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- 5. Chapter 7: Development Strategies Chapter 7 – Development Strategies: Chapter 7 considers various development strategies for the new system, and plans for the transition to the systems design phase. Questions 1. Describe the concept of software as a service rather than a product. Is this an important trend? Why or why not? This certainly is an important trend! Students might refer to the Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA) statement that the concept of software as a service is redefining the way that companies develop and deploy their information systems. SIIA also stated that many observers expect traditional packaged applications to be replaced by Web-based services that remove the responsibility for installation, maintenance, and upgrades from a company’s in-house staff. 2. Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical application software. Suggest two examples of each type. A software package that can be used by many different types of organizations is called a horizontal application. An accounting package or a payroll program is a good example of a horizontal application because it can be utilized by many different businesses. In contrast, a software package developed to handle information requirements for a specific type of business is called a vertical application. Example might include software specifically designed for auto dealerships, medical practices, and rental management firms. 3. What are three typical reasons why companies develop their own information systems? The most common reason for a company to choose to develop its own information system is that the company has unique requirements that no software package can satisfy. Other typical reasons for in-house development include the following: a software package could cause major changes to current operations, procedures, or data processing; the new software must work with the company's existing information systems; the software must be compatible with the company's existing hardware and systems software; in-house IT resources provide a competitive edge and an in-house IT staff has a better understanding of the organization’s information needs. 4. What are user applications? Suggest three examples that could boost user productivity. Business requirements sometimes can be fulfilled by a user application, rather than a formal information system or commercial package. A user application utilizes standard business software, such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, or tablet/cell phone apps, which have been configured enhance user productivity. For example, to help a sales rep respond rapidly to customer price requests, an IT support person can set up a form letter with links to a spreadsheet that calculates incentives and discounts.
- 6. 5. What are main steps in the software acquisition process? The process of acquiring software involves a series of steps: evaluate the system requirements, consider network and Web-related issues, identify potential software vendors or outsourcing options, evaluate the alternatives, perform cost-benefit analysis, prepare a recommendation, and implement the solution. During software acquisition, a company can use a request for proposal (RFP) or a request for quotation (RFQ). An RFP invites vendors to respond to a list of system requirements and features; an RFQ seeks bids for a specific product or service. 6. What is an RFP, and how does it differ from an RFQ? A request for proposal (RFP) is a written list of the information system requirements that you give to prospective software vendors before you decide on a specific package. RFPs help the vendors determine whether they have a product that is a possible software solution. A request for quotation (RFQ) solicits price and related information from vendors for the particular hardware and/or software products you specify in the proposal. The RFP tends to be open-ended in terms of the possible solutions sought by the organization, while the RFQ usually identifies a specific solution. 7. What is the purpose of a benchmark test? Suggest at least two examples of benchmarks. A benchmark test measures the time a software package takes to process a set number of transactions to ensure that the software package will be able to handle the required processing load. Benchmarks might measure input, output, or throughput – or all three. 8. What is an evaluation model? How would you create a weighted evaluation model? When you evaluate several responses to an RFP, you might find it helpful to use an evaluation model. An evaluation model is a technique that uses a common yardstick to measure and compare vendor ratings. To create a weighted model, you assign each element receives a rating based on its relative importance. 9. What decisions might management reach at the end of the systems analysis phase, and what would be the next step in each case? At the end of the systems analysis phase, management might decide to develop an in-house system (the next step is systems design), modify the current information system (the next step is systems design), purchase and/or customize a software package (the next step might be systems implementation, systems design, or planning for testing and documentation of modifications made by the vendor), perform additional work on the systems analysis phase (the next step is to do further systems analysis work), or terminate further work on the information system (the next step is to begin work on another information systems alternative). 10. Explain the relationship between logical and physical design. You develop the logical design of an information system during the systems analysis phase of the SDLC. The logical design defines the functions and features of the system and the relationships among its components. The logical design includes the output that must be produced by the system,
- 7. the input needed by the system, and the processes that must be performed by the system without regard to how tasks will be accomplished physically. Logical design defines what must take place, not how it is to be accomplished. In contrast, the physical design of an information system is a plan for the actual implementation of the system. You develop the physical design during the systems design phase of the SDLC. The physical design is built on the system’s logical design and describes a specific implementation, much like a working blueprint describes the actual construction of a building. Discussion Topics 1. As more companies outsource systems development, will there be less need for in-house systems analysts? Why or why not? Answers will vary. Outsourcing might result in less need for in-house developers, but even more need for analysts who can understand business requirements, plan, acquire, and configure outsourced applications. Also, many firms are reluctant to outsource mission-critical IT systems or systems that might involve sensitive data. Because of these considerations, it is unlikely that outsourcing will result in a decline in systems analyst employment. 2. How has the proliferation of mobile devices affected IT professionals? In the constantly changing world of IT, no area is more dynamic than Internet technology. Three examples of evolving trends are Web 2.0, cloud computing, and mobile devices. Systems analysts should be aware of these trends and consider them as they plan large-scale systems. Mobile devices have become commonplace. Smartphones and tablets are now found in personal use and across the enterprise in most organizations. Developing apps for mobile devices requires new platforms, such as IBM’s Bluemix shown in Figure 7-5. Mobile devices introduce a slew of new challenges for IT professionals. These include managing the BYOD movement, security concerns, and overall lack of control of employee computing capabilities. But mobile devices also offer several improvements in the IT professional’s life, such as the ability to call upon computing resources as needed. 3. Suppose you tried to explain the concept of throwaway prototyping to a manager, and she responded by asking, “So, is throwaway prototyping a waste of time and money?” How would you reply? Students should understand that not every prototype evolves into a finished system. Actually, most prototypes are used to verify user requirements, after which the prototype is discarded and implementation continues. Although this method is called design prototyping, or throwaway prototyping, point out that the objectives are important and can save time and money during systems development. Students should suggest that regardless of the terminology, the end product of throwaway prototyping is a user-approved design model that documents and benchmarks the features of the finished system.
