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- 5. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 1 Multiple Choice: 1. A data model is a: a) The mathematical model of formulas and logic used in a system b) The abstract creating of an ideal system transformation c) The model that is produced by extreme programming d) The expanded, thoroughly balanced and normalized use case for a system e) A formal way of representing the data that are used and created by a business system Ans: e Response: see Introduction Difficulty: easy 2. A data model can __________: a) Illustrate return-on-investment, break-even point, and economic feasibility b) Represent actions or processes that occur in the to-be system c) Be used as a logical data model in analysis and as a physical data model in design d) Only be used in BPR situations e) Only be used with JAD sessions Ans: c Response: see Introduction Difficulty: easy 3. Which is NOT true about using Visible Analyst Workbench? a) It can be used with many different databases b) It integrates the data model with other parts of the project c) It is a full-service CASE tool d) Data modeling is one of many capabilities e) It can generate Java code when the data modeling is done Ans: e Response: see Introduction Difficulty: medium 4. An entity relationship diagram (ERD): a) Is a use-case diagram enhanced graphically to show data and process modeling b) Is a high-level CASE diagram of data modeling used in business systems c) Is an illustration of external data flows to and from a business systems d) Is a picture that shows the information that is created, stored and used by a business system e) Is a graphical display of the processes in a business system Ans: d Response: see The Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 5. On an ERD _________________: a) Processes are listed alphabetically with relationship connections drawn between processes b) Data elements are listed alphabetically with a cross listing to the processes that manipulate them
- 6. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 2 c) Data elements are described as singular (1:1); plurals (1:N); or didactic (M:N) d) Data elements are grouped in a hierarchical structure that is uniquely identified by number e) Data elements are listed together and place inside boxes called entities. Ans: e Response: see The Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: hard 6. Lines on an ERD diagram indicate: a) Hierarchies between processes b) Relationships among the data c) Plurality of data items d) Uniqueness of data items e) Primary keys Ans: b Response: see The Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 7. Which of the following is NOT true about ERDs? a) Special symbols are added to show high-level business rules b) The diagrams are drawn in a sequential order – from top to bottom c) Similar kinds of information are listed together in entities d) ERD’s are data modeling techniques e) Lines are drawn to show relationships among the data Ans: b Response: see The Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 8. An entity: a) Is the association between two related processes b) Has cardinality (1:1, 1:N, or M:N) c) Shows if it can be null or no null d) Is a person, place or thing e) Is described with a verb phrase Ans: d Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 9. Which would NOT likely be an attribute of an entity called “Student”? a) Age b) Student identification number c) Class room number d) Home phone e) Gender
- 7. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 3 Ans: c Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 10. Which would NOT likely be an entity on a car insurance ERD? a) Customer b) Policy c) Agent d) Zip code e) Car Ans: d Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 11. Which would likely be an entity on a car insurance ERD? a) date b) Gender c) company d) fire district e) Car Ans: e Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 12. An ERD is a picture which shows the information that is ________ by a business system? a) created b) stored c) used d) all of these Ans: d Response: see The Entity Relationship[ Diagram Difficulty: medium 13. You have entities of ITEM, SOLD-ITEM, SALE and PAYMENT. Which most likely is NOT a relationship? a) SALE is paid by PAYMENT b) PAYMENT pays for ITEM c) ITEM is included in SOLD-ITEM d) SALE involves SOLD-ITEM e) PAYMENT pays for SALE Ans: b Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 14. The lines that connect the entities are referred to as? a) Data flows
- 8. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 4 b) connectors c) relationships d) crow’s feet e) foreign key Ans: c Response: see Reading an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 15. Modality refers to: a) Relationships of one-to-one; one-to-many; or many-to-many b) Whether a child entity can exist with or without a related instance in the parent entity c) The hierarchical structure that was developed in process models applied to data models d) The number of attributes generated by an entity e) Whether the entity has a unique identifier (aka ‘primary key’) or a concatenated identifier (aka ‘composite key’) Ans: b Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: hard 16. Jack is developing an ERD for a small dental practice office patient record system. The dental practice has three dentists, six hygienists, and many patients. A patient is always assigned to the same dentist for all appointments. In particular, he is working on the relationship between dentists and patients. Should it be: a) 1 to 1, with a modality of null b) 1 to many with a modality of not null c) Many to many with a modality of null d) Many to many with a modality of not null e) 1 to many with a modality of null Ans: b Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: hard – especially due to the assumptions you have to make about dentists & patients 17. Information in the data dictionary is called: _______________ a) Metadata b) Cached information c) Compiled data d) Data repository e) File silo Ans: a Response: The Data Dictionary and Metadata Difficulty: medium 18. Entity Relationship Diagrams show relationships between entities that are _____. a) Outputs from JAD sessions b) Consistent with the ACM guidelines
