Systemic Mycoses

SUBMITTED BY-KRUTIKA
SHRIVASTAVA
B.TECH(BT) IIIrd yr.
7300

 Mycosis (plural: mycoses) is a fungal infection of
animals, including humans.
 It is of mainly four types –
1. Superficial mycoses
2. Cutaneous mycoses
3. Subcutaneous mycoses
4. Systemic mycoses

 Systemic mycoses are fungal infections affecting
internal organs.
 Fungi enter the body via lungs, through the gut,
para-nasal sinuses or skin
 Then spread via bloodstream to multiple organs
including the skin
 Can cause a tremendous variety of health problems
including digestive difficulties, skin problems ,
asthma, breathing difficulties etc.
 Often causing multiple organs to fail and eventually
resulting in the death of the patient

Systemic mycoses is of two types –
 Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens
 Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens

Systemic mycoses due to primary
pathogens
 Originate primarily in the lungs and may spread to
many organ systems
 Pathogens are dimorphic
 Also known as endemic respiratory infections. These
are mainly of 5 types
 Histoplasma capsulatum (causing histoplasmosis)
 Coccidioides immitis (causing coccidioidomycosis)
 Blastomyces dermatitidis (causing blastomycosis)
 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (causing paracoccidiodomycosis)
 Penicillium marneffei (causing penicilliosis)

 Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
 Attacking lungs, liver, spleen, bone marrow and
occasionally kidneys, adrenals and intestines
Symptoms-
Fever, chills, headache, dry cough, chest discomfort,
liver enlargement etc.
Treatment-
Antifungal drugs through vein depending
on the stage of the disease

 Caused by Coccidioides immitis
 It may occur as either an acute, benign, self-limited
disease or a chronic, malignant disseminated disease
Symptoms-
Rashes, myalgia, shortness of breath, weight loss, night
sweats, influenza etc.
Treatment-
 Fluconazole &
intravenous amphotericin B
 Itraconazole or ketoconazole
are used for immucompromised
patients

 Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis
 Lung infection can occur after a person inhales airborne,
microscopic fungal infection from environment
Symptoms-
Fever, chills, cough, muscle ache, joint pain, chest pain etc.
Treatment-
 Initial phase-
 Oral Ketoconazole
 Itraconazole
 Life threatening infections-
 AMB(Amphotericin B)

 Caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
 Acute or chronic, granulomatous infection primarily of
lungs & disseminates to skin, mucosa & other internal
organs
Symptoms-
Acute pneumonia
Treatment-
 Long term therapy
 AMB combined with sulfonamides
 Oral Itraconazole

 Caused by Penicillium marnefferei
 Persons affected by penicilliosis usually have aids with
low cd4 lymphocyte counts
Symptoms-
Fever, skin lesions, anaemia, lymphadenopathy etc.
Treatment-
 Ketoconazole
 Itraconazole
 Miconazole
 Flucytosine
 Amphotericin B

Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic
pathogens
 Fungi that only result in systemic infection in immune-compromised
or sick people
 Examples of immune compromised conditions include
AIDS, alteration of normal flora by antibiotics,
immunosuppressive therapy, and metastatic cancer
 Its main types are-
 Candida species (causing candidiasis)
 Aspergillus species (causing aspergillosis)
 Cryptococcus (causing cryptococcosis)
 Zygomycetes (causing zygomycosis)

 Caused by yeast- like fungi of genus candida
i.e. Candida albicans
 It is of 2 types- Infectious and Allergic
Symptoms-depend
on area affected, some common symptoms are
redness, itching and discomfort etc.
Treatment-
Antifungal drugs include-
 Topical clotrimazole
 Topical nystatin
 Fuconazole
 Topical ketoconazole
Fig.- oral candidiasis

 caused by Aspergillus fumigatus
 Aspergillus has the tendency to invade blood vessels
Symptoms-superficial
lesions, coughing up of blood,cheast pain, etc.
Treatment-
 Voriconazole
 liposomal amphotericin B

 Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans
 It is an encapsulated yeast and is present in soil and
bird (especially pigeon) droppings
Symptoms-pneumonia
like illness, shortness of breath, skin lesions
may occur, fever, cough etc.
Treatment-
 Intravenous combined with flucytosine
 Amphotericin B and flucytosine
 Fluconazole with amphotericin

 Zygomycosis (also called Mucomycosis) is a generic
term which refers to infections of the class
Zygomycetes (also called Phycomycetes)
Symptoms-
Facial swelling, bulging eye,headache,blurred & double
vision, bleeding from nose etc.
Treatment-
 Antifungal agents
 amphotericin B
 Fungizone,amphocine,ambisome
 Liposomal amphotericin B
 ablecet

Immune compromised people are at risk of
systemic mycoses. Immunodeficiency can result
from:
 Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection
 Systemic malignancy (cancer)
 Neutropaenia (low white blood cell count)
 Organ transplant recipients
 After a major surgical operation
 Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
 Very old or very young

 The most reliable tests to confirm infection are
skin biopsy for histological (microscopic)
analysis, and fungal culture.
 Blood can also be cultured.
Fig :- culture of Histoplasma
capsulatum (histoplasmosis)

 Fungal infections are diseases caused by fungi.
Only about 180 types of fungi on the existing
1,00,000 are pathogenic for humans.
 Itching, unsightly staining of certain areas of the
skin, burning, mainly mucosal are the common
symptoms
 As fungal infections are very stubborn, several
preparations, which specifically inhibit the
proliferation of fungi, are available to treat fungal
infections.
 Depending on the location of the infection, local
preparations in the form of creams or sprays are
used. For the systemic treatment, tablets are used.

o Systemic Mycoses: An Overview for Modern Natural Health
Professionals
By R. Thiel, Ph.D., Nutrition Scientist and Clinical
Naturopath
o MYCOLOGY - CHAPTER SEVEN,OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES,by
Dr. Art DiSalvo
o Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 6th Edition
o DermNetNZ.com
o Patient.co.uk
o http://www.healthresearch.com
o www.wikipedia.com for
mycoses,penicilliosi,aspergilliosis,candidiasis,coccidiodomyc
oses,cryptococcosis,zygomycosis.
o www.rightdiagnosis.com
o www.nytimes.com

Systemic Mycoses

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