- 8. 4. Select a specific type of vertical application software to investigate. Visit local computer stores and use the Internet to determine what software packages are available. Describe the common features of those packages and the features that distinguish one product from another. Vertical application software includes packages designed for specific business operations such as medical offices, colleges, banks, hospitals, insurance companies, construction companies, real estate firms, airlines, and hotel chains. Have students identify two or three examples and develop a checklist that shows the common features and unique features (if any) that each package offers. 5. Select a specific type of horizontal application software to investigate. Visit local computer stores and use the Internet to determine what software packages are available. Describe the common features of those packages and the features that distinguish one product from another. Typical horizontal application software for microcomputers includes payroll packages, contact management systems, personal information management packages, and inventory management software. Generic point-of-sale (POS) software also is considered a horizontal application. If students identify two or three examples, have them develop a checklist that shows the common features and unique features (if any) that each package offers. Projects 1. The text mentions several firms and organizations that offer IT benchmarking. Locate another benchmarking firm on the Internet, and write a description of the services it offers. Students should be able to find many examples of firms that offer benchmark testing. This would be a good assignment to practice some of the Internet search skills that are described in Part D of the Systems Analyst’s Toolkit. 2. Investigate the ROI of cloud-based software development environments. There is a trend towards the increased use of completely online, cloud-based development environments. Some of the advantages of a cloud-based development platform include an OS-neutral environment, automatic maintenance and updates of the platform’s capabilities for all team members, and ubiquitous access irrespective of device via a web browser interface. Some of the disadvantages of a cloud-based development platform include potential latency issues with the user interface if network connectivity is poor, lack of integration with existing tools, and security and/or privacy concerns with data stored in the cloud. 3. Turn to Part C of the Systems Analyst’s Toolkit and review the concept of net present value (NPV). Determine the NPV for the following: An information system will cost $95,000 to implement over a one-year period and will produce no savings during that year. When the system goes online, the
- 9. company will save $30,000 during the first year of operation. For the next four years, the savings will be $20,000 per year. Assuming a 12 percent discount rate, what is the NPV of the system? An NPV analysis follows: Project Assignment 2: Net Present Value Analysis Information System Benefits and Costs: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Benefits - 30,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 Factor (12%) 1.000 0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636 0.567 PV of Benefits - 26,790 15,940 14,240 12,720 11,340 81,030 Costs 95,000 Factor (12%) 1.000 0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636 0.567 PV of Costs 95,000 - - - - - 95,000 Net Present Value: (13,970) Notice that the NPV is a negative 13,970. In this example, what looked like an attractive project turned out not to be economically feasible. Why is this so? If no adjustment factor were used, the total benefits would exceed the total costs by $15,000. The primary reason for the negative outcome is the time value of money. Students should recognize that the $95,000 in costs would have to be spent up front, and paid for with today’s dollars. The benefits, on the other hand, would not be realized immediately and were worth less in terms of today’s dollars. This is a good example of the importance of NPV analysis.
- 10. 4. Visit the IT department at your school or at a local company and determine whether the information systems were developed in-house or purchased as software packages. If packages were acquired, determine what customizing was done, if any. Write a brief memo describing the results of your visit. Answers will vary. Encourage students to find out why the decisions were made, if possible, and share the results with the class. 5. To create user applications as described in this chapter, systems analysts often use macros. Microsoft defines a macro as “a series of commands and instructions that you group together as a single command to accomplish a task automatically.” Learn more about macros by using the Help feature in Microsoft Word, and identify three tasks that might be performed by macros. Answers will vary. Many students are not aware of the power and potential of macros. Explain that recording a macro is like using a tape recorder to capture a number of keystrokes and mouse clicks, and then replaying the entire series with a single command, whenever desired. Point out that a macro can be used instead of a command that requires digging two or three levels deep into the menu structure. In the Help section, Microsoft includes the following examples of typical uses for macros: • To speed up routine editing and formatting • To combine multiple commands; for example, inserting a table with a specific size and borders, and with a specific number of rows and columns • To make an option in a dialog box more accessible • To automate a complex series of tasks
- 11. Other documents randomly have different content
- 13. The Press publishes also, in the ordinary course of business, large numbers of books for which the Delegates assume a less particular responsibility; these are issued with the London imprint of the Publisher to the University (Oxford University Press: London, Humphrey Milford) or those of its branches abroad (Oxford University Press American Branch, Oxford University Press Indian Branch and so on), or on behalf of the numerous universities, learned societies, or private publishers for whom the University Press publishes either universally or in certain parts of the world. Among the bodies for whom the Press acts as publisher are the British Museum, the British Academy, the Early English Text Society, the Chaucer Society, and the Philological Society; the Egypt Exploration Society, Society of Antiquaries, the Pali Text Society, the
- 14. U Church Music Society, and the Royal Society of Literature; the Universities of St. Andrews, Bombay, and Madras; the University Presses of Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Princeton; the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, the American Historical Association, and the American Scandinavian Foundation. The Oxford Medical Publications and some other books are issued with the joint imprint of Henry Frowde (Mr. Humphrey Milford’s predecessor as Publisher to the University) and Hodder and Stoughton. The Press is publisher in Australia to many English houses. § 8. Catalogues and Advertisement NTIL recent years the Press has relied on its trade catalogues and special lists, and on the skilled assistance of the bookseller, to make known to the public the great number and variety of its issues of the Bible, the New Testament, Prayer Books, Hymn Books, and kindred works, as well as of its general publications—reprints, medical books, elementary books and so on; while the Clarendon Press Catalogue of learned and educational books was a relatively modest affair of under 200 pages. The need of a single general catalogue for the information of librarians and book-lovers had long been felt, but pressure of business delayed its preparation until the late Mr. Charles Cannan addressed himself to the task, and with the devoted co- operation of his daughters (who had replaced the members of the office staff gone forth to war) and the advice of many scholars, produced in 1916 the first edition of the General Catalogue, comprising over 500 pages of close print and including under one comprehensive classification all the secular books sold by the Press, wheresoever printed, and whether published by the University on its own account or on behalf of other University Presses or learned bodies; together with a representative list of Bibles, &c. (useful to the inquirer though not intended as any substitute for the elaborate trade catalogues or for the indispensable guidance of the expert bookseller), and a very full alphabetical index.