- 9. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 5 c) In line with the business rules and processing d) Defined by the project sponsor e) Extensions of the process models Ans: c Response: See Introduction Difficulty: hard 19. The three major parts of an ERD diagram are: a) Process, data flow, data store b) Attribute, modularity, cardinality c) Relationship, data flow, entity d) Relationship, attribute, entity e) Process, entity and relationship Ans: d Response: See Elements of Entity Relationship Diagrams Difficulty: easy 20. What is true about creating an entity relationship diagram? a) There will be at most seven entities b) There will be at most seven relationships c) If you identify more than seven entities, analyze and combine until you have seven or less d) It is an iterative process e) Entities will have at most seven attributes Ans: d Response: see Creating an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 21. In creating ERD’s, which would most likely NOT be a source for entities? a) Use cases b) Level 0 DFD diagrams c) External entities d) Data flows e) Cost / benefit reports Ans: e Response: see Creating an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 22. In adding attributes to an ERD, which of the following might NOT be a good resource for attributes? a) From the CASE tool b) Data flows from DFD’s c) Requirements documents d) The system proposal document e) Through interviews (what users need for reports and processing) Ans: d
- 10. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 6 Response: see Creating an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 23. The last step in creating basic ERD’s is to: a) Identify relationships b) Define attributes and assign identifiers c) Recognize entities d) Test them with users e) Compile them with Java Ans: a Response: see Creating an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 24. What type of process is creating an ERD? a) Well defined process b) Sequential process c) Process defined by five steps d) Iterative process e) User defined process Ans: d Response: see Creating an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 25. Anthony is working on the cardinality of doctors and patients in a large urban hospital. With the large number of doctors with varying specialties and patients that may have more than one aliment, he thinks the relationship might be noted as: a) 1 to 1 b) 1 to 2 c) 1 to many d) Many to many e) Many to 1 Ans: d Response: see Creating an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 26. Omar has a model with 85 entities. He can: a) Compress these into at most seven entity grouping units b) Group these into related subject areas c) Stop – he has all entities defined d) Sort the entities alphabetically e) Co-validate the entities with the level 2 DFD diagrams Ans: b Response: see Validating an ERD Difficulty: medium 27. The first step to building an Entity Relationship Diagram is to _____
- 11. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 7 a) Identify data flows from the level 0 DFD diagram b) draw the relationships between the entities c) identify the attributes for each entity d) identify the entities e) identify the processes, data flows and data stores Ans: d Response: see Creating Entity Relationship Diagrams Difficulty: easy 28. When normalizing data models, if you take attributes that have multiple values for a single instance of an entity and create separate entities for those attributes you are moving from: a) O normal form to 1st normal form (1NF) b) 1st normal form (1NF) to 2nd normal form (2NF) c) 2nd normal form (2NF) to 3rd normal form (3NF) d) Generalized normal form (GNF) to fully normalized form (FNF) e) Dependent normal form (DNF) to Independent normal form (INF) Ans: a Response: see Appendix 6A: normalizing the data model Difficulty: medium 29. Independent entities are: a) When a child requires attributes from the parent b) When there is only one entity for a data process model c) When an entity can exist without the help of another entity d) Where the entity identifier is also the primary key e) When an entity comes from an external source (aka ‘external entity’) Ans: c Response: see Advanced Syntax Difficulty: medium 30. A(n) _____ entity is an entity at the “1” end of a relationship or an entity with an identifier that describes only the entity. a) dependent b) incomplete c) independent d) intersection e) non-identifying Ans: c Response: See Advanced Syntax / Independent Entity Difficulty: medium 31. A(n) _____ entity cannot exist without the presence of another entity and is normally on the “many” end of a relationship or has an identifier that is based on another entity’s attribute. a. independent b. incomplete c. dependent d. variable
