Take Test Unit IV Assessment Top of FormQUESTION 11. Reca.docx

Take Test: Unit IV Assessment
Top of Form
QUESTION 1
1. Recall from your reading about the principle types of
volcanoes to choose the best answer: Crater Lake, a caldera,
formed from the collapse of a __________.
2.
composite volcano.
shield volcano.
cinder volcano.
lava dome
QUESTION 2
1. According to the radiometric time scale reading, which of the
following describes radioactive decay?
2.
The number of protons remains the same, but the number of
neutrons varies
The number of neutrons remains the same, but the number of
protons varies
The mass number of the daughter isotope is one more than the
parent and both isotopes have the same atomic number

The daughter isotope has an atomic number two less than the
parent and a mass number four less
QUESTION 3
1. Refer to the following relative time scale diagram to answer
the question: which period represents the longest subdivision of
the geologic time.
Precambrian
Eocene
Carboniferous
Mississippian
QUESTION 4
1. Mt. Rainier in Washington State is an excellent example of
what principle type of volcano?
2.
An eroded shield volcano
A caldera
A stratovolcano
Flood basalts

QUESTION 5
1. Recall from your reading about the nature of volcanoes to
choose the best answer: A volcanic eruption is driven by
__________ and __________ which forces its way upward and
may ultimately break though zones of weaknesses in the Earth's
crust.
2.
heat; water pressure
heat; gas pressure
buoyancy; gas pressure
buoyancy; water pressure
QUESTION 6
1. Recall your reading of Relative Time Scale and Radiometric
Time Scale and match the term with the definition.
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Isotopes
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Half-life
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Carbon 14
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Igneous rocks
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Hutton

- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Petrology
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Index fossil
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Stratigraphy
A.
Rocks that generally do not contain fossils
B.
Forms of life which existed during limited periods of geologic
time and thus are used as guides to the age of the rocks in which
they are preserved
C.
Studies of rock layering
D.
The time it takes for one-half of a particular radioactive isotope
in a sample to decay
E.
Atoms of the same element with differing atomic weights
F.
Isotope found in all living plants and animals
G.
Studies on the origins of the various kinds of rocks
H.
The Scottish geologist who first proposed the fundamental
principle used to classify rocks according to their relative ages
QUESTION 7
1. Recall from your reading of Principal Types of Volcanoes,
and match the description to the type of volcano.
- A. B. C.
Large, fairly steep-sided cones composed of alternating layers

of lava flows and pyroclastic material.
- A. B. C.
Small basaltic cones built during one, short, eruptive episode;
dominated by cinders.
- A. B. C.
Volcanoes of southwestern Alaska and the Aleutian Islands.
- A. B. C.
Big volcanoes of Hawaii
- A. B. C.
Volcano Paricutin in Mexico
- A. B. C.
Forms dikes from lava
- A. B. C.
Lava is produced after the eruption and flows from the bottom
- A. B. C.
Volcanoes with gentle slopes spreading over large areas
A.
Composite/stratovolcanoes
B.
Shield volcanoes
C.
Cinder cones
QUESTION 8
1. Recall from your reading about the radiometric time scale to
put the following isotopes in order of use, from oldest rock to
youngest.
- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Carbon-14
- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Potassium-40

- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Samarium-147
- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Thorium-232
- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Uranium-235
- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Uranium-238
- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Rubidium-87
200 words QUESTION 9
1. Recall from reading the nature of volcanoes, and in your own
words, briefly discuss how the rate of cooling determines the
type of rock that forms from magma/lava.

1. According to the figure below, give an approximate age for
the Dakota Sandstone and for the Wasatch Formation. Explain
what evidence you used to determine this.
1. Recall from your reading about the nature of volcanoes, and
in your own words, compare and contrast aa and pahoehoe lava
in appearance and how they form.