- 15. The General Catalogue has in the second edition been brought up to January 1920, and a third edition is in preparation. Supplements are also from time to time issued comprehending the books published since the current edition of the Catalogue. The Supplement now current comprises all books published in 1920. For the convenience of specialists the Catalogue is also issued in sections— History, Literature, the Classics, Natural Science, Cheap Reprints—and special lists have recently been made of books on such subjects as the British Empire, International Law and Politics, India, Modern Philosophy. Schoolmasters and University teachers are asked to apply for the Select Educational Catalogue issued at frequent intervals, which by omission of the larger and more elaborate books allows of illustrative information for which there is no room in the general catalogue. The General Catalogue has been computed to contain over 8,000 distinct books or editions of books. These vary from such works as the New English Dictionary and the Dictionary of National Biography, with their 15,000 and 30,000 pages, to the smallest and cheapest pamphlets and school-books. The total may be guessed to comprise something like two and a half millions of printed pages of which no two are identical. The issue of the Catalogue has secured a wide and increasing recognition of the comprehensive character of Oxford publications. ‘There are publishers and publishers, but there is only one Oxford University Press’, exclaims a writer in the Athenaeum; and many reviewers have noted with sympathetic admiration the value of the Catalogue, not as a mere price list but as a work of reference and as a book to read. Though it necessarily requires revision as new publications accrue, it is hoped that the Catalogue will not be treated as ‘throw-away literature’. It is a well-printed and solidly bound book, and the cost of supplying free copies to book-buyers all over the world is not inconsiderable. The Press produces two periodicals descriptive of its publications: the official Bulletin distributed to booksellers, librarians, and other professional buyers, and the unofficial Periodical addressed to amateurs. Number 1 of the Bulletin (4 April 1912) consisted of a single page; but the desire for more information was widely expressed, and a recent number contains in eight pages a classified list of books published during four weeks, with bibliographical and other particulars, a statement of the various catalogues obtainable on application, extracts from reviews, and a list of books which have gone out of print since the current issue of the catalogue. This list is designed to protect booksellers and the public against the assumption, too
- 16. frequently made, that any and every book is ‘out of print’ which cannot be produced at a moment’s notice. The public are asked not to believe too easily that books are unobtainable. A provincial bookseller (in a University town) recently declared himself ‘unable to trace’ an Oxford book, published in 1920, reviewed at length by the leading literary papers, and advertised nearly every other week in the Times Literary Supplement. Many books no doubt (though not many Oxford books) have been and still are out of print; and in the absence of an up-to-date index of current books, the difficulties of the bookseller have been great. Now, however, when the 1920 edition of the trade Reference Catalogue is available, with its single alphabetical index (of 1,075 pages in double column), the ascertainment of the facts is not difficult except in so far as the catalogues indexed have themselves become obsolete. All information about Oxford books that is not in the 1920 Reference Catalogue may be found in the Supplement of Books published in 1920, or in the cumulative list of Price Changes, or in the Bulletin; all of which every bookseller has, or may have for the asking. With the Bulletin is issued from time to time a supplement calling the attention of librarians and others to Oxford books in some special field. The circulation of the Bulletin is about 2,000. The Periodical is a ‘house magazine’, perhaps the first of its kind. It was first published in December 1896, and now appears five times a year. Its contents include extracts, of sufficient length to be readable, from new Oxford books, specimen illustrations, quotations from reviews and other newspaper comment on the productions of the Press, obituaries and other honorific notices of authors (on appointment, decoration, or the like), and a certain amount of quasi-literary gossip; for even authors have their foibles. The original editor, who has compiled every number for a quarter of a century, is still at his post, and the popularity of the little paper increases. The demand comes from all over the world—the United States takes nearly half the total and the number of copies distributed gratis of each issue now exceeds ten thousand. Oxford Bibles and Prayer Books can be inspected in mass at many booksellers’, as well as in the Depository at 116 High Street, Oxford, and in the showrooms at Amen Corner, in Edinburgh and Glasgow, and in the Branches overseas. Lack of space has everywhere made it impossible to exhibit the far greater number of Clarendon Press and other secular books on the same scale, but the books may be seen on application at any of the Press offices, and the popular series, gift books, &c., are always displayed. It is hoped before long to increase the space available for this purpose in the
- 17. T Oxford Depository, and to exhibit there all Clarendon Press books, arranged by subjects as in the Catalogue, so that members of the University and visitors may be able to inspect at one time and place all the books offered in any subject that may concern them. It is hoped to find room for separate exhibits of school-books, maps, and ‘juvenile’ books, so that the busy schoolmaster, with half an hour to spare in Oxford, may make a rapid survey of the contents of the Educational catalogue. § 9. The Press and its Authors HE Index to the General Catalogue contains the names of some three thousand living authors and editors. With almost all of these the Press deals direct, and not through agents, and their friendly co-operation is of immense service to the Delegates and their officers both in planning books and in securing for them the widest publicity. Many of the books accepted by the Press are such as in the ordinary way of business would not secure a publisher except under subvention from the author or some favourer of learning; and of these the remuneration (or at least the direct remuneration; for the publication of solid books, like the knowledge of Greek in former times, ‘not infrequently leads to positions of emolument’) is recognized as being nominal, and necessarily inadequate to the labour and skill lavished upon the work. But for books commanding a remunerative sale, if they are of a suitable kind, the Press is prepared to pay the full market value; and it is believed that not many of its authors are dissatisfied with the bargains they have made. ‘It is an immense advantage to an author to be printed by a famous Press’, is the opinion of a veteran of letters, whose name appears in many publishers’ catalogues. It is the aim of the Oxford Press to place at its authors’ service its capacity for accurate and beautiful printing and binding, the goodwill attached
- 18. to the University imprint, and the selling power enjoyed by its very large organization in the United Kingdom and throughout the world. Publication by the Press gives to an author the further security that his book will not be remaindered, pulped, or allowed to go out of print on the mere ground that it does not enjoy a rapid sale. It is still sometimes said that ‘the Press does not advertise’. It is believed that Oxford books, in an exceptional degree, advertise themselves and each other—‘the Oxford book’, says an American advertisement, ‘is half sold already’; but the magnitude and variety of its business enable the Press to maintain an elaborate organization of ‘publicity’, which directs its efforts both to the booksellers and to the public at large. It relies largely upon the distribution, in many thousands of copies annually, of its catalogues and bulletins, on the direct dispatch of prospectuses to a large yet carefully selected constituency of buyers in various fields, and on the incalculable factor of public and private discussion. The value of judicious newspaper advertisement is not overlooked, as readers of the Times Literary Supplement well know.
