Tablet compreesion (2)
- 3. 1843 a patent was granted to Thomas Brockedon (Englishman) for manufacturing pills and lozenges 1874 both rotary and eccentric presses 1885 glyceryl trinitrate
- 4. Compressed Tablets (CT) Sugar-coated Tablets (SCT) Film-coated Tablets (FCT) Enteric-coated Tablets (ECT) • Layered tablets • Press coated tablets Multi compressed Tablets (MCT)
- 5. Controlled-release Tablets (CRT) Tablets for Solutions Effervescent tablets Buccal and Sublingual Tablets
- 6. Basic definitions: Compression: the reduction in the bulk volume of a material as a result of the removal of the gaseous phase (air) by applied pressure. Consolidation: Involves an increase in the mechanical strength of a material resulting from
- 7. Compaction: The compression and consolidation of a 2 phase (solid + gas) system due to an applied force.
- 8. a. Particle rearrangement/interparticles lippage b. Deformation of particulates c. Bonding/Cold welding d. Deformation of the solid body
- 9. 1. occurs at low pressures 2. reduction in the relative volume of powder bed 3. small particles flow into voids between larger particles leading to a closer packing arrangement As pressure increases, relative particle movement becomes impossible,
- 11. When the surfaces of two particles approach each other closely enough (e.g. at a separation of less than 50nm), their free surface energies result in a strong attractive force , a process known as cold welding or
- 12. A.Solid Bridges: form directly across particles in the absence of any binding elements or additives B. Intermolecular/Electrostatic Forces: forces projecting beyond the particle surface as small discrete fields with very short range order
- 13. As pressure increases, the bonded solid is consolidated toward a limiting density by plastic and/or elastic deformation. If on removal of the load, the deformation is to a large extent spontaneously reversible i.e., if
- 14. Some deformation processes (plastic deformation) are time-dependent and occur at various rates during the compaction sequence, so that the tablet mass is never in a state of stress/strain equilibrium during the actual tabletting event. This means that the rate at which load is applied and removed may be a critical factor in materials for which dependence on time is significant.
- 15. The compact is ejected, allowing radial and axial recovery. Elastic character tends to revert the compact to its original shape.
- 18. At least some moisture is present in all tablet formulas Concentration well below 1% level can effect the behavior of these feed materials and finished product. Moisture as little as 0.002% can affect the proportion of
- 19. At 0.55% moisture, the behavior is actually the reverse of that for the totally dry material.
- 20. Filling Compression Ejection
- 21. Hopper- for holding and feeding granulation to be compressed. Dies- that define the size and shape of the tablet. Punches- for compressing the granulation within the dies. Cam tracks- for guiding the movement of the punches.
- 22. Head: the largest diameter of a common punch which contacts the machines cams and accepts the pressure from the pressure rollers. Head flat: the flat portion of the head which makes contact the pressure rollers and determines the maximum dwell time for compression. Neck: located below the head and provides clearance as the punch cycles through the machine cams.
- 23. Punch type B TYPE BB TYPE D TYPE PUNCH BARREL DIAMETER 0.750 in. (19mm) 0.750 in. (19mm) 1 in. (25.4mm) DIES DIAMETER 1.1875 in. (30.16mm) 0.945 in. (24mm) 1.500 in. (38.10mm) PUNCH LENGTH Lower punch is 3 9/16 in. long than BB 5.25 in. 5.25 in.
- 24. Die: A component used in conjunction with the upper and lower punches. It accepts the product for compaction and is responsible for the tablets’s perimeter size and configuration. Die height: The entire height of a die. Die bore: the cavity of the die that accepts the Die groove: the radial groove around the die outer diameter which accepts die lock to secure the die in position in the die table. Die chamber: the angled
- 25. Round shape punches and die
- 26. Oval shape punches and die
- 27. Capsule shape punch and die
- 28. Geometric shaped punch and die
- 29. Core rod tooling
- 30. Irregular punch and die
- 31. Multiple tip punches
- 33. The upper punch rise to allow the hopper shoe to move over the die. The lower punch drops and the granules feed into the die. The upper punch drops, thus compressing the granules into the tablet.
- 34. Upper and Lower Collar Collar locker Single Punch Machine (Tablets)
- 35. The upper punch rises upword and the lower punch rise upto the surface of the die to eject the tablet. The lower punch drops and the cycle is restarted.
- 38. The head of the tablet machine that holds the upper punches, dies and lower punches in place rotates. As the head rotates, the punches are guided up and down by fixed cam tracks, which control the sequence of filling,
- 39. The portion holding the dies is called the die table. The pull down cam (C) guides the lower punches to the bottom, allowing the dies to overfill The punches then pass over a weight- control cam (E), which reduces the fill in the dies to the desired amount. A swipe off blade (D) at the end of the feed frame removes the excess granulation and directs it around the
- 40. The upper punches enter a fixed distance into the dies, while the lower punches are raised to squeeze and compact the granulation within the dies. After the moment of compression, the upper punches are withdrawn as they follow the upper punch raising cam (H). The lower punches ride up the cam (I) which brings the tablets flush with
- 43. In 1997, Ima introduced a line of unique tablet presses called Ima comprima. Unlike traditional presses Ima comprima feeds the granules through the die table taking advantage of the centrifugal force created by the rotating turret for a rapid and uniform die fill. The Ima comprima ejects the
- 44. In 2005 Fette GmbH Germany introduced new tablet press and tooling technology. Fette developed die segments. It provides an advantage over traditional dies by combining the tablet press turret die table and dies into 3 or 5 integral segments. Die segments are much easier and quicker to install.
- 45. 1.Remington- the science and practice of pharmacy, 21st edition, volume I Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2.The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by Leon Lachman and Herbert A. Lieberman, 2009 edition, CBS Publishers.
- 46. THANK YOU