal are R. Isaac and R. Elchanan. Two days to Juba, which is Pumbeditha, in Nehardea; it contains about two thousand Jews, some of them eminent scholars. The rabbi R. Chen, R. Moses, and R. Eliakim are the principal. Here the traveller may see the sepulchres of R. Juda and R. Samuel, opposite two synagogues which they erected during their lives; as well as the sepulchres of R. Bosthenai, the prince of the captivity, of R. Nathan, and of R. Nachman, the son of Papa[218]. Five days to Hardah (or Hadrah), containing fifteen thousand Jews, of whom R. Saken, R. Joseph, and R. Nathaniel are the principal. Two days to Akbara, the city which was built by Jeconiah, king of Juda; it contains about ten thousand Jews, the principal of whom are R. Joshua and R. Nathan. Two days from thence stands Bagdad, the large metropolis of the khalif Emir-al-Mumenin al Abassi, of the family of their prophet, who is the chief of the Mohammedan religion[219]. All Mohammedan kings acknowledge him, and he holds the same dignity over them which the pope enjoys over the Christians. The palace of the khalif at Bagdad is three miles in extent. It contains a large park filled with all sorts of trees, both useful and ornamental, and all kinds of beasts, as well as a pond of water carried thither from the river Tigris; and whenever the khalif desires to enjoy himself and to sport and carouse, birds, beasts, and fishes are prepared for him and for his courtiers, whom he invites to his palace. This great Abasside is extremely friendly towards the Jews, many of his officers being of that nation; he understands all languages, is well versed in the Mosaic law, and reads and writes the Hebrew tongue. He enjoys nothing but what he earns by the labour of his own hands, and therefore manufactures coverlets, which he stamps with his seal, and which his officers sell in the public market; these articles are
- 51. purchased by the nobles of the land, and from their produce his necessaries are provided. The khalif is an excellent man, trustworthy and kind-hearted towards every one, but generally invisible to the Mohammedans. The pilgrims, who come hither from distant countries on their way to Mecca in Yemen, desire to be presented to him, and thus address him from the palace: Our lord, light of the Mohammedans and splendour of our religion, show us the brightness of thy countenance; but he heeds not their words. His servants and officers then approach and pray: O lord, manifest thy peace to these men who come from distant lands and desire shelter in the shadow of thy glory. After this petition, he rises and puts one corner of his garment out of the window, which the pilgrims eagerly kiss. One of the lords then addresses them thus: Go in peace, for our lord, the light of the Mohammedans, is well pleased and gives you his blessing. This prince being esteemed by them equal to their prophet, they proceed on their way, full of joy at the words addressed to them by the lord who communicated the message of peace. All the brothers and other members of the khalif's family are accustomed to kiss his garments. Every one of them possesses a palace within that of the khalif, but they are all bound with chains of iron, and a special officer is appointed over each household to prevent their rising in rebellion against the great king. These measures are taken in consequence of what occurred some time ago, when the brothers rebelled and elected a king among themselves; to prevent which in future it was decreed, that all the members of the khalif's family should be chained, in order to prevent their rebellious intentions. Every one of them, however, resides in his palace, and is there much honoured; and they possess villages and towns, the rents of which are collected for them by their stewards. They eat and drink, and lead a merry life. The palace of the great king contains large buildings, pillars of gold and silver, and treasures of precious stones. The khalif leaves his palace but once every year, viz. at the time of the feast called Ramadan; on which occasion many visitors assemble from distant parts, in order to have an opportunity of beholding his
- 52. countenance. He then bestrides the royal mule, dressed in kingly robes, which are composed of gold and silver cloth. On his head he wears a turban, ornamented with precious stones of inestimable value; but over this turban is thrown a black veil, as a sign of humility, and as much as to say: See all this worldly honour will be converted into darkness on the day of death. He is accompanied by a numerous retinue of Mohammedan nobles, arrayed in rich dresses and riding upon horses, princes of Arabia, of Media, of Persia, and even of Tibet, a country distant three months' journey from Arabia. The procession goes from the palace to the mosque at the Bozra gate, which is the metropolitan mosque. All who walk in procession, both men and women, are dressed in silk and purple. The streets and squares are enlivened with singing and rejoicing, and by parties who dance before the great king, called khalif. He is saluted loudly by the assembled crowd, who cry: Blessed art thou, our lord and king. He thereupon kisses his garment, and by holding it in his hand, acknowledges and returns the compliment. The procession moves on into the court of the mosque, where the khalif mounts a wooden pulpit and expounds their law unto them. The learned Mohammedans rise, pray for him, and praise his great kindness and piety; upon which the whole assembly answer, Amen! The khalif then pronounces his blessing, and kills a camel, which