- 21. S § 10. Bibles and Prayer Books OME account has already been given of the exercise by the University of its privilege of printing ‘the King’s books’ in early times. The modern history of the printing and publishing of the Bible and the Book of Common Prayer is a large subject. The University of Oxford, like the other privileged printers, has appreciated the obligations attached to the privilege as well as the opportunities which it affords. Every attention has been paid to accuracy and excellence of printing and binding, to the provision of editions suited to every purpose and every eyesight, and to the efficient and economical distribution of the books all over the world at low prices. In all these respects a standard has been reached which is unknown in any other kind of printing and publishing, and which is only made possible by long experience, continuous production, and intensive specialization. The modern Bible is so convenient to read and to handle that its bulk is not always realized; it is actually more than four times as long as David Copperfield. A reference Bible is, also, a highly complicated piece of printing. Accuracy is secured by the employment of highly-skilled compositors and readers—a new Bible is ‘read’ from beginning to end many times—and by the use of the best material processes; for all Bibles are printed from copper plates on the most modern machines, and the sheets are carefully scrutinized as they come from the press. The Oxford Press offers a guinea for the discovery of a misprint; but very few guineas have been earned. The bulk and weight of Bibles are kept down by the use of very thin and opaque paper, specially made at the Press Mill at Wolvercote. The use of such
- 22. paper, and especially of the Oxford India paper, the combination in which of thinness with opacity has never been equalled, may be said to have revolutionized the printing of Bibles, by making possible the use of large clear type in a book of moderate size and weight. Of the Prayer Book as of the Bible a large number of editions is offered to suit all fashions and purposes, and this in spite of the serious risks arising from the liability to change of the ‘royal’ prayers. A demise of the Crown, or the marriage of a Prince of Wales, makes it necessary to print a large number of cancel sheets, which have to be substituted for the old sheets in all copies held in stock or in the hands of booksellers. A hundred years ago there were nineteen Oxford Bibles and twenty-one editions of the Book of Common Prayer. There are now more than a hundred of each. The Revised Version of the Bible, the copyright of which belongs to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge jointly, is also published in a large variety of editions.
- 23. B § 11. Clarendon Press Books Y Clarendon Press Books are meant the learned, educational, and other ‘Standard’ works produced under the close supervision of the Delegates and their Oxford Secretariate, and printed at Oxford. These books have a long history, and the Catalogue contains very many titles which have been continuously on sale for nearly a century. The Coptic New Testament of
- 24. Wilkins, published in 1716, is believed to have been continuously on sale at the original price of 12s. 6d. until the last copy was sold in 1907, only a few years short of the second century. The current edition of the General Catalogue mentions as ‘the oldest Oxford book still on sale’ another edition of the Coptic New Testament by Woide, published in 1799 and now sold for two guineas; but it has since been noticed that an injustice had been done, and that pride of place should have been given to the Gothic Gospel, a magnificently printed quarto published in 1750, of which some dozen copies (at 30s.) still remain. These are extreme examples; they are, however, the result not of oblivion or of indifference, but of a policy which has long been and is still being pursued. The Press produces many works of learning which are so securely based that it is known that the demand, however small, will persist as long as there are copies unsold; and it is the practice of the Press to print from type large editions of such books. Clarendon Press books are neither wasted nor sold as remainders, and when a book goes out of print, some natural tears are shed. This is one end of the scale; at the other are books commanding a large and rapid sale, books like the Oxford Book of English Verse or the Concise Oxford Dictionary and livres de circonstance like Why We are at War, which was published in September 1914 and in a few months went through twelve impressions and was translated into six foreign languages. Books of this kind are produced in mass, as cheaply as is consistent with a high standard of workmanship, and are sold all over the world in competition with rival publications and by the employment of appropriate methods of advertisement. Between these two classes lies a great mass of miscellaneous books, too general in character to admit of description here. They are in many languages, ancient and modern, of the East and of the West; of all fields of knowledge, divine, human, and natural; and of all stages of history from the Stone Age to the Great War. It follows necessarily that Clarendon Press books appeal to widely different publics and call for the application of various instruments of distribution and publicity. All, however, benefit by the widely diffused appreciation of the standards of scholarship and of literary form which the Press has set itself to uphold. The public expects much of any Oxford book, and the satisfaction of that expectation is often onerous; but the necessary effort is justified by the results—‘the Oxford book is half sold already’.