- 12. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 8 e. non-complying Ans: c Response: Advanced Syntax / Dependent Entity Difficulty: medium 32. The two methods to validate that an ERD is well formed are _____. a) Balancing with process models and following design guidelines created by Chen b) Normalization and balancing with process models c) Renaming theory d) Balancing with process models and renaming theory e) Normalization and following design guidelines created by Chen Ans: b Response: See Validating the ERD Difficulty: medium 33. Andrew, an analyst for PaxMedia Inc., has just learned that the business rules for a system he has been working on have changed. This means that _____. a) Nothing – once the ERD data models have been drawn, they are ‘frozen’ for the system b) Andrew will be reassigned to a different project that is in its beginning stages c) The ERD components will have to be changed d) The ERD data model will have to be put on hold while new DFD diagrams are created e) The project will have to be scrapped and restarted Ans: c Response: See Validating the ERD Difficulty: medium 34. A logical data model that does not lead to repeating fields and that the data models leads to tables containing fields that are dependent on the whole identifier is in _____ normal form. a) balanced b) first c) primary d) second e) third Ans: d Response: See Appendix 6A Normalizing the Data Model Difficulty: medium 35. When the analyst is evaluating a data model to ensure that all fields in a record depend fully on the entire primary key, which step of normalization is being performed? a) base normal form b) first normal form c) second normal form d) third normal form
- 13. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 9 e) cannot tell from this information Ans: c Response: See Appendix 6A Normalizing the Data Model Difficulty: medium 36. If the logical data model does not contain attributes that have repeating values it is in _____. a) base normal form b) first normal form c) non-normal form d) second normal form e) third normal form Ans: b Response: See Appendix 6A Normalizing the Data Model Difficulty: medium 37. If the logical data model contains attribute values that depend on an attribute that is not the identifier, then it is in _____. a) base normal form b) first normal form c) non-normal form d) second normal form e) third normal form Ans: d Response: See Appendix 6A Normalizing the Data Model Difficulty: medium – it is still in 2NF until the dependency noted is removed 38. Balance occurs between DFDs and ERDs when the data stores _____ a) Are uniquely named b) Have only one input and one output flow c) Are named the same as the relationships on the ERD d) Can be compared to ERD data flows and attributes on the ERD are included in data stores on the DFD e) Can be equated to entities on the ERD and when entities are referred to by data stores on the DFD Ans: e Response: See Normalization - Balancing Difficulty: medium TRUE / FALSE Questions 39. Data models can be either logical or physical. Ans: True Response: see Introduction
- 14. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 10 Difficulty: easy 40. During the analysis phase logical data models are created. Ans: True Response: see Introduction Difficulty: easy 41. During the analysis phase, analysts create programming models to represent how the business system will operate. Ans: False Response: see Introduction Difficulty: medium 42. A data model is a formal way of representing the data that are used and created by a business system. Ans: True Response: see Introduction Difficulty: easy 43. One of the most commonly used techniques for data modeling is ERD’s. Ans: True Response: see Introduction Difficulty: medium 44. ERD’s are drawn in several levels: Context ERD diagrams; Level 0 ERD diagrams; Level 1 ERD diagrams. Ans: False Response: see Introduction Difficulty: medium 45. ERD’s and DFD’s are two techniques for data modeling. Ans: False Response: see Introduction Difficulty: medium 46. ERD’s and DFD’s are two techniques for process modeling. Ans: False Response: see Introduction Difficulty: medium 47. A textbook-provided example of a ‘full-service CASE’ tool is Visible Analyst.
- 15. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 11 Ans: True Response: see Introduction Difficulty: easy 48. An ERD is a picture that shows how data and information is processed and transformed by a business system. Ans: False Response: see The Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: hard 49. A graphical illustration that shows the information that is created, stored and used by a business system would be an ERD. Ans: True Response: see The Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 50. An illustration of the transformation of data into business value is an ERD. Ans: False Response: see The Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 51. An analyst can read an ERD to discover the individual pieces of information in a system and how they are organized and related to each other. Ans: True Response: see The Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 52. On an ERD, similar kinds of information are listed together and placed inside boxes called data containers. Ans: False Response: see The Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 53. An entity is the basic building block for a data model. Ans: True Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 54. An entity is described by an action verb. Ans: False Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy
- 16. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 12 55. Entities are further designed with attributes. Ans: True Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 56. Entities are a person, place, or thing. Ans: True Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 57. In an entity called STUDENT, you might find attributes of Student-ID, Last-Name, First-Name and cell-phone. Ans: True Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 58. In an entity called STUDENT, you might find attributes of PROFESSOR-ID, Last-Name, First- Name and CLASSROOM. Ans: False Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 59. Relationships are some type of information that is captured about entities. Ans: False Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 60. Relationships are associations between entities. Ans: True Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 61. Relationships are drawn with lines showing cardinality and plurality. Ans: False Response: see Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: hard 62. ERD’s can be quite complex and might have hundreds or thousands of entities. Ans: True Response: see Creating an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy
