SlideShare a Scribd company logo

Tang _song_china2014

Download as PPT, PDF
James Spagnoletti, profile picture
James Spagnoletti

This document provides information on China's dynastic periods from Shang to Qing, with a focus on the Six Dynasties period, Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, and Song Dynasty. Key points include: the Six Dynasties period saw political fragmentation and the emergence of northern and southern Chinese states; the Sui Dynasty reunified China and established critical infrastructure like the Grand Canal; the Tang Dynasty was a golden age of prosperity and cultural flourishing, though internal conflicts contributed to its decline; the Song Dynasty ruled a smaller but stable and wealthy empire, until northern China was lost to invaders.

Education
1 of 70
Downloaded 12 times
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Tang _song_china2014
TThhee DDyynnaassttyy SSoonngg "The Dynasties Song”--- sung to the tune of "Frère Jacques” Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao Zedong Mao Zedong
Tang _song_china2014
CChhiinnaa’’ss GGoollddeenn AAggee:: TThheemmeess Major Themes: •China emerging as a “superpower” among the third-wave civilizations •China’s deep influence on East Asia—political, cultural, social •The impact that interaction with other peoples had on China (international trade, nomadic military threat – tribute system) •Buddhism spreads and becomes part of popular culture •Economic revolution—most highly commercialized economy in the world •China’s economy and technological innovations had effects throughout Eurasia •Rapid population growth (50 million under Tang, 120 mil. by 1200)
Six DDyynnaassttiieess PPeerriioodd • "Period of Disunity" or Six Dynasties Period • 220-589 CE • The empire fragmented after Han fell • The North was dominated by invaders from the borderland and the steppes • The South was ruled by successive "Chinese" dynasties. • Buddhism spread rapidly between 300-800 CE
Six DDyynnaassttiieess PPeerriioodd • Six successive dynasties had their capital at Jiankang (Nanjing) • Divisions between the North and South developed and remained part of Chinese history for centuries • Chinese in the South thought of themselves as the true inheritors of Han ancestry---looked with scorn on the North due to the strong impact of nomadic culture from the steppes on the northern region • Lack of internal conflicts allowed the South to flourish and become a center for Chinese art, literature, and intellectual thought.
Six DDyynnaassttiieess PPeerriioodd
SSuuii DDyynnaassttyy By 589 BCE, Emperor Wendi of the Sui dynasty had forcefully reunited northern and southern China once again after over 300 years of disunity. By 581 BCE – Sui dynasty established-- Sui rulers provided the political, institutional, and economic foundations for the Tang & Song Dynasties
Tang _song_china2014
Sui DDyynnaassttyy,, 558811--661188 CC..EE..  Grand Canal constructed—one million peasants labored for 5 years on its completion—massive amounts of deaths  Canal was a major technological breakthrough— foreshadowing the rise of an advanced China  Grand Canal connected the Huang He and Yangtze Rivers— economic and military unification  Established an army of professional soldiers.  People were overworked and overtaxed People revolted in 618 and assassinated the Sui emperor
GGrraanndd CCaannaall
Sui DDyynnaassttyy,, 558811--661188 CC..EE.. • The two emperors of Sui were devoted Buddhists and promoted the creation of numerous Buddhist temples and sculptures. • Second emperor, Yangdi (569–618) rebuilt the eastern capital of Luoyang and established relations with Taiwan and Japan. • Military expansion eastward established colonies along the overland trade routes • Then failed campaigns, especially against Korea, led to political disarray, rebellions, and dynastic downfall.
Buddhist meditation caves at Luoyang date to the Sui dynasty
TTAANNGG DDYYNNAASSTTYY PPOOLLIITTCCAALL OOVVEERRVVIIEEWW 661188--990077 CCEE
Tang _song_china2014
Tang _song_china2014
Tang _song_china2014
Emperor TTaaiizzoonngg:: 662266-- 664499 CCEE Tang Taizong (“Great Ancestor”)  Li Shimin was second emperor --took the name Tang Taizong  an important general—came to power in 626 after killing brothers and forcing father, Tang Gaozu, into retirement  Expanded China’s borders deep into Korea and Central Asia (Afghanistan)  Reformed the government  Role of the military expanded  Role of scholar-officials expanded  Exam emphasized Confucian values of loyalty and service
Emperor TTaaiizzoonngg:: 662266-- 664499 CCEE Tang Taizong (“Great Ancestor”)  Expanded the exam system  Education & talent became keys to social mobility—reduced the power of the old landowning elites  Talented class of bureaucrats were generally loyal to the dynasty and worked to strengthen the state  Needed to place loyal officials all over the empire as China grew – also placed relatives in charge of regions  Placed military bases along Silk Road – believed in well-trained military but sought balance between peace & war  Land reform – put more land into the hands of farmers – increased food production & utilized the Grand Canal for shipping food grown in the south
TTaanngg CCaappiittaall aatt CChhaanngg’’aann  Capital city at Chang’an (Xian) became a cosmopolitan center of learning and trade…foreign goods, religions, fashions seen here due to numerous merchants, dignitaries, pilgrims **Under the Tang dynasty, China became a center for foreign exchange in goods and ideas **Expanded network of roads and canals helped to further unify and strengthen China
EEmmpprreessss WWuu ZZhhaaoo 662255-- 770055  The only female Empress in China’s history who ruled alone—vicious in her climb to top  Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her court (successful and powerful people always surround themselves with the best of the best)  Empress Dowager Wu conducted military campaigns that completed the conquest of Korea  Korea paid tribute, sinification (extensive adaptation of Chinese influences) of Korea occurs  Respected and listened to the people  Buddhism was the favored state religion.  Financed the building of many Buddhist temples.  BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies
Buddhism iinn TTaanngg CChhiinnaa Buddhist sculpture at Longmen Caves near Luoyang, works commissioned by Empress Wu and late husband Gaozong
BBuuddddhhiissmm && SSttaattee SSuuppppoorrtt  Mahayana Buddhism reached its greatest influence in China under the Tang  Tang patronize Buddhism while promoting Confucian education. (1) Endow monasteries (2) Host Buddhist ceremonies at court (3) Art, literature, architecture—Buddhist themes widely seen  Empress Wu (r. 690-705) tries to make Buddhism state religion→ powerful monks and monasteries
Emperor XXuuaannzzoonngg 771122-- 775566  Became emperor after slaying Wu’s grandson  Active ruler early on: reduced power of the Buddhist monasteries, ordered a new census, addressed issues with land distribution, strengthened military on the frontiers  Initiated a brief golden age of peace and prosperity---great patron of poetry, music, and painting (he was also an artist)  Favored both Daoism and Tibetan Buddhism  Interest in Tibetan Buddhism and love for the courtesan Yang Guifei led to weakening of his power
Battle ooff TTaallaass 775511 CCEE  Clash between the Arab Abbasid caliphate and the Tang dynasty over control of central Asia  Abbasids united with many of the local tribes and had the superior force  Of the tens of thousands the Tang sent into battle, only a small percentage survived.  Potentially could have led to Arab invasion of China – but low supplies and the challenge of crossing the Hindu Kush mountains led the Abbasids to retreat  Tang lost control of the central Asian trade routes – marks a long decline for the Tang
Rebellion ooff AAnn LLuusshhaann 775555--776633  An Lushan was a military governor of three strategic provinces in the northeast—half Turkish descent  An Lushan with 100,000 troops started a rebellion against Xuanzong that forced him to flee –attacked the capital of Luoyang  Yang Guifei and her relatives killed  To recover capital—Tang had to make alliances with the Turks and give up many rights  Begins the long slow decline of the Tang