- 26. III T H E P R E S S A B R O A D § 1. The Press in India HE activities of the Press in India are of relatively recent date. Until 1912, when a branch was opened in Bombay, Oxford books had been accessible only to those who were determined to procure them. The existence of a distributing centre made it possible to reach more directly the educational and the general public. But it early became apparent to the Manager—Mr. E. V. Rieu of Balliol College— that the educational needs of India could only to a small extent be met by direct importation; that it was necessary to adapt existing books to the special requirements of the country, and to create new books similar in kind. In the course of a few years many such books were produced, at first chiefly in England, but later to an increasing degree in India itself. By 1918 at least a dozen native presses were engaged in printing and binding for the Branch. These books range from ‘simplified classics’ to editions of Shakespeare’s plays, from school geographies to handbooks for students of medicine and law. At the same time the sale of more advanced Oxford books was largely increased. A brief description is given elsewhere of the books produced at Oxford upon the history and art of India as well as upon its classical literature and its religions. Books like Mr. Vincent Smith’s Early History of India and his Fine Art in India command a wide sale among the educated natives of India. Another field of enterprise is in vernacular education. Here the opportunities are vast, but the difficulties are great, for in most provinces many languages are spoken, and no one press is adequately equipped with the numerous founts of type required to deal with the vernaculars of India as a whole. The Branch was therefore fortunate in being, in 1916, invited by the Government of the Central Provinces to produce a series of Readers—in Hindi and Marathi —for use in schools throughout the province. At that time no paper could be imported from England, and the staff of the Branch was depleted by war. Nevertheless, within a year over half a million volumes had been written, printed, and illustrated, and were ready for distribution over a country nearly twice as large as England and Wales.
- 27. The activities of the Branch in placing the issues of the War before Indian readers in a true light attracted in 1918 the attention of Government; and the Branch was engaged by the Central Publicity Bureau to produce an illustrated War Magazine and a mass of pamphlets in English and the vernacular tongues. In spite of these preoccupations the Branch has been able to emulate the activities of the Press at home by co-operating with learned bodies in India to produce books of scientific value. Notable among its publications in this kind are the historical treatises of Mr. Rawlinson, Mr. Kincaid, Mr. Mookerji, and other writers, and the economic studies published on behalf of the Universities of Bombay and Madras. Mention may also be made here of the Classics of Indian History which are being issued by the Press. In reviewing the latest volume of the series— Meadows Taylor’s Story of My Life—The Times Literary Supplement says: ‘It is one of those books from which history hereafter will be written. The great books—in one sense or other—like Colonel Mark Wilks’s Historical Sketches of Southern India, Grant Duff’s History of the Mahrattas, Tod’s Rajasthan, Broughton’s Letters from a Mahratta Camp, must be supplemented not only by the native records, which are more and more becoming accessible, but by the personal narratives of Englishmen who lived in out-of-the-way places and entered into the lives of the rural inhabitants of India. Beside Colonel Sleeman’s Reminiscences must be put the autobiography of Meadows Taylor, a much superior book.’ Of the books mentioned by The Times, Sleeman’s and Tod’s have already been issued, uniform with Meadows Taylor’s, Dubois’s Hindu Manners, Bernier’s Travels, Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali’s Mussulmanns, and Cunningham’s Sikhs; editions of Grant Duff and Broughton are in preparation. Mr. Rieu, when in 1919 reasons of health compelled him to retire, had in a few years proved himself a real pioneer. He had immensely increased the volume of business done by the Branch, and had opened up new and promising fields. His successor, Major G. F. J. Cumberlege, D.S.O., of Worcester College, who was accompanied by Mr. N. L. Carrington, of Christ Church, took over a successful and growing business. The original premises in Bombay had already been outgrown, and new offices opened in Elphinstone Circle. The increase of staff has made it possible to open a new branch in Calcutta—a sub-branch in Madras already existed—and it is confidently hoped that in the near future the business done in Oxford books, and adaptations of them, will be increased in volume, and that the service rendered by Oxford to the Indian Empire will be further enhanced by the activities of its Press.
- 29. T THE TORONTO BRANCH § 2. The Press in Canada HE Oxford University Press Canadian Branch was founded in 1904 at 25 Richmond Street West, Toronto. The manager was Mr. S. B. Gundy, who still presides at the same address; but the building was destroyed by fire in 1905 and completely reconstructed. Although Canada has still a relatively small population, scattered over an immense area, the volume of business done by the Branch is substantial, and it continues to grow. The sale of Oxford Bibles, Clarendon Press books, Medical and Elementary books is supplemented by the sale of books published in Canada and the United States, for which Mr. Gundy acts as agent. Thus the Branch sells all the publications of the great American house of Doubleday, Page and Company; and through this connexion it has recently become the sole publisher in Canada of the works of Mr. Rudyard Kipling.