- 17. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 13 63. The three steps in creating an ERD are: (1) identify the entities; (2) identify the processes; (3) identify the relationships Ans: False Response: see Creating an entity relationship diagram Difficulty: medium 64. The three steps in creating an ERD are: (1) identify the entities; (2) identify the attributes; (3) identify the relationships Ans: True Response: see creating an entity relationship diagram Difficulty: medium 65. Metadata is data about data. Ans: True Response: see The Data Dictionary and Metadata Difficulty: easy 66. CASE tools have ‘data repositories’. Ans: False Response: see The Data Dictionary and Metadata Difficulty: easy 67. In defining the data characteristics of Universal Product Codes, we might describe them as twelve characters made up of digits – numeric only. Ans: True Response: see The Data Dictionary and Metadata Difficulty: medium 68. In defining LAST-NAME in the data dictionary, we might describe it as a character field having from 1 to 15 alphabetic characters. Ans: False Response: see The Data Dictionary and Metadata – you will also need special characters like D’Angelo or O’Brien Difficulty: hard 69. One of the first places to start developing Entity Relationship Diagrams is by looking at the level 0 process models (DFD) and the use cases for data flows and data stores. Ans: True Response: see Creating an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: medium 70. Data modeling is an iterative process. Ans: True
- 18. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 14 Response: see Creating an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 71. When validating ERD’s you should balance ERD entities with the data flows and data stores from the DFD process diagrams. Ans: True Response: see Normalization Difficulty: easy 72. CRUD stands for create, read, update and delete and can be used to verify DFDs and ERDs. Ans: True Response: see Normalization Difficulty: medium Essays: 73. What are the three primary components of an ERD diagram? Ans: Entity, attributes and relationships Response: see Creating an Entity Relationship Diagram Difficulty: easy 74. You have a student registration system (simplified) with three entities: Student, Professor, and Class. Assume standard attributes for the three entities. What might be the relationships, cardinality and modality between the three? Ans: answers will vary; but something like: Professor teach classes (probably 1:M); a class is taught by 1 professor; students take classes (1:M); it might be possible to have a class with no students (so modality might be null) – such as an advanced nuclear physics class taught at 5:00 a.m. ; it might be possible that a professor isn’t teaching this semester (on sabbatical or doing research projects) – so modality of null; could a student not be taking any classes? If so that could also have a modality of null (might be doing an internship that is not registered with the campus; might be on a study-abroad trip that isn’t for credit and is not registered for; might have dropped out for the semester, etc.); professors have many students and student have many professors (M:N); and again if a professor is on sabbatical or doing research may not have students and if a student is not enrolled, he/she may not have any professors. Response: Creating an entity relationship diagram Difficulty: hard – mainly due to the number of assumptions which must be made to make a “correct” diagram 75. In the sample data for the STUDENT entity, there are repeating values for class and semester attributes. For example Adam Murphy took CIS 370 section 2 in fall 2008; Brenda Olson took CIS 370 section 2 in fall 2008; Jing Zhang took CIS 370 section 2 in fall 2008; etc. What is the process to modify this entity so that there are no attributes with multiple values? Ans: This is to put the entity into First Normal Form (1NF). Generally you will create a new entity Courses-Taken where each course each semester each section is placed and a relationship will be drawn
- 19. Chapter 6– Data Modeling – page 15 between the entities. For this example, one entry in the Courses-Taken entity will be: CIS 370-Section2- fall2008 – and a relationship between the courses-Taken and the students will be drawn. Response: see Appendix 6A Normalizing the data model Difficulty: hard 76. How do you validate an ERD? Ans: Creating and validating ERD’s can be tough. It takes experience to draw ERDs well and there are not all that many guidelines and rules. You will want to verify that entities are complete (i.e. have all the needed attributes, have consistent names (not client at some point and customer at another point), that relationships are identified and drawn; that cardinality (1:1; 1:N or M:N) is drawn – and if possible M:N cardinalities are avoided by creating entities in between the M:N entities; that modality is identified (null or non-null); and that eventually the ERD is normalized to 3NF. It takes time and patience to learn and do this!!! Response: see Validating an ERD and Appendix 6:A Normalizing the data model Difficulty: hard 77. Discuss what should be done to ensure that the entity relationship diagrams balance with the data flow diagrams. What is the consequence of failing to balance these models? Ans: The key to balancing these diagrams is