BBuuddddhhiissmm iinn CChhiinnaa:: CCrriissiiss • 9th century—An Lushan rebellion sparked resentment towards anything foreign • Buddhism now seen as foreign as well as contradictory to the Confucian-based family system • 841-845—260,000 monks and nuns were forced to return to secular life • Monasteries, temples and shrines were confiscated or destroyed • Ban on use of precious gems for Buddhist images • Persecution did not cause Buddhism to vanish---remained an important part of Chinese popular religion
LLoonngg DDeecclliinnee ooff tthhee TTaanngg Victim of its own success—expanded beyond its capacity to effectively administer its territories Frontier generals and officials gained too much power— staged revolts creating internal strife in the mid-700s Tang ruled for another century but very weak and eventually fell after Chang’an was sacked and destroyed China entered 50 years of political turmoil until the first Song emperor regained imperial control
TTaanngg CChhiinnaa SSuummmmaarryy :: 661188--990077 CCEE  Expanded and strengthened the central government; expanded roads & canals; further unified the empire  Re-conquered northern and western lands lost after the fall of the Han  Imperial examination system more developed  Liberal attitude towards all religions early in dynasty—later Tang rulers started to suppress Buddhism  Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries— promoted foreign trade along Silk Roads and sea routes
SSOONNGG DDYYNNAASSTTYY OOVVEERRVVIIEEWW 996600--11227799 CCEE
SSoonngg ((SSuunngg)) DDyynnaassttyy::996600--11227799
NNoorrtthheerrnn SSoonngg DDyynnaassttyy::996600--11112277
Shifting Global Perspectives The Tang Dynasty World View: The Song Dynasty World View: looks east towards the sea Did not expand China’s borders west along the Silk Road Expansionist Strong military
SONG DDYYNNAASSTTYY 996600--11227799 OOvveerrvviieeww  In 960 the general Taizu reunited China and proclaimed himself the first Song emperor  Ruled a smaller empire than the Han or the Tang—but the Song kept China stable, powerful, and wealthy  After the early 1100s, northern China and the capital at Kaifeng fell to the Manchurian people (Jurchens / Jin Empire)  Southern Song Empire (1127-1279): grand new capital established at Hangzhou—coastal city tied to Indian Ocean commerce, described in Marco Polo’s 14th-century writings  Move to the south brought huge economic growth—became economic heartland of China
Southern SSoonngg DDyynnaassttyy
Song Dynasty: Government • Song dynasty—economic, not military, power • Kept a strong centralized government • Founded by general named Taizu – Forced the military to become under control of the government bureaucracy – Fought against the tribes in the north but failed • Controversy in government over paying tribute to the nomads—seemed weak to the military faction • Pro-peace faction— tribute was cheaper than war, economically good for China • Focus of government becomes increased prosperity and stability at home • Diplomacy a civilian-controlled government key
Song DDyynnaassttyy:: SScchhoollaarr-- OOffffiicciiaallss CONFUCIANISM CIVIL SERVICE EXAMS  Rise of the gentry (scholar-officials) as the Song increased the prestige and honor that came from passing the exam and working for the government – new upper class  Govt. bureaucracy filled by competitive exams —all the wealthy receive similar educations and develop the same worldview  Song did not want a government dominated by military  Song examination system was more complex than before with different levels  Exams covered general education, Confucian classics, policy issues, poetry  Only 10% of candidates allowed to pass at each level  Talent and education became the keys to success, not noble birth
Song DDyynnaassttyy:: FFoorreeiiggnn PPoolliiccyy Tribute System: pay for protection ** In theory: Chinese saw themselves as the center of the world and superior to non-Chinese peoples Foreign policy goal: use the tribute system to manage relationships with the nomadic pastoralists Tribes would gain trading privileges with China for acknowledging China’s superiority in the region ** In reality: The powerful tribes demanded China recognize them as political equals China sought horses– the tribes controlled much of the Silk Road routes and wanted Chinese goods to trade Used extortion to get what they wanted from China
Song DDyynnaassttyy:: FFoorreeiiggnn PPoolliiccyy Tribute System Assimilation: **Chinese culture had little impact on the nomads of the steppes --Pastoral societies retained their own way of life **When nomads ruled parts of China (such as the Jin dynasty) they often adopted aspects of Chinese culture **China’s elites—hostile towards the influences of the nomads on Chinese culture – particularly did not like that nomadic women were much freer and more respected than Chinese women **All non-Chinese states made efforts to maintain their own ethnic identity and to keep themselves from being absorbed by the much more numerous Chinese
TTAANNGG SSOONNGG DDYYNNAASSTTIIEESS:: EECCOONNOOMMIICC,, SSOOCCIIAALL,, CCUULLTTUURRAALL DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTTSS
EEccoonnoommiicc RReevvoolluuttiioonn:: GGrroowwtthh ooff aa MMaarrkkeett EEccoonnoommyy What caused the emergence of a market economy during the Song dynasty? Increased agricultural production More efficient transportation routes including the growth of sea trade Population growth Urbanization (growth of city living) Industrial production, such as seen with the iron industry Innovative financial tools
CChhaanngg’’aann ((XXiiaann)):: TTaanngg CCuullttuurraall MMeettrrooppoolliiss  Under the Sui and Tang—Chang’an became a center of Buddhist learning and a major center of trade on the Silk Roads
KKaaiiffeenngg:: NNoorrtthheerrnn SSoonngg CCaappiittaall  • Under the Northern Song Kaifeng developed into an economic center with a vibrant urban life as shown in the Qingming Scroll
Hangzhou: EEaasstteerrnn CCaappiittaall NNeeww HHuubb ooff SSoouutthheerrnn SSoonngg CCuullttuurree Under the Song, Hangzhou became a legendary city full of markets, culture, pleasure— it was the largest and richest city in the world during the 1200s Arab merchants revived trade along the Silk Roads and flocked to large Chinese trading centers
Song ships • Note how the Grand Canal connects Hangzhou, Southern Song capital, to Beijing in the north
EEccoonnoommiicc RReevvoolluuttiioonn:: FFiinnaanncciinngg TTrraaddee Growth of cities an efficient network of roads canals - led to growth of industry, trade, and the empires’ economy—some cities had populations over one million The use of a credit system (“flying money”) Government issued paper money on massive scale – the world’s first banknotes Government promoted innovation Merchants formed partnerships to fund trading ventures More merchants engaged in overseas trade – coming into contact with more cultures
EEccoonnoommiicc EExxcchhaannggee:: LLeetttteerrss ooff CCrreeddiitt ((EEaarrllyy BBaannkkiinngg)) Trade grew so rapidly during the Tang and Song era that copper coin shortages developed – Traders began issuing letters of credit (“flying cash”) as an alternative – Enabled merchants to deposit goods or cash at one location and draw the equivalent cash or merchandise somewhere else Coin from Tang Dynasty
TTeecchhnnoollooggyy:: FFaarrmmiinngg  Heavy iron plows  Harnessed oxen and water buffaloes  Enriched soil with manure and composted organic matter  Extensive irrigation systems  Reservoirs, dams, pumps, water wheels  Artificial irrigation greatly increased agricultural production which led to a rapid population expansion
Intensive Rice CCuullttiivvaattiioonn aafftteerr 11000000 CCEE Demographic shifts: New type of rice from Vietnam allowed for 2 harvests a year—feed a larger population in the cities **Example of how China also economically benefitted from contact with other societies **Exchange of goods and ideas was not one way **Learned cotton and sugar production from India leading to farming crops for the market