is led thither for that purpose, and this is their offering. It is distributed to the nobles, who send portions of it to their friends, who are eager to taste of the meat killed by the hands of their holy king, and are much rejoiced therewith. The khalif, after this ceremony, leaves the mosque, and returns alone, along the banks of the Tigris, to his palace, the noble Mohammedans accompanying him in boats, until he enters this building. He never returns by the way he came; and the path on the bank of the river is carefully guarded all the year round, so as to prevent any one treading in his footsteps. The khalif never leaves his palace again for a whole year. He is a pious and benevolent man, and has erected buildings on the other side of the river, on the banks of an arm of the Euphrates, which runs on one side of the city. These buildings include many large houses, streets, and hostelries for the sick poor, who resort thither in order to be
- 53. cured. There are about sixty medical warehouses here, all well provided from the king's stores with spices and other necessaries; and every patient who claims assistance is fed at the king's expense, until his cure is completed. There is further a large building, called Dar-al-Maraphtan[220], in which are confined all the insane persons who are met with, particularly during the hot season, every one of whom is secured by iron chains until his reason returns, when he is allowed to return to his home. For this purpose they are regularly examined once a month by officers appointed by the king for that purpose; and when they are found to be possessed of reason they are immediately liberated. All this is done by the king in pure charity towards all who come to Bagdad, either ill or insane; for the king is a pious man, and his intention is excellent in this respect. Bagdad contains about one thousand Jews, who enjoy peace, comfort, and much honour under the government of the great king. Among them are very wise men and presidents of the colleges, whose occupation is the study of the Mosaic law. The city contains ten colleges. The principal of the great college is the rabbi R. Samuel, the son of Eli, principal of the college Geon Jacob; the provost of the Levites is the president of the second; R. Daniel, the master of the third college; R. Eleasar, the fellow, presides over the fourth; R. Eleasar, the son of Tsemach, is chief of the fifth college; he is master of the studies, and possesses a pedigree of his descent from the prophet Samuel, who rests in peace, and he and his brothers know the melodies that were sung in the temple during its existence; R. Chasadiah, principal fellow, is the master of the sixth, R. Chagai, the prince, the principal of the seventh, and R. Esra, the president of the eighth college; R. Abraham, called Abu Tahir, presides over the ninth, and R. Zakhai, son of Bosthenai, master of the studies, is president of the tenth college. All these are called Batlanim, i. e. the Idle: because their sole occupation consists in the discharge of public business. During every day of the week they dispense justice to all the Jewish inhabitants of the country, except Monday, which is set aside for assemblies under the presidency of
- 54. the rabbi Samuel, master of the college Geon Jacob, who on that day dispenses justice to every applicant, and is assisted therein by the other Batlanim, presidents of the colleges. The principal of all these, however, is R. Daniel, the son of Chisdai, who bears the titles of Prince of the Captivity and Lord, and who possesses a pedigree which proves his descent from king David. The Jews call him Lord, Prince of the Captivity, and the Mohammedans entitle him Saidna Ben Daoud, noble descendant of David. He holds great command over all Jewish congregations under the authority of the Emir-al-Mumenin, the lord of the Mohammedans, who has commanded that he shall be respected, and has confirmed his power by granting him a seal of office. Every one of his subjects, whether he be Jew or Mohammedan or of any other faith, is commanded to rise in the presence of the prince of the captivity, and to salute him respectfully, under a penalty of one hundred stripes. Whenever he pays a visit to the king, he is escorted by numerous horsemen, both Jews and Gentiles, and a crier proclaims aloud: Make way before our lord the son of David, as becomes his dignity; in Arabic, Amilu tarik la-saidna ben-Daud. Upon these occasions he rides upon a horse, and his dress is composed of embroidered silk; on his head he wears a large turban covered with a white cloth, and surmounted by a chain (or diadem). The authority of the prince of the captivity extends over the countries of Mesopotamia, Persia, Khorassan, Seba, which is Yemen, Diarbekh, all Armenia and the land of Kota near Mount Ararat, over the country of the Alanians, which is shut in by mountains, and has no outlet except by the iron gates which were made by Alexander, over Sikbia and all the provinces of the Turkmans unto the Aspisian mountains, over the country of the Georgians unto the river Oxus (these are the Girgasim of Scripture, and believe in Christianity), and as far as the frontiers of the provinces and cities of Tibet and India. All the Jewish congregations of these different countries receive authority from the prince of captivity to elect rabbis and ministers, all of whom appear before him in order to receive consecration[221] and the permission to officiate, upon which occasions presents and valuable gifts are
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