![© 2017 MapR Technologies 9
Last Night’s Latencies
• These are ping latencies from my hotel
• Looks pretty good, right?
• But what about longer term?
208.302
198.571
185.099
191.258
201.392
214.738
197.389
187.749
201.693
186.762
185.296
186.390
183.960
188.060
190.763
> mean(y$t[i])
[1] 198.6047
> sd(y$t[i])
[1] 71.43965](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/t-digest-update-170619145337/85/T-digest-update-9-320.jpg)
T digest-update
- 1. © 2017 MapR Technologies 1 Update on t-digest
- 2. © 2017 MapR Technologies 2 Contact Information Ted Dunning, PhD Chief Application Architect, MapR Technologies Board member, Apache Software Foundation O’Reilly author Email tdunning@mapr.com tdunning@apache.org Twitter @ted_dunning
- 3. © 2017 MapR Technologies 3 Who We Are • MapR echnologies – We make a kick-ass platform for big data computing – Support many workloads including Hadoop / Spark / HPC / Other – Extended to allow streams and tables in basic platform – Free for academic research / training • Apache Software Foundation – Culture hub for building open source communities – Shared values around openness for contribution as well as use – Many major projects are part of Apache – Even more minor ones!
- 4. © 2017 MapR Technologies 4 Basic Outline • Why we should measure distributions • Basic Ideas • How t-digest works • Recent results • Applications
- 5. © 2017 MapR Technologies 5 Why Is This Practically Important • The novice came to the master and says “something is broken”
- 6. © 2017 MapR Technologies 6 Why Is This Practically Important • The novice came to the master and says “something is broken” • The master replied “What has changed?”
- 7. © 2017 MapR Technologies 7 Why Is This Practically Important • The novice came to the master and says “something is broken” • The master replied “What has changed?” • And the student was enlightened
- 8. © 2017 MapR Technologies 8 Finding change is key but what kind?
- 9. © 2017 MapR Technologies 9 Last Night’s Latencies • These are ping latencies from my hotel • Looks pretty good, right? • But what about longer term? 208.302 198.571 185.099 191.258 201.392 214.738 197.389 187.749 201.693 186.762 185.296 186.390 183.960 188.060 190.763 > mean(y$t[i]) [1] 198.6047 > sd(y$t[i]) [1] 71.43965
- 10. © 2017 MapR Technologies 10 Not So Fast …
- 11. © 2017 MapR Technologies 11 This is long-tailed land
- 12. © 2017 MapR Technologies 12 This is long-tailed land You have to know the distribution of values
- 13. © 2017 MapR Technologies 13
- 14. © 2017 MapR Technologies 14 A single number is simply not enough
- 15. © 2017 MapR Technologies 15 What We Really Need Here • I want to be able to compute the distribution from any time period • From any subset of measurements • With lots of keys and filters • And not a lot of space • Basically, any OLAP kind of query select distribution(x) from … where … group by y,z
- 16. © 2017 MapR Technologies 16 Idea 0 – Pre-defined bins • So let’s assume we have bins – Upper, lower bound, constant width • Get a measurement, pick a bin, increment count • Works great if you know the data – And you have limited dynamic range (too many bins) – And the distribution is fixed • Useful, but not general enough
- 17. © 2017 MapR Technologies 17 Idea 1 – Exponential Bins • Suppose we want relative accuracy in measurement space • Latencies are positive and only matter within a few percent – 1.1 ms versus 1.0 ms – 1100 ms versus 1000 ms • We can cheat by using floating point representations – Compute bin using magic – Count
- 18. © 2017 MapR Technologies 18 FloatHistogram • Assume all measurements are in the range • Divide this range into power of 2 sub-ranges • Sub-divide each sub-range evenly with steps – is typical • Relative error is bounded in measurement space
- 19. © 2017 MapR Technologies 19 FloatHistogram • Assume all measurements are in the range • Divide this range into power of 2 sub-ranges • Sub-divide each sub-range evenly with steps – is typical • Relative error is bounded in measurement space • Bin index can be computed using FP representation!