TANG // SSOONNGG::IINNDDUUSSTTRRYY TTRRAADDEE  China began cotton, tea, and sugar production for export— creation of a market-driven economy  China lost its monopoly on silk (but still had a superior product)  China was the sole supplier of porcelain to the world  Advanced metallurgy and mining—greatly expands under Song  Sea trade—China’s long coastline had port cities that became big trade centers—ships sailed to Korea, Japan, India, Persian Gulf, East Africa
EEccoonnoommiicc EExxcchhaannggee:: TTeeaa  Tea trading flourished during Tang and Song era  Tea was compressed into bricks and used as money  Tea came into China from Southeast Asia.
TTAANNGG // SSOONNGG:: TTeecchhnnoollooggiiccaall IInnnnoovvaattiioonn  New technologies:  Printing  moveable-type print using characters carved on wood blocks  Porcelain (“china”)  Gunpowder  Mechanical clocks  Magnetic compass  Improved iron production
NNeeww TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess:: PPrriinnttiinngg  Tang printers used block-printing techniques Carved a reverse image of an entire page into a wooden block, inked the block, then pressed a sheet of paper on top of it  By the mid-eleventh century, Song printers began to experiment with movable type – Fashioned dies in the shape of characters, arranged them in a frame, inked them, and pressed the frame over paper sheets – Speeded up the process and allowed printers to make revisions and corrections – Facilitated distribution of texts quickly, cheaply – Allowed for printed paper money – helped create a large-scale commercial economy
NNeeww TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess:: GGuunnppoowwddeerr  During the Tang era, Daoist alchemists learned it was dangerous to mix charcoal, saltpeter, sulphur, and arsenic Military officials saw possibilities—first recorded use of gunpowder as a weapon —919 CE  By the tenth-century, the Tang military was using gunpowder in bamboo “fire lances,” a kind of flame thrower and by the eleventh century they had made primitive bombs
New Technologies: Magnetic Compass Shipbuilding  Magnetic compass – further improved during the Song period  The needle was reduced in size and attached to a fixed stem (rather than floating in water).  Small protective case with a glass top made it suitable for sea travel.  Song sailors started using the compass to aid in navigation around 1100  One factor that led the Southern Song to becoming a sea power
New Technologies: Magnetic Compass Shipbuilding  Song made big improvements in shipbuilding - watertight bulkheads improved buoyancy, stern-post rudders improved steering.  Some ships were powered by both oars and sails and large enough to hold several hundred men.  Southern Song needed to keep northern armies from crossing the Yangtze River – needed a strong navy  Song battleships –more advanced than Tang ships – included fire-bomb catapults, protected stations on upper deck for crossbowmen Tang Sea Hawk warship Song Battleship Rudders
New Technologies: Improved Metallurgy  Chinese craftsmen learned new methods to improve the quality of iron  Iron production increased dramatically between the 9th – 12th centuries  Produced high quality weaponry and farming tools  Also used to reinforce bridges and in building construction  Iron technology quickly spread – nomadic peoples in the North adopted it and produced their own iron weapons Blast furnace Furnace pouring out iron
NNeeww TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess:: PPoorrcceellaaiinn Tang craftsmen discovered how to produce porcelain which was lighter, thinner, and adaptable to more uses than earlier pottery Strong enough and attractive enough to be useful and beautiful Tang and Song products gained such a reputation that porcelain came to be called “chinaware” Tang Marble Glazed Porcelain Figure
Song SSoocciiaall CCllaasssseess Emperor family Nobles still had wealth and privilege, but power decreased Gentry Wealthy landowners Scholar-officials who studied Confucian doctrine passed civil service exam Rising middle class of urban artisans, merchants, Merchants not as shopkeepers respected as farmers because they made $ off the work of Some merchants became very wealthy through trade Greater social mobility - some merchants educated sons - enter the gentry class Peasants--largest % of population Common laborers, soldiers Farmers greatly respected by Confucian scholars others **China’s new prosperity had big impact on society—rise of cities, educated gentry, social mobility more common **Peasants grew specialized crops for the market rather than for local consumption
GGeennddeerr RRoolleess Women’s status slowly declined (despite attempts at reform by several empresses)  The Song Period saw women at a very low social status—Song rulers thought Buddhism had encouraged too much freedom for women  Seclusion, lack of property rights, foot binding, and exclusion from education are all examples of their lowering status.
GGeennddeerr RRoolleess  Lower class women involved in activities outside the home (farming-rural, variety of occupations—urban)  Silk production—many hands needed to produce silk  Wealthy families secluded women  Marriages were arranged with a dowry provided by bride’s family  Daughter went to live with in-laws permanently  Giving birth to a male heir—top priority  Husbands and sons provided for women (4-6 kids)  Acceptable for wealthy husband to have mistresses
Gender Roles: Foot-Binding in Song China  New custom developed – bind the feet of young wealthy girls – “lily feet” became a class symbol – reflected wealth and prestige of her husband  Later the custom spread to the lower classes – meant to improve a girls’ marriage opportunities  Feet are tightly bound resulting in the breaking of the arch and curling under of the toes  Crippled for life  Places woman under close supervision of husband  Size 5 ½ shoe on the right
Tang _song_china2014
Golden AAggee ooff CCuullttuurree  China during the Tang and Song dynasties enjoyed political stability economic growth – this often leads to new intellectual and artistic achievements  China became a more urban culture— dozens of cities with populations over 100,000 more exposure to the outside world  Tang Song China strongly influenced the cultures of Korea Japan  Two great Song poets: Li Bo and Tu Fu—praised orderliness, Confucian virtues, life’s pleasures  Porcelain production  Landscape paintings – pen ink drawing: Daoist influences, appreciation for nature its power
Revival ooff CCoonnffuucciiaanniissmm NEO-CONFUCIANISM (“Learning the Principle”) ** Philosophy that emerged during Song dynasty—gave Confucianism new meaning, new structure, new relevance in Chinese society apart from the role Confucianism played in the civil service exam ** Confucian thinking now included some influences from Buddhism and Daoism **Result was a multi-religious mixture of the 3 belief systems – traditions existed somewhat comfortably together ** More focus on social (role of the family filial piety) applications of Confucian principles ** Neo-Confucianism emphasized self-cultivation as a path not only to self-fulfillment but to the formation of a virtuous and harmonious society ** Women continued to be viewed as inferior / subservient to men
Song DDyynnaassttyy PPaaiinnttiinngg Daoist influences in art—show the beauty of nature, use of simple lines, calm tranquil landscape scenes
Song DDyynnaassttyy PPaaiinnttiinngg **Scholar-officials practiced the art of calligraphy and painting **Monochrome images of old trees, bamboo, rocks, and retirement retreats created by these scholar-artists became emblems of their character and spirit. **Some artists were purists in their approach to painting while others innovated
““BBllaacckk iiss tteenn ccoolloorrss”” Black ink drawings were often accompanied by poetry
Tang _song_china2014
Wrap-Up: CChhiinnaa’’ss IInnnnoovvaattiivvee SSppiirriitt • China was undoubtedly the most technologically advanced civilization of pre-modern time • China developed the world’s first true market economy – production for export instead of subsistence – use of paper money to bypass coin shortages • Tang and Song advances---had a huge impact on the development of Asia and Europe • Song golden age comes to an end in the 1270s with the arrival of the Mongols (established the Yuan Dynasty)