to remember that both models must refer to exactly the same 'data foundation' of the system. Every entity on the data model should correspond to a data store on a DFD. Also, all the data elements that comprise the data flows in the DFDs should appear as attributes of entities in the data model. Similarly, the attributes of the data model entities should be found in the process models; otherwise, the data is probably not used by the business system and should not be stored. If the analysts do not balance the data and process models, then the system will either omit critical data or will contain unnecessary data. Response: See normalizing / balancing entity-relations diagrams and data flow diagrams Difficulty: hard 78. Department stores have bridal registries. This registry keeps information about customers (the couple that is to be wed) prior to the wedding and keeps the data for a period of two years after the wedding (for returns or late purchasers), the products that the store carries, and the products that each couple has included in the registry. Couples typically register for a large number of products and many couples register for the same products. Draw an entity relationship diagram for Target’s bridal registry: Ans: Couple (has) Registered Product (includes) Products (one to many) (one to many) (one couple registers many products) (one product is included on many registers) Response: See Creating an Entity-Relationship Diagram Difficulty: hard
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- 21. the traveller is its excellent gingerbread for which it is famous throughout Lombardy. It has a celebrated church known as the Sanctuary of the Blessed Virgin and here one finds some very fine examples of our painter’s frescoes. Some of the frescoes in the church are painted by Cesare del Magno others by Lanini, and the rest are from the hand of Bernardino Luini. Round these frescoes, which are of abiding beauty, and include fine studies of the great plague saint, St. Roque, and that very popular martyr St. Sebastian, many legends congregate. It is said that Luini having killed a man in a brawl fled from Milan to the Church of the Blessed Virgin in Monza to claim sanctuary at the hand of the monks. They gave him the refuge he demanded, and, says the legend, he paid for it with frescoes. This is little more than a variant of the story that he went to Monza under similar circumstances and obtained the protection of the Pelucca family on the same terms. In the absence of anything in the nature of reliable record this story has been able to pass, but against it one likes to put the tradition that one of the heads in the frescoes is that of Luini himself. We find that head so simple, so refined, and so old—the beard is long and the hair is scanty—and so serene in its expression that it is exceedingly difficult to believe that brawling could have entered into the artist’s life. PLATE VIII.—BURIAL OF ST. CATHERINE (In the Brera, Milan) This is one of the frescoes painted by Luini for the Casa Pelucca and transferred to Milan in the beginning of the nineteenth century. It will be seen that although the three angels bearing the Saint to her grave are obviously peasant girls from the plains of Lombardy winged for the occasion, the artist has handled his subject with faith and reverence. The fresco is better preserved than others from the same house.
- 22. The subjects of the pictures in Saronno’s Sanctuary are all biblical. We have an Adoration of the Magi, showing the same muddled composition that detracts from the other merits of the artist’s work; a beautiful Presentation in the Temple in which the composition is a great deal better; and a perfectly delightful Nativity. There is a Christ is Disputing with the Doctors, and this is the picture in which we find the head that is said to be a portrait of the painter himself. Two female saints figure in another picture, and Luini’s favourites St. Roque and St. Sebastian are not forgotten. Certainly if the monks obtained all that work at the price of the painter’s safety they were very fortunate in his choice of sanctuary. Como is, of course, a more important town with large industries and important factories, and one of the finest cathedrals in northern Italy. For the interior Luini painted another Adoration of the Magi and another of his favourite Nativities. It is not easy to speak about the conditions under which this work was done, and the inhabitants have so many more profitable matters to attend to that they do not seem to trouble themselves about the history of the painter who helped to make their beautiful cathedral still more beautiful. Legnano, with its memories of Frederick Barbarossa, is within twenty miles of Milan, and for the Church of San Magno Luini painted one of his finest altar-pieces. It is in seven divisions and has
- 23. earned as much critical admiration as any work from the master’s brush. Lugano is of course in Switzerland, well across the Italian border. It is a popular place enough to-day, and so far as we can tell, it was the city in which Luini painted his last pictures. He must have left Milan about 1528 or 1529, and he would seem to have gone there to execute commissions, for in the Church of Santa Maria degli Angioli we find some of his latest and finest work. The Crucifixion and the Passion, on the wall of the screen, contains several hundred figures arranged in lines in most archaic fashion. At first sight the work appears as a mere mass of figures without any central point in the composition, and with very little relief for the eye of the spectator who may come to the church surfeited with the bewildering riches of many Italian galleries. But for those who will take the trouble to study the details of this fine work there is very much