- 30. T Among the more notable Canadian enterprises of the Press are the Church of England Hymn Book (the Book of Common Praise), published in 1909, the large stocks of which caused Mr. Gundy ‘to overflow into a neighbouring barber shop’, and the new edition of the Presbyterian Book of Praise, produced in defiance of submarines and other obstacles in 1917. The editor, the Rev. Alexander Macmillan, carried the manuscript across the Atlantic in small packets sewn into his clothes. § 3. The Press in Australasia HIS part of the business was first developed by visits regularly made from London by Mr. E. R. Bartholomew, who in 1908 became manager of the Branch then established at Cathedral Buildings, Melbourne. Australia is not only many thousands of miles from the great centres of book- production, but is itself a land of great distances, as yet but sparsely populated; and this creates difficulties for both publishers and booksellers. It is remarkable how far these obstacles have been overcome; and if regard is paid to the number and character of the population, Australia, and New Zealand no less, have a right to be proud of the quantity and quality of the books they buy. The Branch has paid attention to the special needs of Australian education, and in co-operation with the universities and schools has produced a number of successful text-books. It acts as agent for some of the leading British publishers, including the houses of Murray, Heinemann, Black, Chapman and Hall, and Mowbray; and for the large publishing business of Messrs. Angus and Robertson of Sydney.
- 32. T T MARKHAM’S BUILDINGS, CAPE TOWN in which the South African Branch is situated § 4. The Press in South Africa HE South African Office of the Press is at Markham’s Buildings, Adderley Street, Cape Town. Mr. C. R. Mellor, the present Representative, was appointed to that post in March 1915. From his office at Cape Town Mr. Mellor visits the principal booksellers, not only in the Cape Province, but in the Transvaal, the Orange Free State, and Natal. § 5. The Press in China HE Chinese Agency of the Press is at C 445 Honan Road, Shanghai, of which Mr. T. Leslie is the present Representative. The first agent in China for the Press was the Christian Literature Society of Shanghai, the agency being started in 1913. Mr. Leslie, who had been manager of that Society, took over the Press agency in 1917. Stocks of all Oxford books likely to be in demand in China are held in Shanghai.
- 33. F T § 6. The Press in Scandinavia OR many years before the war a traveller from Amen Corner visited the Continent annually, but business in Scandinavia developed so rapidly after the Armistice that it was found desirable to open a Branch, and premises were accordingly secured in Copenhagen, Mr. H. Bohun Beet, the Continental traveller of the Press, being appointed manager. The Branch was opened in August 1920, at St. Kongensgade 40 H, close to the King’s Palace. The Branch represents also Messrs. Hodder & Stoughton and the Medici Society. § 7. The Press in the United States HE sale of Oxford books in the United States began long before the foundation of the American Branch. It is recorded that ‘the growth of the business was hindered by the Civil War, but after the restoration of peace it grew rapidly’; and that a landmark in its progress was the publication of editions of the American Book of Common Prayer. The foundation of the Oxford University Press American Branch, an institution which has made the name of Oxford familiar throughout the Union, was due to the foresight and enterprise of Mr. Henry Frowde. Acting on his advice the Delegates of the Press authorized the formation of a Corporation in the State of New York, and the Branch in 1896 opened premises at 91 Fifth Avenue, under the management of the late Mr. John Armstrong. In the following year Mr. Armstrong added to the Bibles and other books, previously sold by Messrs. Nelson, the Clarendon Press publications, previously sold by the Macmillan Company. The business grew rapidly in Mr. Armstrong’s hands, and in 1908 moved ‘up town’ to the premises it now occupies at 35 West 32nd Street. Mr. Armstrong died in 1915, and was succeeded by Mr. W. W. McIntosh, one of the original members of the staff.
- 34. THIRTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK The New York Branch is situated in the Central Building on the right SHOW ROOMS AT THE NEW YORK BRANCH
- 35. Bible Show Room Clarendon Press Show Room The main function of the Branch has always been that of keeping the American public acquainted with Oxford books, both sacred and secular, and of supplying the books without avoidable delay. To this end it has been
- 36. necessary to hold large stocks in New York, and to maintain an expert staff which is in touch with the book-stores and with the universities, the schools, and the book-buying public at large. The Branch has its own catalogues and its own advertisements, and it has been able to make Oxford Bibles and Clarendon Press books known and valued throughout the United States. The Branch, however, is not merely an importer; it has long recognized that many Oxford products are capable of useful adaptation to special American requirements, and that such adaptation is consistent with the preservation of what Americans have themselves called ‘the Oxford stamp’. This aspect of the activities of the Press in America is shown by the large number of Bibles which are manufactured (‘made’ is the American idiom) in the United States—among these the now famous Scofield Reference Bible is conspicuous—and also by books written—or at least rewritten—for American requirements. The Branch, in co-operation with American scholars, has produced valuable series of text- books for schools and universities—the Oxford English Series, the Oxford French Series, and the Oxford German Series. Even more important, perhaps, are adaptations of Oxford books of tried merit. Thus the Oxford Loose-Leaf Surgery derives from a (British) Oxford original (one of the Oxford Medical Publications), but has important differences in substance as well as in its novel form. This very successful work is now being followed by the Oxford Loose- Leaf Medicine, edited by Dr. Henry Christian and Sir James Mackenzie with the help of leading physicians on both sides of the Atlantic. To promote co- operation of this kind in medical science was a great part of the life-work of William Osler, who, as Regius Professor at Oxford, and a leading promoter of the Oxford Medical Publications, may be described as the founder of the medical activities of the Oxford Press as they are now carried on in Oxford, in London, in New York, and in Toronto. Another work of adaptation, now in progress, illustrates further the possibilities of Anglo-American co-operation. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of current English, adapted from the great Oxford Dictionary, has been and is very widely used throughout the British Empire and by students of English in foreign countries. But its spelling, and certain other features, were found to disqualify the book for general use in the United States; and a special American edition is now in preparation, the adapter of which is Mr. G. Van Santvoord, of Oriel College, Oxford, and Yale University. The Press is publisher, on both sides of the Atlantic, to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, many of whose books have been printed at Oxford. Special mention may be made of the first volumes, printed at the Press and recently published, of the British Section of the great Economic and
- 37. Social History of the World War undertaken by the Endowment. These volumes are by Professors Keith and Bowley and Mr. J. A. Salter.