More Related Content

PPT
Chinese Dynasties Overview
Dan McDowell
 
PPT
Global Slide Show: Chinese Dynasties
epaulette
 
PPT
Ancient China
guestcfc5c4c
 
PPT
06 History of China 2013
Marika Domacena
 
PPT
A brief history of the chinese dynasty
NEMChaos
 
PPTX
Han dynasty
Alvin Dela Torre
 
PPT
Han Dynasty Classical China
James Spagnoletti
 
PPTX
Zhou dynasty present
Raksmey Chan
 
Chinese Dynasties Overview
Dan McDowell
 
Global Slide Show: Chinese Dynasties
epaulette
 
Ancient China
guestcfc5c4c
 
06 History of China 2013
Marika Domacena
 
A brief history of the chinese dynasty
NEMChaos
 
Han dynasty
Alvin Dela Torre
 
Han Dynasty Classical China
James Spagnoletti
 
Zhou dynasty present
Raksmey Chan
 

What's hot (19)

PPT
Han Dynasty Ppt
Dan Klumper
 
PDF
06 History of China 2014
Jose Cedric Perez
 
PPT
Tang Notes
Emily Pensinger
 
PPT
Han Dynasty
Emily Pensinger
 
PPT
Fall of han dynasty
mrsfitzsocialstudies
 
PPTX
Han dynasty
Den Forbes
 
PPT
Han dynasty
KeithNeal2
 
PPT
Zhou Dynasty Ppt
Dan Klumper
 
PPTX
The song dynasty
Mark Joe
 
PPT
Chinese Dynasties
Laurissa Agosta
 
PPT
Shang Dynasty
Mhia Lu
 
PPT
Chapter 7 Section 3
Laura Beckham
 
ODP
CHINA global project
NSmithLaG
 
DOCX
CHN 103
Nancy Kwelagobe
 
PPTX
Zhou Dynasty PPT
ddsheppard
 
PPT
The han dynasty
Fernando Andrés Roa
 
PPT
Dynasties Of China
dynastiesofchina
 
PPTX
Mongol Eurasia and its aftermath
loganmw
 
PPT
China’s dynasties
whitney burns
 
Han Dynasty Ppt
Dan Klumper
 
06 History of China 2014
Jose Cedric Perez
 
Tang Notes
Emily Pensinger
 
Han Dynasty
Emily Pensinger
 
Fall of han dynasty
mrsfitzsocialstudies
 
Han dynasty
Den Forbes
 
Han dynasty
KeithNeal2
 
Zhou Dynasty Ppt
Dan Klumper
 
The song dynasty
Mark Joe
 
Chinese Dynasties
Laurissa Agosta
 
Shang Dynasty
Mhia Lu
 
Chapter 7 Section 3
Laura Beckham
 
CHINA global project
NSmithLaG
 
CHN 103
Nancy Kwelagobe
 
Zhou Dynasty PPT
ddsheppard
 
The han dynasty
Fernando Andrés Roa
 
Dynasties Of China
dynastiesofchina
 
Mongol Eurasia and its aftermath
loganmw
 
China’s dynasties
whitney burns
 
Ad

Viewers also liked (9)

PPTX
Amiens Cathedral
Kirsten Lodge
 
PPT
Gothic Cathedrals
bassmanb
 
KEY
Artgothic
Jason Curry
 
PDF
Cologne cathedral pdf
Zoe Yong
 
PPTX
Chartres Cathedral
Kirsten Lodge
 
PPT
Gothic Cathedral
James Spagnoletti
 
PDF
Romanesque powerpoint
Andrea Fuentes
 
PPTX
Romanesque Architecture
Naomi Aquino
 
PPT
History of arch...
joannaPG
 
Amiens Cathedral
Kirsten Lodge
 
Gothic Cathedrals
bassmanb
 
Artgothic
Jason Curry
 
Cologne cathedral pdf
Zoe Yong
 
Chartres Cathedral
Kirsten Lodge
 
Gothic Cathedral
James Spagnoletti
 
Romanesque powerpoint
Andrea Fuentes
 
Romanesque Architecture
Naomi Aquino
 
History of arch...
joannaPG
 
Ad

Similar to Tang _song_china2014 (20)

PPT
ch11_sec1.ppt
Seema Srivastava
 
PPTX
Ap world china in middle ages
jtodd1969
 
PPT
Tang&Song
Greg Sill
 
PPT
World History Ch. 11 Section 1 Notes
skorbar7
 
PPT
Chapter 12 Tang and Song China
Hals
 
PPT
The Qin And Tang Dynasties
papallacta
 
DOCX
Lecture Outline 6 Political Thought & Religion in Early China.docx
smile790243
 