- 20. © 2017 MapR Technologies 20 Fixed Size Bins
- 21. © 2017 MapR Technologies 21 Approximate Exponential Bins
- 22. © 2017 MapR Technologies 22 Non-linear bins are better (sometimes) Still not general enough
- 23. © 2017 MapR Technologies 23 Idea 2 – Fully Adaptive Bins • First intuition – in general, we want accuracy in terms of percentile • Second intuition – we want better accuracy at extreme quantiles – 50%-ile versus 50.1%-ile? – What does 0.1% error even mean for 99.99th percentile • We need bins with small counts near the edges
- 24. © 2017 MapR Technologies 24 First 1% of data shown. Left graph has 100 x 100 sample bins. Right graph has ~130bins, variable size
- 25. © 2017 MapR Technologies 25 The Basic t-digest • Take a bunch of data • Sort it • Group into bins – But make the bins be smaller at the beginning and end • Remember the centroid and count of each bin • That’s a t-digest
- 26. © 2017 MapR Technologies 26 But Wait, You Need a Bit More • Take a bunch of new data, old t-digest • Sort the data and the old bins together • Group into bins – Note that existing bins have bigger weights – So they might survive … or might clump • Remember the centroid and count of each new bin • That’s an updated t-digest
- 27. © 2017 MapR Technologies 27 Oh … and Merging • Take a bunch of old t-digests • Sort the bins • Group into mega-bins – Respect the size constraint • Remember the centroid and count of each new bin • That’s a merged t-digest
- 28. © 2017 MapR Technologies 28 Adaptive non-linear bins are good and general And can be grouped and regrouped
- 29. © 2017 MapR Technologies 29 Results
- 30. © 2017 MapR Technologies 30
- 31. © 2017 MapR Technologies 31 Status • Current release – Small accuracy bugs in corner cases – Best overall is still AVLTreeDigest
- 32. © 2017 MapR Technologies 32 Status • Current release (3.x) – Small accuracy bugs in corner cases – Best overall is still AVLTreeDigest • Upcoming release (4.0) – Better accuracy in pathological cases – Strictly bounded size – No dynamic allocation (with MergingDigest) – Good speed (100ns for MergingDigest, 5ns for FloatHistogram) – Real Soon Now
- 33. © 2017 MapR Technologies 33 Example Application • The data: – ~ 1 million machines – Even more services – Each producing thousands of measurements per second • Store t-digest for each 5 minute period for each measurement • Want to query any combination of keys, produce t-digest result “what was the distribution of launch times yesterday?” “what about last month?” “in Europe versus in North America versus in Asia?”
- 34. © 2017 MapR Technologies 34 Collect Data log consolidator web server web server Web- server Log Web- server Log log_events log-stash log-stash data center
- 35. © 2017 MapR Technologies 35 And Transport to Global Analytics log consolidator web server web server Web- server Log Web- server Log log_events log-stash log-stash data center GHQ log_events events Elaborate events (log-stash) Aggregate Signal detection
- 36. © 2017 MapR Technologies 36 With Many Sources log consolidator web server web server Web- server Log Web- server Log log_events log-stash log-stash data center GHQ log_events events Elaborate events (log-stash) Aggregate Signal detection
- 37. © 2017 MapR Technologies 37 With Many Sources log consolidator web server web server Web- server Log Web- server Log log_events log-stash log-stash data center GHQ log_events events Elaborate events (log-stash) Aggregate Signal detection log consolidator web server Web- server Log web server Web- server Log log_events log-stash log-stash data center
- 38. © 2017 MapR Technologies 38 With Many Sources log consolidator web server web server Web- server Log Web- server Log log_events log-stash log-stash data center GHQ log_events events Elaborate events (log-stash) Aggregate Signal detection log consolidator web server Web- server Log web server Web- server Log log_events log-stash log-stash data center log consolidator web server Web- server Log web server Web- server Log log_events log-stash log-stash data center
- 39. © 2017 MapR Technologies 39 What about visualization?
- 40. © 2017 MapR Technologies 40 Can’t see small count bars
- 41. © 2017 MapR Technologies 41 Good Results
- 42. © 2017 MapR Technologies 42 Bad Results – 1% of measurements are 3x bigger
- 43. © 2017 MapR Technologies 43 Bad Results – 1% of measurements are 3x bigger
- 44. © 2017 MapR Technologies 44 With Better Vertical Scaling
- 45. © 2017 MapR Technologies 45 Uniform Bins
- 46. © 2017 MapR Technologies 46 FloatHistogram Bins
- 47. © 2017 MapR Technologies 47 With FloatHistogram
- 48. © 2017 MapR Technologies 48 Original Ping Latency Data
- 49. © 2017 MapR Technologies 49 Summary • Single measurements insufficient, need distributions • Uniform binned histograms not good • FloatHistogram for some cases • T-digest for general cases • Upcoming release has super- fast and accurate versions • Good visualization also key 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 q 0246810 k
- 50. © 2017 MapR Technologies 50 Q & A
- 51. © 2017 MapR Technologies 51 Contact Information Ted Dunning, PhD Chief Application Architect, MapR Technologies Board member, Apache Software Foundation O’Reilly author Email tdunning@mapr.com tdunning@apache.org Twitter @ted_dunning
- 52. © 2017 MapR Technologies 52 T-digest • Or we can talk about small errors in q • Accumulate samples, sort, merge • Merge if k-size < 1 • Interpolate using centroids in x • Very good near extremes, no dynamic allocation 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 q 0246810 k