to admire. In the scene of the picture Christ is seen on the cross surrounded by angels. On his right hand the penitent thief on the cross is guarded by an angel, while on the left the impenitent one is watched by a devil with a curly tail and spiked wings. Below in perfectly bewildering fashion are many figures that may be recognised with little effort—Mary Magdalen, the Madonna, Joseph of Arimathæa, Roman soldiers, some of the general public—a confused crowd. The whole picture is supported by figures of San Sebastian and St. Roque seen on either side of the arch. Stories from the life of Christ are depicted in the upper parts of the picture, all are painted with the skill of a great artist and the fervour of a devotee, but the arrangement is hopelessly confused. Luini also painted a “Last Supper” for this church and a “Madonna with the Infant Christ and St. John.” This is signed “Bernardino Luini, anno 1530.” From 1530 until 1533 the career of the artist cannot be traced, but in 1533 he was in Lugano again, and after that year he passes altogether from our sight. Stray writers mention his name, some venture to carry the date of his life into the ’forties, but we have no proof save their word, no work to record the later years, and all our conjecture is vain. It must suffice for us that Luini’s life as far as his art was
- 24. concerned ends for us with the year 1533. If he lived and worked after that date the facts relating to the following years and the work done in the latter days are left for future students to discover. It is well to remember that the Saronno portrait makes the painter look much older than he is supposed to have been. To his contemporaries it is clear that Luini was a man of small importance. His best work is seen outside the radius of the great Art centres of Italy, and it was only when he attracted the attention of great critics and sound judges like Morelli, John Ruskin, and John Addington Symonds that the lovers of beautiful pictures began to go out of their way to find his best work in the little towns whose churchmen were his patrons. So many of the lesser men had all his faults—that is to say, lack of perspective and inability to compose a big picture—that he was classed with them by those critics whose special gift lies in the discovery of faults. The qualities that make the most enduring appeal to us to-day were those that were least likely to make a strong impression upon the strenuous age of physical force in which he lived. When great conquerors and men who had accomplished all that force could achieve felt themselves at liberty to turn to prolonged consideration of the other sides of life they employed other masters. Then as now there were fashions in painters. The men for whom Luini strove were of comparatively small importance. A conqueror could have gathered up in the hollow of his hand all the cities, Milan excepted, in which Luini worked throughout his well-spent life, and in the stress and strife of the later years when great pictures did change hands from time to time by conquest, Luini’s panel pictures in the little cities of his labours passed quite unnoticed, while even if the frescoes were admired it was not easy to move them. When at last his undoubted merits began to attract attention of connoisseurs, these connoisseurs were wondering why Leonardo da Vinci had left such a small number of pictures. They found work that bore a great resemblance to Leonardo and they promptly claimed that they had discovered the lost masterpieces. Consequently Leonardo received the credit that was due to the man who may have worked in his Milanese school
- 25. and was undoubtedly under his influence for a time. And many of the beautiful panel pictures that show Luini at his best were attributed to Leonardo until nineteenth-century criticism proved competent enough to render praise where it was due, and to say definitely and with firm conviction that the unknown painter from Luino, who lived sometime between 1470 and 1540, was the true author. If, in dealing with the life of Bernardino Luini, we are forced to content ourselves with meagre scraps of biography and little details that would have no importance at all in dealing with a life that was traceable from early days to its conclusion, it is well to remember that the most important part of the great artist is his work. Beethoven’s nine symphonies, Milton’s “Paradise Lost,” the landscapes of Corot, the portraits of Velazquez, and the carving of Grinling Gibbons are not more precious to us because we know something of the life of the men who did the work. Nor are the “Iliad” and the fragments that remain of the works of the great Greek sculptors less to us because a shadowy tradition is all that surrounds the lives of the men who gave immortal work to the world. We must remember that it is as difficult to deal with art in terms of literature as it is to express the subtle charm of music in words. Had Luini’s years boasted or regretted a series of gossiping newspapers we should have gathered a rich harvest of fact, but the facts would have left the painter where he is. There is enough of Luini left in Milan and the smaller places we have named to tell us what the man was and the spirit in which he worked, and while we will welcome the new-comer who can add to our scanty store of authenticated facts we can hardly expect that they will deepen our admiration of work that for all its shortcomings must be remembered when we turn to ponder the greatest achievements of Italian Art. It forms “a magic speculum, much gone to rust, indeed, yet in fragments still clear; wherein the marvellous image of his existence does still shadow itself, though fitfully, and as with an intermittent light.”
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