PPTX
China & the mongols
Kimberly McClain
 
PPT
Tangsong
UC Berkeley, Academic Turnaround & Consulting
 
PPTX
Chapter 11 Summary
livvy milner
 
PPT
GWH Chapter 08
AMSimpson
 
PPT
AP WH Chapter 10 PPT
APWorldHistory
 
PDF
Sui and tang dynasties of china, the silla dynasty of korea, and the kofun, a...
JacobClements8
 
PPTX
Chinese Reunification
bbednars
 
PPTX
Chinese reunification
bbednars
 
PDF
Asia During the Middle Ages
Sam Georgi
 
KEY
Qinto ming
Hugh_07
 
PPTX
Unity and Conformity
ddsheppard
 
PPT
China Dynasty
jweaver00
 
PPT
Ancient china.
Dheng Bartolome
 
ch11_sec1.ppt
Seema Srivastava
 
Ap world china in middle ages
jtodd1969
 
Tang&Song
Greg Sill
 
World History Ch. 11 Section 1 Notes
skorbar7
 
Chapter 12 Tang and Song China
Hals
 
The Qin And Tang Dynasties
papallacta
 
Lecture Outline 6 Political Thought & Religion in Early China.docx
smile790243
 
China & the mongols
Kimberly McClain
 
Tangsong
UC Berkeley, Academic Turnaround & Consulting
 
Chapter 11 Summary
livvy milner
 
GWH Chapter 08
AMSimpson
 
AP WH Chapter 10 PPT
APWorldHistory
 
Sui and tang dynasties of china, the silla dynasty of korea, and the kofun, a...
JacobClements8
 
Chinese Reunification
bbednars
 
Chinese reunification
bbednars
 
Asia During the Middle Ages
Sam Georgi
 
Qinto ming
Hugh_07
 
Unity and Conformity
ddsheppard
 
China Dynasty
jweaver00
 
Ancient china.
Dheng Bartolome
 

Recently uploaded (20)

PDF
Classroom Observation Tools for Teachers
Nicaramirez
 
PPTX
A powerpoint presentation on the Revised K-10 Science Shaping Paper
JericEstaco2
 
PPTX
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteina and Fats
rekhapositivity
 
PPTX
Chinmaya Tiranga Azadi Quiz (Class 7-8 )
Nitin Suresh
 
PDF
ChatGPT for Dummies - Pam Baker Ccesa007.pdf
Demetrio Ccesa Rayme
 
PDF
medical_surgical_nursing_10th_edition_ignatavicius_TEST_BANK_pdf.pdf
victor kamau
 
PDF
Computing-Curriculum for Schools in Ghana
abigailanane203
 
PDF
احياء السادس العلمي - الفصل الثالث (التكاثر) منهج متميزين/كلية بغداد/موهوبين
S LS
 
PDF
What if we spent less time fighting change, and more time building what’s rig...
Derek Wenmoth
 
PDF
GENETICS IN BIOLOGY IN SECONDARY LEVEL FORM 3
ElishamichaelSamwel
 
PDF
RTP_AR_KS1_Tutor's Guide_English [FOR REPRODUCTION].pdf
RobertMentino1
 
PPTX
Lesson notes of climatology university.
sgladness67
 
PDF
Supply Chain Operations Speaking Notes -ICLT Program
labyankof
 
PDF
Chinmaya Tiranga quiz Grand Finale.pdf
Nitin Suresh
 
PPTX
Introduction to Building Materials
Mrunali Vasava
 
PDF
LNK 2025 (2).pdf MWEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHE
NielDestora
 
PPTX
Cell Types and Its function , kingdom of life
ClaireMangundayao1
 
PPTX
Tissue processing ( HISTOPATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE
mathiasmelwyn7
 
PDF
A GUIDE TO GENETICS FOR UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS
DrBincy A. S
 
PDF
Practical Manual AGRO-233 Principles and Practices of Natural Farming
MilindKhedekar2
 
Classroom Observation Tools for Teachers
Nicaramirez
 
A powerpoint presentation on the Revised K-10 Science Shaping Paper
JericEstaco2
 
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteina and Fats
rekhapositivity
 
Chinmaya Tiranga Azadi Quiz (Class 7-8 )
Nitin Suresh
 
ChatGPT for Dummies - Pam Baker Ccesa007.pdf
Demetrio Ccesa Rayme
 
medical_surgical_nursing_10th_edition_ignatavicius_TEST_BANK_pdf.pdf
victor kamau
 
Computing-Curriculum for Schools in Ghana
abigailanane203
 
احياء السادس العلمي - الفصل الثالث (التكاثر) منهج متميزين/كلية بغداد/موهوبين
S LS
 
What if we spent less time fighting change, and more time building what’s rig...
Derek Wenmoth
 
GENETICS IN BIOLOGY IN SECONDARY LEVEL FORM 3
ElishamichaelSamwel
 
RTP_AR_KS1_Tutor's Guide_English [FOR REPRODUCTION].pdf
RobertMentino1
 
Lesson notes of climatology university.
sgladness67
 
Supply Chain Operations Speaking Notes -ICLT Program
labyankof
 
Chinmaya Tiranga quiz Grand Finale.pdf
Nitin Suresh
 
Introduction to Building Materials
Mrunali Vasava
 
LNK 2025 (2).pdf MWEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHE
NielDestora
 
Cell Types and Its function , kingdom of life
ClaireMangundayao1
 
Tissue processing ( HISTOPATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE
mathiasmelwyn7
 
A GUIDE TO GENETICS FOR UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS
DrBincy A. S
 
Practical Manual AGRO-233 Principles and Practices of Natural Farming
MilindKhedekar2
 