1. In your own words, compare and contrast relative age dating
with radiometric dating. What are the strengths and limitations
(if any) of each? Reference USGS (2001).
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
Take Test: Unit V Assessment
Top of Form
QUESTION 1
1. __________ develop where oceanic lithosphere bends
downward and sinks into the mantle.
2.
Guyots
Deep-ocean trenches
Submarine canyons
Oceanic ridges
QUESTION 2
1. One result of wave refraction is that wave energy is
concentrated __________.
2.
on headlands projecting into the water

on tombolos
in bays, coves, and other recessed areas between headlands
on spits
QUESTION 3
1. Which element is most common dissolved in seawater?
2.
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
Gold
QUESTION 4
1. The __________ Ocean is the largest; the __________ Ocean
is the smallest.
2.
Pacific; Arctic
Atlantic; Indian
Pacific; Indian

Arctic; Atlantic
QUESTION 5
1. __________ are huge circular-moving current systems that
dominate the surface of the ocean within an ocean basin.
2.
Tombolos
Gyres
Coriolis
Upwellings
QUESTION 6
1. Examine the figure. Match each of the lettered locations with
the name of the shoreline feature shown there.
- A. B. C. D.
A
- A. B. C. D.
B
- A. B. C. D.
C
- A. B. C. D.
D
A.
Oceanic plateau
B.
Seamount
C.
Guyot

D.
Volcanic island
QUESTION 7
1. Match the term with the definition.
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Abrasion
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Wave period
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Wavelength
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Hard stabilization
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Beach nourishment
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Submergent
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Emergent
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G. H.
Tidal delta
A.
Like the Pacific coast of the United States, an area of land
uplift relative to sea level.
B.
The distance from one wave crest to the next.
C.

The sawing and grinding action of water armed with rock
fragments.
D.
Pumping sand onto the beach from some other area, temporarily
replenishing the sediment supply.
E.
The amount of time it takes for two wave crests to pass the
same point.
F.
Building structures along the coastline to prevent movement of
sand.
G.
A deposit of sediment resulting from a flood current passing
through an inlet.
H.
Like the Atlantic coast of the United States, an area of sea level
rise relative to the land.
1. Discuss two reasons why summer temperatures in coastal
locations in Southern California are cooler than coastal
locations at the same latitude in Georgia.
1. The best place to look for crabs is between the high tide and
low tide zones (the tidal flat). Knowing this, would you expect
to find more crabs during a full moon/new moon or during a
quarter moon stage? Explain why.
1. Examine the chart below. At what latitudes do we find the
maximum salinity? Briefly explain what contributes to high
salinities here versus polar and equatorial regions.
QUESTION 11
1. You are taking samples of water depth as you cross the ocean

from North America to Africa. You notice that about halfway
through your journey, the ocean floor is more elevated. Explain
the plate tectonic processes that form this elevated region of the
seafloor.
Take Test: Unit VI Assessment
Top of Form
QUESTION 1
1. The tops of tall mountains are much colder than surrounding
lowlands. This is evidence of __________.
2.
solar heating
global warming
the environmental lapse rate
ozone depletion
QUESTION 2
1. The most important process of cloud formation in the
atmosphere is __________.
2.
cooling by compression of air
radiation cooling

cooling by expansion of air
cooling by release of latent heat of vaporization
QUESTION 3
1. The storage of heat in the lower layer of the atmosphere due
to certain gases absorbing heat is called __________.
2.
adiabatic cooling
radiosonde
scattering
the greenhouse effect
QUESTION 4
1. Examine the figure below. Which of the four lettered
positions depicts the Northern Hemisphere winter solstice?
A
B
C
D
QUESTION 5

1. The change of state from a gas to a liquid is called
__________, and when this occurs in the atmosphere it results
in __________.
2.
evaporation; rain and sleet
sublimation; relative humidity
condensation; fog and clouds
melting; snow and run-off
QUESTION 6
1. Match the term with the correct description.
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G.
Deposition
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G.
Condensation
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G.
Melting
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G.
Humidity
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G.
Vapor pressure
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G.
Dew point
- A. B. C. D. E.