- 38. IV O X F O R D B O O K S § 1. Oxford Series T one time Oxford books were produced almost always at the instance of an author; and many Oxford books are still so produced. A scholar having devoted, it may be, many years of his life to a subject which he has made his own, applies to the University Press for publication of his researches; and such a claim is often admitted as irresistible. In modern times, however, the need for organization by the publisher has become increasingly apparent. Many books which if published in isolation would reach only a small public are found capable of a wider usefulness when issued as part of a larger plan; and thus the initiative in publishing passes more and more into the hands of the professional commanding the advice of a body of experts. School-books, reprints of the Classics, text-books of the applied sciences, and books of the nature of Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias are now almost always conducted in this way by co-operative enterprise. The number of such homogeneous series promoted by the Press during the last twenty years is large, even if all school-books are excluded. The Oxford English Dictionary (which is of earlier origin) bulks so large in the public eye as somewhat to obscure all humbler enterprises; but it does not stand alone. In English literature the Press has built up in a quarter of a century a whole library of uniform series, all of respectable dimensions. The Oxford English Texts are library editions of famous authors edited after exhaustive examination of the materials, in print and in manuscript, and handsomely printed from type; the Tudor and Stuart Library consists of first editions and exact reprints of famous books of that period, printed in the types of the period on paper calculated to last for many centuries more; these books are now finding their way into the second-hand catalogues and the collections of connoisseurs; the Oxford Library of Prose and Poetry is a series of little books for fanciers, offering especially the classics of the Romantic Revival in a form approximating to that of the originals; the Oxford Poets claim to be the last word for accuracy of text, condensed yet fine printing, and the lowest price
- 39. compatible with these qualities; the Oxford Standard Authors offer the same texts as the Oxford Poets, together with many prose classics, in a cheaper form; the average volume containing nearly 600 pages of close yet legible print. Finally, the World’s Classics furnish a collection of over two hundred of the most famous English books in a very handy form, still maintained in print as far as possible in spite of the costs of production, which make it increasingly difficult to keep any but the most popular books on sale in a cheap series. None of these series has been created by the simple expedient of taking an existing edition and sending it to the printer—a plan too commonly followed, as is well known to every one who has ever investigated the text of a well- known author, and has found that each edition contains almost all the errors of its predecessors and adds fresh errors of its own. The Oxford texts are the result of the laborious co-operation of editor, publisher, and printer, involving the choice of the most authoritative original—very often the collation of a number of printed originals and sometimes of manuscripts as well—expert attention to the problems both editorial and typographical of which the successful solution produces a well-designed book, and finally scrupulous diligence in the elimination of error. The substantial accuracy of Oxford texts is widely recognized, and is known to be due to the united vigilance of the editors, the publishers (themselves scholars and sometimes editors), and the printers. It is less well known how complex and difficult are the problems which the modern editor has to solve. The scientific editing of English texts is indeed a relatively recent growth, and depends upon the application of principles which in the field of Greek and Latin textual criticism have been elaborated in the course of centuries. It is thus no accident that the work done in English editing in the last five-and-twenty years has been largely in the hands of scholars trained in the Oxford school of Literae Humaniores, and has synchronized with the production of the Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis. This series, now popularly known as the Oxford Classical Texts, is the only large series of critical texts of Greek and Latin authors produced in recent times outside Germany and able to hold its own in competition with its great German rivals. The texts, which now fill nearly eighty volumes and include the most important writers of the ‘classical’ periods of Greek and Roman literature, have been based upon much fresh examination of the manuscript originals. Some of the editors, indeed, have devoted years to this kind of investigation; the labours of Mr. Allen on the manuscripts of Homer and of Professor Clark and Sir William Peterson on those of Cicero have secured for their authors a permanent place in the long history of classical scholarship.
- 40. The aim of the series is to give the best text which the examination of the manuscripts in their relation to each other affords, and to provide in a brief apparatus criticus sufficient information to show the evidence on which the editor has based his decision. Conjectural emendations are mentioned in the notes when they are considered plausible, but are not admitted to the text except where they reach a high degree of probability. This principle, which is mainly due to the authority of the late Ingram Bywater, has commended itself in the course of years even to those who were at first disposed to think it too austere, and has greatly enhanced the permanent value of the series, which before the war was finding its way into Germany itself. A famous German publisher went so far indeed as to address to Oxford (on the eve of the war) a letter of remonstrance on the price of the series, which was described as too low for its value. The Oxford Library of Translations consists mainly of prose versions of Greek and Latin authors. These have not been made to order or in accordance with any single principle of translation, but have been produced at the instance of scholars unable to deny themselves the satisfaction of translating a favourite author. This, which is perhaps the best guarantee of excellence, accounts for the miscellaneous constitution of the series, which has been enlarged by degrees as a happy conjunction of author and translator chanced to present itself, and from the same cause admits some interesting authors seldom or never included in series of translations made upon a less elastic plan. Another series of translations is the great collection of the Sacred Books of the East, which was begun many years ago by the late Max Müller and reached its fiftieth and concluding volume in 1910. The value of these translations to Orientalists is shown by the steady sale, which after forty years is still increasing, and by the high prices asked for the few volumes which are now unfortunately out of print. History, and the subjects akin thereto, afford less scope for homogeneous series than does the editing of ancient and modern classical literature; and it has been the policy of the Press rather to secure monographs of unique authority in special fields than to compile works of encyclopaedic information. A few examples will serve to illustrate the range and importance of the Oxford books produced in this way which have become classics in their subject: in the History of Antiquity, Sir Arthur Evans’s Scripta Minoa, Sir Edward Maunde Thompson’s Palaeography, Vincent Smith’s Early History of India; in the Fine