Tang _song_china2014

  • 2. TThhee DDyynnaassttyy SSoonngg "The Dynasties Song”--- sung to the tune of "Frère Jacques” Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao Zedong Mao Zedong
  • 4. CChhiinnaa’’ss GGoollddeenn AAggee:: TThheemmeess Major Themes: •China emerging as a “superpower” among the third-wave civilizations •China’s deep influence on East Asia—political, cultural, social •The impact that interaction with other peoples had on China (international trade, nomadic military threat – tribute system) •Buddhism spreads and becomes part of popular culture •Economic revolution—most highly commercialized economy in the world •China’s economy and technological innovations had effects throughout Eurasia •Rapid population growth (50 million under Tang, 120 mil. by 1200)
  • 5. Six DDyynnaassttiieess PPeerriioodd • "Period of Disunity" or Six Dynasties Period • 220-589 CE • The empire fragmented after Han fell • The North was dominated by invaders from the borderland and the steppes • The South was ruled by successive "Chinese" dynasties. • Buddhism spread rapidly between 300-800 CE
  • 6. Six DDyynnaassttiieess PPeerriioodd • Six successive dynasties had their capital at Jiankang (Nanjing) • Divisions between the North and South developed and remained part of Chinese history for centuries • Chinese in the South thought of themselves as the true inheritors of Han ancestry---looked with scorn on the North due to the strong impact of nomadic culture from the steppes on the northern region • Lack of internal conflicts allowed the South to flourish and become a center for Chinese art, literature, and intellectual thought.
  • 8. SSuuii DDyynnaassttyy By 589 BCE, Emperor Wendi of the Sui dynasty had forcefully reunited northern and southern China once again after over 300 years of disunity. By 581 BCE – Sui dynasty established-- Sui rulers provided the political, institutional, and economic foundations for the Tang & Song Dynasties
  • 10. Sui DDyynnaassttyy,, 558811--661188 CC..EE..  Grand Canal constructed—one million peasants labored for 5 years on its completion—massive amounts of deaths  Canal was a major technological breakthrough— foreshadowing the rise of an advanced China  Grand Canal connected the Huang He and Yangtze Rivers— economic and military unification  Established an army of professional soldiers.  People were overworked and overtaxed People revolted in 618 and assassinated the Sui emperor
  • 12. Sui DDyynnaassttyy,, 558811--661188 CC..EE.. • The two emperors of Sui were devoted Buddhists and promoted the creation of numerous Buddhist temples and sculptures. • Second emperor, Yangdi (569–618) rebuilt the eastern capital of Luoyang and established relations with Taiwan and Japan. • Military expansion eastward established colonies along the overland trade routes • Then failed campaigns, especially against Korea, led to political disarray, rebellions, and dynastic downfall.
  • 13. Buddhist meditation caves at Luoyang date to the Sui dynasty
  • 14. TTAANNGG DDYYNNAASSTTYY PPOOLLIITTCCAALL OOVVEERRVVIIEEWW 661188--990077 CCEE
  • 18. Emperor TTaaiizzoonngg:: 662266-- 664499 CCEE Tang Taizong (“Great Ancestor”)  Li Shimin was second emperor --took the name Tang Taizong  an important general—came to power in 626 after killing brothers and forcing father, Tang Gaozu, into retirement  Expanded China’s borders deep into Korea and Central Asia (Afghanistan)  Reformed the government  Role of the military expanded  Role of scholar-officials expanded  Exam emphasized Confucian values of loyalty and service
  • 19. Emperor TTaaiizzoonngg:: 662266-- 664499 CCEE Tang Taizong (“Great Ancestor”)  Expanded the exam system  Education & talent became keys to social mobility—reduced the power of the old landowning elites  Talented class of bureaucrats were generally loyal to the dynasty and worked to strengthen the state  Needed to place loyal officials all over the empire as China grew – also placed relatives in charge of regions  Placed military bases along Silk Road – believed in well-trained military but sought balance between peace & war  Land reform – put more land into the hands of farmers – increased food production & utilized the Grand Canal for shipping food grown in the south
  • 20. TTaanngg CCaappiittaall aatt CChhaanngg’’aann  Capital city at Chang’an (Xian) became a cosmopolitan center of learning and trade…foreign goods, religions, fashions seen here due to numerous merchants, dignitaries, pilgrims **Under the Tang dynasty, China became a center for foreign exchange in goods and ideas **Expanded network of roads and canals helped to further unify and strengthen China
  • 21. EEmmpprreessss WWuu ZZhhaaoo 662255-- 770055  The only female Empress in China’s history who ruled alone—vicious in her climb to top  Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her court (successful and powerful people always surround themselves with the best of the best)  Empress Dowager Wu conducted military campaigns that completed the conquest of Korea  Korea paid tribute, sinification (extensive adaptation of Chinese influences) of Korea occurs  Respected and listened to the people  Buddhism was the favored state religion.  Financed the building of many Buddhist temples.  BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies
  • 22. Buddhism iinn TTaanngg CChhiinnaa Buddhist sculpture at Longmen Caves near Luoyang, works commissioned by Empress Wu and late husband Gaozong
  • 23. BBuuddddhhiissmm && SSttaattee SSuuppppoorrtt  Mahayana Buddhism reached its greatest influence in China under the Tang  Tang patronize Buddhism while promoting Confucian education. (1) Endow monasteries (2) Host Buddhist ceremonies at court (3) Art, literature, architecture—Buddhist themes widely seen  Empress Wu (r. 690-705) tries to make Buddhism state religion→ powerful monks and monasteries
  • 24. Emperor XXuuaannzzoonngg 771122-- 775566  Became emperor after slaying Wu’s grandson  Active ruler early on: reduced power of the Buddhist monasteries, ordered a new census, addressed issues with land distribution, strengthened military on the frontiers  Initiated a brief golden age of peace and prosperity---great patron of poetry, music, and painting (he was also an artist)  Favored both Daoism and Tibetan Buddhism  Interest in Tibetan Buddhism and love for the courtesan Yang Guifei led to weakening of his power
  • 25. Battle ooff TTaallaass 775511 CCEE  Clash between the Arab Abbasid caliphate and the Tang dynasty over control of central Asia  Abbasids united with many of the local tribes and had the superior force  Of the tens of thousands the Tang sent into battle, only a small percentage survived.  Potentially could have led to Arab invasion of China – but low supplies and the challenge of crossing the Hindu Kush mountains led the Abbasids to retreat  Tang lost control of the central Asian trade routes – marks a long decline for the Tang
  • 26. Rebellion ooff AAnn LLuusshhaann 775555--776633  An Lushan was a military governor of three strategic provinces in the northeast—half Turkish descent  An Lushan with 100,000 troops started a rebellion against Xuanzong that forced him to flee –attacked the capital of Luoyang  Yang Guifei and her relatives killed  To recover capital—Tang had to make alliances with the Turks and give up many rights  Begins the long slow decline of the Tang
  • 27. BBuuddddhhiissmm iinn CChhiinnaa:: CCrriissiiss • 9th century—An Lushan rebellion sparked resentment towards anything foreign • Buddhism now seen as foreign as well as contradictory to the Confucian-based family system • 841-845—260,000 monks and nuns were forced to return to secular life • Monasteries, temples and shrines were confiscated or destroyed • Ban on use of precious gems for Buddhist images • Persecution did not cause Buddhism to vanish---remained an important part of Chinese popular religion