F. G.
Absolute instability
A.
The temperature at which saturation occurs
B.
This process results in the absorption of about 80 calories of
latent heat per gram of water
C.
The results of a situation where the environmental lapse rate is
greater than the dry adiabatic rate (This occurs when air near
the ground is significantly warmer (less dense) than the air
aloft)
D.
The general term for the amount of water vapor in the air
E.
The process by which water vapor changes to a liquid
F.
The part of the total atmospheric pressure that can be attributed
to the water-vapor content
G.
The process by which water vapor changes directly to a solid
QUESTION 7
1. Match the term with the correct description
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G.
Air
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G.
Environmental lapse rate
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G.
Weather
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G.

Radiosonde
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G.
Aerosols
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G.
Ozone
- A. B. C. D. E.
F. G.
Climate
A.
A mixture of many discrete gases, including water vapor, as
well as variable components like dust and small liquid droplets
B.
The change in temperature over changes in altitude in the
atmosphere
C.
The state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place
D.
A package of instruments attached to a balloon
E.
Liquid droplets or solid particles in the atomsphere
F.
Three oxygen atoms in one molecule
G.
A generalization of the weather conditions that is typical of a
place
1. Examine the graph below. In your own words, describe why
we see a seasonal difference in CO2 concentration in the
atmosphere.

1. Examine the figures below. Contrast the role the greenhouse
effect plays in the atmospheres of (a) the Moon, (b) Earth, and
(c) Venus.
1. Compare and contrast weather and climate and how the
atmosphere affects both.
1. In the picture below, explain why the balloons are rising in
terms of atmospheric stability. What effect does water vapor
have on atmospheric stability?
1. Considering the albedo of various surfaces, how might
temperatures differ between urban and rural areas? Which
setting tends to be warmer on a given day and why? Also, are
there any factors other than albedo that might affect the
temperature differences between the two settings?
Bottom of Form
Bottom of Form
Bottom of Form
Exam #1 - Study Guide
1. List two goals that operating systems are designed to
achieve?

2. Why do operating system’s make system calls available for
use by programs?
3. What is a background service or daemon?
4. In the system call signature provided below, which parameter
specifies the file it will
read from? Explain what the parameter represents.
5. What are the three methods for passing parameters to the
operating system when a
system call is invoked? Briefly explain how each one works.
6. Why does kernel mode exist?
7. How is the separation of kernel mode from user mode
enforced?
8. When your program makes a system call, what are the steps
the OS goes through to
complete it?
Processes
1. What is a process and how does it relate to a program?
2. What are the four components of a process in memory?

3. Can a program become multiple processes, explain?
4. What occurs during a context switch and what does it
accomplish for the operating
system?
5. In Linux, what does the fork system call accomplish?
6. What is multitasking?
7. What data structure does the operating system use to store
information about each
specific process? Identify a piece of information it contains and
briefly explain its
purpose.
8. What is inter-process communication (IPC)? Give two
examples of IPC methods an
operating system might provide.
9. What are the two fundamental models of inter-process
communication (IPC)? Briefly
describe the attributes of each model.

10. What are cooperating processes and describe a situation
where they would be used?
11. What are pipes and how are they used?
12. How do ordinary pipes differ from named pipes?
13. What are message queues?
14. How do synchronous system calls differ from asynchronous
system calls?
15. Why is synchronization required when working with shared
memory?
16. Circle the statements about inter-process communication
(IPC) that are true
• Accessing shared memory produces less overhead than
message passing.
• By their nature, message passing system calls are synchronous
operations.
• Writes to shared memory should be done within a critical
section to protect the
consistency of the data.
• IPC resources are automatically cleaned up by the operating
system after all of the
processes using them have terminated.