- 41. Arts, Barclay Head’s Historia Numorum, Vincent Smith’s Fine Art in India, Dalton’s Byzantine Art; in Constitutional History and Law, Anson’s Law and Custom of the Constitution and Law of Contract, Sir Courtenay Ilbert’s Government of India, Lord Bryce’s Studies in History and Jurisprudence, Hall’s International Law, Prof. Keith’s Responsible Government, Sir Erskine Holland’s Jurisprudence; in British History, Stubbs’s Constitutional History of England, Freeman’s Norman Conquest, Sir Paul Vinogradoff’s Villainage in England and English Society in the Eleventh Century, Sir Charles Oman’s Peninsular War; in European History, Finlay’s Greece, Hodgkin’s Italy and Her Invaders; in Geography, Prof. Beazley’s Dawn of Modern Geography and Mr. R. L. Poole’s great Historical Atlas. Books of this kind best represent the type at which Oxford has aimed in the historical and human sciences, and it is to the promotion of such works that the resources of the Press have in this field been most advantageously applied. When, however, the progress of a subject and the enthusiasm of an editor have combined to suggest another way, the opportunity has been taken of organizing research upon a common plan. Notable results of such combined endeavour are the Oxford Survey of the British Empire and the Historical Geography of the Dominions promoted by the late Prof. Herbertson and by Sir Charles Lucas of the Colonial Office respectively. The former work, containing in six volumes a general and a particular survey of the geographical, economic, and administrative aspects of the Empire and its constituent parts, was completed within a short time and published within a few weeks of the outbreak of the war. In an important sense therefore it cannot become out of date, since it affords a conspectus of conditions as they existed at the culmination of the former age, to which it will always be necessary to refer as a standard of comparison. The other series, which is in seven volumes (comprising twice as many separate parts), has had a longer and more chequered history, the march of events since the early years of the century, when publication began, having made necessary frequent revision and reconstitution. The work is still in progress, and India has recently been added to its scope.
- 42. A more recent collection arose out of the demand during the war for a compendious survey of the history of the belligerent powers. To satisfy the demand was one of the pieces of war work undertaken by the Press, and the evident usefulness of the volumes having survived the war has led to the establishment of a series on a permanent and wider plan, including Histories of the Nations and treatises of similar scope on leading questions of International politics. The series now covers France, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, the Balkans, Serbia, Russia, Prussia, China, and Japan, with books on the Eastern Question, Diplomacy, Nineteenth-Century Treaties, and other topics. Many of the volumes have been frequently reprinted, and additions are in preparation.
- 43. O Not the least interesting of Oxford books written by a number of contributors on a uniform plan is Shakespeare’s England, an Account of the Life and Manners of his Age, published in two volumes in the centenary year 1916. The book contains an Ode by the Poet Laureate, a long essay on the Age of Elizabeth by Sir Walter Raleigh, and some forty special articles by the first authorities. Another co-operative enterprise is the Oxford History of Music, which in six volumes surveys the whole subject from the beginning to the time of Wagner; it is not a collection of biographies, but a history of music as such—of origins, tendencies, and evolution. The authors include the late H. E. Wooldridge, the late Sir Hubert Parry, and Sir Henry Hadow, whose enlightened enthusiasm has done so much for the study of music in England. § 2. Oxford Books on the Empire XFORD is proud to consider itself as par excellence the Imperial University. The administration of the Empire owes much to Oxford men, as the University in its turn owes much to her sons from overseas. Imperial subjects are an important and growing branch of study at Oxford; and the Press, true to its tradition of building upon the foundations of experience, has in time put together an imposing collection as well of the classics of colonization and administration as of new and original treatises by scholars versed in its theory and practice. These books being very diverse have not been confined within the limits of a series uniform in size or appearance; but they have a real unity, and deserve it is believed to be acquired as a whole by every library with any pretensions to an imperial character. Among the most important volumes may be enumerated Wakefield’s View of the Art of Colonization, first published in 1849, Lord Durham’s Report on British North America, Cornewall Lewis’s Government of Dependencies; and (among modern treatises) Prof. Keith’s Responsible Government (in its present form published as recently as 1912, yet already an established classic), and the same author’s Imperial Unity, Prof Egerton’s Federations and Unions, Sir Courtenay Ilbert’s Government of India. The Press is so strong in books on India that it has seemed well to issue a special catalogue bringing together a mass of books which in the General Catalogue are listed under a variety of subject-headings. These include a large and important section published by the Press under the patronage of the
- 44. T Secretary of State—notably the Imperial Gazetteer of India in twenty-six volumes, the noble series of documents on the early history of ‘John Company’ compiled at the India Office, and the sumptuous publication of Sir Aurel Stein’s discoveries in Turkestan; but they include also a whole library of books produced by the Press at its sole charges and dealing with the history of India from the Empire of Asoka to the formulation of Dyarchy, with the geography, politics, and economics of modern India, and with the religion and literature, the fine art, and the music of Hindostan. The production by the Press in India itself of vernacular and other educational books has recently made great progress. (See also p. 65 for some notice of the series of Classics of Indian History.) § 3. The Oxford Standard HE standard of scholarship, accuracy, and literary excellence which the Delegates maintain in the books published under their authority is believed to be as high as that attempted by any other publisher in the world. Its maintenance imposes upon the Delegates much labour and expense; but the effort is repaid in the reputation which Oxford books enjoy in the public estimation. The supervision exercised by the Delegates, both personally and through their advisers, is not limited to the initial judgement passed upon a book offered to them for publication; it extends through the whole process of revision in manuscript and in proof. When a book is favourably considered, an expert’s detailed report is very often laid before the author, who is asked to consider the suggestions made and to confer with the Delegates’ advisers; and this process of scrutiny is frequently far-reaching, the criticism being invited at one stage or another of a number of specialists in
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