  • 28. LLoonngg DDeecclliinnee ooff tthhee TTaanngg Victim of its own success—expanded beyond its capacity to effectively administer its territories Frontier generals and officials gained too much power— staged revolts creating internal strife in the mid-700s Tang ruled for another century but very weak and eventually fell after Chang’an was sacked and destroyed China entered 50 years of political turmoil until the first Song emperor regained imperial control
  • 29. TTaanngg CChhiinnaa SSuummmmaarryy :: 661188--990077 CCEE  Expanded and strengthened the central government; expanded roads & canals; further unified the empire  Re-conquered northern and western lands lost after the fall of the Han  Imperial examination system more developed  Liberal attitude towards all religions early in dynasty—later Tang rulers started to suppress Buddhism  Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries— promoted foreign trade along Silk Roads and sea routes
  • 33. Shifting Global Perspectives The Tang Dynasty World View: The Song Dynasty World View: looks east towards the sea Did not expand China’s borders west along the Silk Road Expansionist Strong military
  • 34. SONG DDYYNNAASSTTYY 996600--11227799 OOvveerrvviieeww  In 960 the general Taizu reunited China and proclaimed himself the first Song emperor  Ruled a smaller empire than the Han or the Tang—but the Song kept China stable, powerful, and wealthy  After the early 1100s, northern China and the capital at Kaifeng fell to the Manchurian people (Jurchens / Jin Empire)  Southern Song Empire (1127-1279): grand new capital established at Hangzhou—coastal city tied to Indian Ocean commerce, described in Marco Polo’s 14th-century writings  Move to the south brought huge economic growth—became economic heartland of China
  • 36. Song Dynasty: Government • Song dynasty—economic, not military, power • Kept a strong centralized government • Founded by general named Taizu – Forced the military to become under control of the government bureaucracy – Fought against the tribes in the north but failed • Controversy in government over paying tribute to the nomads—seemed weak to the military faction • Pro-peace faction— tribute was cheaper than war, economically good for China • Focus of government becomes increased prosperity and stability at home • Diplomacy a civilian-controlled government key
  • 37. Song DDyynnaassttyy:: SScchhoollaarr-- OOffffiicciiaallss CONFUCIANISM CIVIL SERVICE EXAMS  Rise of the gentry (scholar-officials) as the Song increased the prestige and honor that came from passing the exam and working for the government – new upper class  Govt. bureaucracy filled by competitive exams —all the wealthy receive similar educations and develop the same worldview  Song did not want a government dominated by military  Song examination system was more complex than before with different levels  Exams covered general education, Confucian classics, policy issues, poetry  Only 10% of candidates allowed to pass at each level  Talent and education became the keys to success, not noble birth
  • 38. Song DDyynnaassttyy:: FFoorreeiiggnn PPoolliiccyy Tribute System: pay for protection ** In theory: Chinese saw themselves as the center of the world and superior to non-Chinese peoples Foreign policy goal: use the tribute system to manage relationships with the nomadic pastoralists Tribes would gain trading privileges with China for acknowledging China’s superiority in the region ** In reality: The powerful tribes demanded China recognize them as political equals China sought horses– the tribes controlled much of the Silk Road routes and wanted Chinese goods to trade Used extortion to get what they wanted from China
  • 39. Song DDyynnaassttyy:: FFoorreeiiggnn PPoolliiccyy Tribute System Assimilation: **Chinese culture had little impact on the nomads of the steppes --Pastoral societies retained their own way of life **When nomads ruled parts of China (such as the Jin dynasty) they often adopted aspects of Chinese culture **China’s elites—hostile towards the influences of the nomads on Chinese culture – particularly did not like that nomadic women were much freer and more respected than Chinese women **All non-Chinese states made efforts to maintain their own ethnic identity and to keep themselves from being absorbed by the much more numerous Chinese
  • 40. TTAANNGG SSOONNGG DDYYNNAASSTTIIEESS:: EECCOONNOOMMIICC,, SSOOCCIIAALL,, CCUULLTTUURRAALL DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTTSS
  • 41. EEccoonnoommiicc RReevvoolluuttiioonn:: GGrroowwtthh ooff aa MMaarrkkeett EEccoonnoommyy What caused the emergence of a market economy during the Song dynasty? Increased agricultural production More efficient transportation routes including the growth of sea trade Population growth Urbanization (growth of city living) Industrial production, such as seen with the iron industry Innovative financial tools
  • 42. CChhaanngg’’aann ((XXiiaann)):: TTaanngg CCuullttuurraall MMeettrrooppoolliiss  Under the Sui and Tang—Chang’an became a center of Buddhist learning and a major center of trade on the Silk Roads
  • 43. KKaaiiffeenngg:: NNoorrtthheerrnn SSoonngg CCaappiittaall  • Under the Northern Song Kaifeng developed into an economic center with a vibrant urban life as shown in the Qingming Scroll
  • 44. Hangzhou: EEaasstteerrnn CCaappiittaall NNeeww HHuubb ooff SSoouutthheerrnn SSoonngg CCuullttuurree Under the Song, Hangzhou became a legendary city full of markets, culture, pleasure— it was the largest and richest city in the world during the 1200s Arab merchants revived trade along the Silk Roads and flocked to large Chinese trading centers
  • 45. Song ships • Note how the Grand Canal connects Hangzhou, Southern Song capital, to Beijing in the north
  • 46. EEccoonnoommiicc RReevvoolluuttiioonn:: FFiinnaanncciinngg TTrraaddee Growth of cities an efficient network of roads canals - led to growth of industry, trade, and the empires’ economy—some cities had populations over one million The use of a credit system (“flying money”) Government issued paper money on massive scale – the world’s first banknotes Government promoted innovation Merchants formed partnerships to fund trading ventures More merchants engaged in overseas trade – coming into contact with more cultures
  • 47. EEccoonnoommiicc EExxcchhaannggee:: LLeetttteerrss ooff CCrreeddiitt ((EEaarrllyy BBaannkkiinngg)) Trade grew so rapidly during the Tang and Song era that copper coin shortages developed – Traders began issuing letters of credit (“flying cash”) as an alternative – Enabled merchants to deposit goods or cash at one location and draw the equivalent cash or merchandise somewhere else Coin from Tang Dynasty
  • 48. TTeecchhnnoollooggyy:: FFaarrmmiinngg  Heavy iron plows  Harnessed oxen and water buffaloes  Enriched soil with manure and composted organic matter  Extensive irrigation systems  Reservoirs, dams, pumps, water wheels  Artificial irrigation greatly increased agricultural production which led to a rapid population expansion
  • 49. Intensive Rice CCuullttiivvaattiioonn aafftteerr 11000000 CCEE Demographic shifts: New type of rice from Vietnam allowed for 2 harvests a year—feed a larger population in the cities **Example of how China also economically benefitted from contact with other societies **Exchange of goods and ideas was not one way **Learned cotton and sugar production from India leading to farming crops for the market
  • 50. TANG // SSOONNGG::IINNDDUUSSTTRRYY TTRRAADDEE  China began cotton, tea, and sugar production for export— creation of a market-driven economy  China lost its monopoly on silk (but still had a superior product)  China was the sole supplier of porcelain to the world  Advanced metallurgy and mining—greatly expands under Song  Sea trade—China’s long coastline had port cities that became big trade centers—ships sailed to Korea, Japan, India, Persian Gulf, East Africa