• Accessing shared memory should be synchronized to protect
the consistency of
data.
17. Refer to this diagram when answering the questions that
follow.
o The operating system structure represented by the diagram is
called a
__________________.
o These structures are managed in ______________ to facilitate
their access to
I/O devices and processors.
o What is context switching and how are these structures
involved?
18. Refer to this code snippet when answering the following
questions.
int main ()
{
int some_number = 1;
pid_t pid = fork ();

if (pid == 0) {
some_number = 0;
if (fork () == 0)
some_number = 3;
}
else if (pid > 0) {
if (fork() == 0) {
some_number = 2;
}
else
cout << some_number;
}
return 0;
}
a. Draw a tree of processes to illustrate the parent/child
relationships between all
of the processes created by fork when this program runs. (4 pts)
b. Is it possible to predict the value of some_number that is
displayed on the
terminal? If so, list the number; otherwise, explain why the
value is
unpredictable. (2 pts)
Threads

19. You get an awesome job writing software at Pixel
Entertainment, a leading producer of
computer animated movies and games. You are tasked with
writing a rendering
algorithm, and quickly realize that by dividing the processing
across multiple threads,
you can take advantage of parallelism to reduce rendering
times. Refer to this scenario,
when answering the following questions:
a. Is this scenario an example of using threads to implement
task parallelism?
b. At a meeting with the Product Owner, you learned your
program will be bundled
with a tablet that is powered by a single processor (1 core). Will
using multiple
threads achieve parallelism on this device? Briefly explain.
c. Later, you receive an email about a change in plan. Your
program will now be
shipped on another vendor’s tablet that is powered by a
processor with 4 cores.
When you read the tablet’s developer’s guide, you learn it runs
an Unix like
operating system that includes the vendor’s own version of the
pthreads library that
implements the many-to-one model. Can threads be used to
achieve parallelism on
this platform? Briefly explain.

d. Assume you chose not to use the 4 core tablet’s pthreads
library, could parallelism
be achieved by dividing the work across multiple cooperating
processes? Briefly
explain.
20. Explain the difference between concurrency and
parallelism?
21. Can parallelism be achieved on a single processor system?
Explain.
22. Can concurrency be achieved on a single processor system?
Explain.
23. How are data parallelism and task parallelism different?
24. Within a multithreaded process, some of the process’
resources are shared by all of the
threads. Circle the resources that are exclusive to each thread.
o Register values
o Heap Memory
o Code
o Stack memory

25. Refer to this diagram when answering the following
questions:
c. This is a diagram of the ____________ threading model.
d. In this model, if a user thread makes a blocking system call,
are the other user
threads able to do work while the system call is in progress?
Briefly explain.
questions:
user thread
kernel threadk
a. This is a diagram of the threading model.
In this model, user
threads are attached to kernel threads using intermediate data
structures
called .
b. In this model, if a user thread makes a blocking system call,
are the other

user threads able to do work while the system call is in
progress? Briefly
explain.
questions:
a. This is a diagram of the ____________ threading model.
user thread
kernel threadkkk
user thread
kernel threadkkkk
b. In this model, if a user thread makes a blocking system call,
are the other
user threads able to do work while the system call is in
progress? Briefly
explain.
c. Thread pools are often used with this model. What is a thread
pool? Describe
one benefit they provide.

d. A limitation of this model is that it places an upper threshold
on the number
of threads an operating system can support. Can a thread pool
help address
this issue? Briefly explain.
28. When threads are applied correctly, your application can
benefit in a number of ways. In
the list below, cross out the two items that are not true benefits.
• Responsiveness – may allow continued execution if part of
process is blocked,
especially important for user interfaces
• Resource Sharing – threads share resources of process, easier
than shared memory
or message passing
• Synchronization – unlike shared memory between processes,
synchronization is not
required when threads share memory
• Economy – cheaper than process creation, thread switching
lower overhead than
context switching
• Isolation – the execution of one thread cannot interfere with
the execution of
another thread
• Scalability – process can take advantage of multiprocessor
architectures

Take Test Unit IV Assessment Top of FormQUESTION 11. Reca.docx

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