SYSTEMATIC and TAXONOMY: Components and Challengesmain(1).ppt
- 2. Introduction to Systematics •Definition from the latinized Greek word “systema” (organized whole) as applied to systems of classification developed by early naturalists, notably Carolus Linnaeus (1735, Systema naturae). According to G.G. Simpson (1961) defined it as the scientific study of the kinds & diversity of organisms & of any & all relationships and biological interactions among them. (the science of the diversity of organisms). Phenetic – similarity Phylogenetic – kinship by descent from common ancestors
- 3. • Trophic – food relationship • Geographic – spatial • Systematic is the study of the historical relationships of groups of biological organisms. The recognition and understanding of biodiversity. Tracing phylogeny is one goal of systematics hence, it is considered the study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context.
- 4. • Broad overlap in the terms systematic & taxonomy in dealing with the diversity & uniqueness of life, but there is also subtle difference. • Taxonomy derived from Greek word “taxis” (arrangement) & “nomos” (law). • First proposed in its French form by De Candolle (1813) for the Theory of Plant Classification.
- 5. Taxonomy • Basically, the theory & practice of classifying organisms • It has 2 type of divisions: • 1. Classification – arrangement of the kinds of organisms from smaller to larger groups. • 2. nomenclature – procedure of assigning names to the kinds & groups of organisms to be classified.
- 6. taxonomy • Hierarchical system involving successive levels • Each group at any level is called a taxon • Domain: Highest Level All of life to one of 3 domains Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
- 7. DEFINITION OF TERMS • Biodiversity – number & kinds of organisms • Biogeography – the studies of distribution of organisms. Aims to reveal where organisms live, at what abundance and why are they (or are not) found in a certain geographical area. • Classification – the methods of grouping organisms (either natural, artificial & evolutionary, based on homology). • Evolutionary Systematics – seeks to classify organisms using combination of phylogenetic relationship and overall similarity.
- 8. • Homology - similarities among various species that occur, derived from a common ancestor. • Molecular systematics – analysis of genetic data such as DNA and amino acid sequences, to identify and study genetic homologies. • Morphological analysis – first systematic studies focused on morphological features of extinct and modern species. • Nomenclature – defined as the science of naming organisms. • Phylogeny – pattern of evolution • Phylogenetics – the study of evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms (e.g., species, populations), which is discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrix. • Taxonomy – the art & science of describing organisms.
- 9. Scope & Aims of Systematics I. Deal with populations, species, & higher taxa - Supplies needed information about these levels: - cultivates: a. a way of thinking - b. a way of approaching biological problems important for the balance & well – being of biology as a whole.
- 10. 2. Using comparative method, it determines: •What are the unique properties of each species & higher taxon. •What properties that is certain have in common, •What are the biological causes of the differences or shared characters.
- 11. 3. Concerned with variation within taxa Classification makes organic diversity accessible to the other biological disciplines. Systematics hold a unique & indispensable position among biological sciences.
- 12. Aims of Sytematics I. To inventory the world’s kinds of organisms (flora & fauna). II. To provide a method for identification & communication. III. To produce a coherent & universal system of classification. IV. To demonstrate the evolutionary implications of biodiversity.
- 13. SEVEN COMPONENT FIELDS THAT SYSTEMATIC ENCOMPASSED I. Biodiversity II. Taxonomy III. Classification IV. Nomenclature V. Biogeography VI. Evolutionary Biology VII.Phylogenetics
- 14. CONTRIBUTIONS TO OTHER FIELDS IN BIOLOGY Applied Biology Epidemiology of Malaria in Europe - Anopheles maculipennis found throughout the continent. - Nevertheless, malaria was restricted to local districts * money were wasted because of no one understood the connection between the mosquito and the malaria
- 15. • Careful taxonomic studies provided by the key to the problem: A. maculipennis consist of several sibling species with different habitats; only some species are vectors of malaria in a given area. Therefore, the control of the species was directed to specific areas where the organisms that causes of malaria occurs.
- 16. Fern weevil, Syagrius fulvitaris • was a destructive to Sadleria ferns in Hawaii (1920). • C.E Pemberton in 1921 examined an old private insect collection in Sydney, Australia. • One of the specimen was S.fulvitaris; date coll.:1857, with locality • A braconid (parasitoid wasps) parasite on the larvae of the weevil was used to control the weevils.
- 17. Other Fields: • Correct identification & classification of species in agriculture • Public health • Ecology • Conservation • Genetics • Behavioral Biology
- 18. ROLES & PRODUCTS OF SYSTEMATICS IN MODERN BIOLOGY 1. The only science that provides vivid picture of organic diversity (eukaryotes/prokaryotes; sexual/asexual; producer/consumer)/ 2. Provides much of the information for the reconstruction of phylogeny (shows genealogical relationships among species). 3. Reveals evolutionary phenomena making them available for causal study.
- 19. 4. Supplies classifications which have heuristic (leads to discovery) & explanatory value in fields of evolution, biochemistry, ecology and genetics. 5. Supplies almost of all information for the entire branches of biology 6. Makes an important conceptual contributions that would not be easily accessible to experimental biologists.
- 20. HISTORY OF TAXONOMY • Herbs, shrubs and tress • Traditionally, organisms were grouped physical resembalnces. • Grouping plants, animals and microorganism's into increasingly broader categories based on shared features.
- 21. Aristotle 300s BC • Taxonomy is one of the oldest sciences, still a vigorous field full of new discoveries and methods. Great thinkers have shaped the course of classification. • An earliest classification schemes was established by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle. • According into a natural order based on dichotomies. • Those with blood and without blood.
- 22. Middle Ages: 5th Century to the 15th Century A.D. • Scholars translated the common names of organisms into Latin (at the time the language of educated persons). • These names were often long and cumbersome, and included numerous descriptive terms. This complex naming process was simplified into a binomial, naming system in the mid-16th century to mid-17th by a group of naturalists known as herbalists.
- 23. 16th Century • Italian botanist Andrea Cesalpino was the first scientist to classify plants primarily according to structural characteristics, such as their fruits and seeds. • He developed a methods of a character weighting in which he defined certain key characteristics that were important for recognizing plants groups. • This method was adapted by Swiss botanist Caspar Bauhin, who catalogued an extensive list of plants. More significantly, Bauhin was the first to organize plants into a crude system that resembles modern gene and species.
- 24. Animals classification advance in the 16th Century • French naturalist Pierre Belon extensively studied and catalogued birds. He was the first to use adaptation to habitat to divided birds into such groups as: aquatic, wading, birds of prey, perching birds and land birds categories still used informally today.
- 25. 17th Century • English naturalist John Ray was the first to apply the character of weighting method to structural features in animals. • He used the key characteristics, such as the shape and size of the bird beak, to classify birds.
- 26. •Thank you!!!!!