  • 51. EEccoonnoommiicc EExxcchhaannggee:: TTeeaa  Tea trading flourished during Tang and Song era  Tea was compressed into bricks and used as money  Tea came into China from Southeast Asia.
  • 52. TTAANNGG // SSOONNGG:: TTeecchhnnoollooggiiccaall IInnnnoovvaattiioonn  New technologies:  Printing  moveable-type print using characters carved on wood blocks  Porcelain (“china”)  Gunpowder  Mechanical clocks  Magnetic compass  Improved iron production
  • 53. NNeeww TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess:: PPrriinnttiinngg  Tang printers used block-printing techniques Carved a reverse image of an entire page into a wooden block, inked the block, then pressed a sheet of paper on top of it  By the mid-eleventh century, Song printers began to experiment with movable type – Fashioned dies in the shape of characters, arranged them in a frame, inked them, and pressed the frame over paper sheets – Speeded up the process and allowed printers to make revisions and corrections – Facilitated distribution of texts quickly, cheaply – Allowed for printed paper money – helped create a large-scale commercial economy
  • 54. NNeeww TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess:: GGuunnppoowwddeerr  During the Tang era, Daoist alchemists learned it was dangerous to mix charcoal, saltpeter, sulphur, and arsenic Military officials saw possibilities—first recorded use of gunpowder as a weapon —919 CE  By the tenth-century, the Tang military was using gunpowder in bamboo “fire lances,” a kind of flame thrower and by the eleventh century they had made primitive bombs
  • 55. New Technologies: Magnetic Compass Shipbuilding  Magnetic compass – further improved during the Song period  The needle was reduced in size and attached to a fixed stem (rather than floating in water).  Small protective case with a glass top made it suitable for sea travel.  Song sailors started using the compass to aid in navigation around 1100  One factor that led the Southern Song to becoming a sea power
  • 56. New Technologies: Magnetic Compass Shipbuilding  Song made big improvements in shipbuilding - watertight bulkheads improved buoyancy, stern-post rudders improved steering.  Some ships were powered by both oars and sails and large enough to hold several hundred men.  Southern Song needed to keep northern armies from crossing the Yangtze River – needed a strong navy  Song battleships –more advanced than Tang ships – included fire-bomb catapults, protected stations on upper deck for crossbowmen Tang Sea Hawk warship Song Battleship Rudders
  • 57. New Technologies: Improved Metallurgy  Chinese craftsmen learned new methods to improve the quality of iron  Iron production increased dramatically between the 9th – 12th centuries  Produced high quality weaponry and farming tools  Also used to reinforce bridges and in building construction  Iron technology quickly spread – nomadic peoples in the North adopted it and produced their own iron weapons Blast furnace Furnace pouring out iron
  • 58. NNeeww TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess:: PPoorrcceellaaiinn Tang craftsmen discovered how to produce porcelain which was lighter, thinner, and adaptable to more uses than earlier pottery Strong enough and attractive enough to be useful and beautiful Tang and Song products gained such a reputation that porcelain came to be called “chinaware” Tang Marble Glazed Porcelain Figure
  • 59. Song SSoocciiaall CCllaasssseess Emperor family Nobles still had wealth and privilege, but power decreased Gentry Wealthy landowners Scholar-officials who studied Confucian doctrine passed civil service exam Rising middle class of urban artisans, merchants, Merchants not as shopkeepers respected as farmers because they made $ off the work of Some merchants became very wealthy through trade Greater social mobility - some merchants educated sons - enter the gentry class Peasants--largest % of population Common laborers, soldiers Farmers greatly respected by Confucian scholars others **China’s new prosperity had big impact on society—rise of cities, educated gentry, social mobility more common **Peasants grew specialized crops for the market rather than for local consumption
  • 60. GGeennddeerr RRoolleess Women’s status slowly declined (despite attempts at reform by several empresses)  The Song Period saw women at a very low social status—Song rulers thought Buddhism had encouraged too much freedom for women  Seclusion, lack of property rights, foot binding, and exclusion from education are all examples of their lowering status.
  • 61. GGeennddeerr RRoolleess  Lower class women involved in activities outside the home (farming-rural, variety of occupations—urban)  Silk production—many hands needed to produce silk  Wealthy families secluded women  Marriages were arranged with a dowry provided by bride’s family  Daughter went to live with in-laws permanently  Giving birth to a male heir—top priority  Husbands and sons provided for women (4-6 kids)  Acceptable for wealthy husband to have mistresses
  • 62. Gender Roles: Foot-Binding in Song China  New custom developed – bind the feet of young wealthy girls – “lily feet” became a class symbol – reflected wealth and prestige of her husband  Later the custom spread to the lower classes – meant to improve a girls’ marriage opportunities  Feet are tightly bound resulting in the breaking of the arch and curling under of the toes  Crippled for life  Places woman under close supervision of husband  Size 5 ½ shoe on the right
  • 64. Golden AAggee ooff CCuullttuurree  China during the Tang and Song dynasties enjoyed political stability economic growth – this often leads to new intellectual and artistic achievements  China became a more urban culture— dozens of cities with populations over 100,000 more exposure to the outside world  Tang Song China strongly influenced the cultures of Korea Japan  Two great Song poets: Li Bo and Tu Fu—praised orderliness, Confucian virtues, life’s pleasures  Porcelain production  Landscape paintings – pen ink drawing: Daoist influences, appreciation for nature its power
  • 65. Revival ooff CCoonnffuucciiaanniissmm NEO-CONFUCIANISM (“Learning the Principle”) ** Philosophy that emerged during Song dynasty—gave Confucianism new meaning, new structure, new relevance in Chinese society apart from the role Confucianism played in the civil service exam ** Confucian thinking now included some influences from Buddhism and Daoism **Result was a multi-religious mixture of the 3 belief systems – traditions existed somewhat comfortably together ** More focus on social (role of the family filial piety) applications of Confucian principles ** Neo-Confucianism emphasized self-cultivation as a path not only to self-fulfillment but to the formation of a virtuous and harmonious society ** Women continued to be viewed as inferior / subservient to men
  • 66. Song DDyynnaassttyy PPaaiinnttiinngg Daoist influences in art—show the beauty of nature, use of simple lines, calm tranquil landscape scenes
  • 67. Song DDyynnaassttyy PPaaiinnttiinngg **Scholar-officials practiced the art of calligraphy and painting **Monochrome images of old trees, bamboo, rocks, and retirement retreats created by these scholar-artists became emblems of their character and spirit. **Some artists were purists in their approach to painting while others innovated
  • 68. ““BBllaacckk iiss tteenn ccoolloorrss”” Black ink drawings were often accompanied by poetry
  • 70. Wrap-Up: CChhiinnaa’’ss IInnnnoovvaattiivvee SSppiirriitt • China was undoubtedly the most technologically advanced civilization of pre-modern time • China developed the world’s first true market economy – production for export instead of subsistence – use of paper money to bypass coin shortages • Tang and Song advances---had a huge impact on the development of Asia and Europe • Song golden age comes to an end in the 1270s with the arrival of the Mongols (established the Yuan Dynasty)