![Factors
Proficiency level
(Dreyer &
Oxford, 1996)
(Park, 1997)
(Shoerey, 1999)
Learning style
(Pushler, Mc
Daniel, Rohrer,
Bjork, 2008)
Language being
learned ( Oxford,
1989)
Beliefs (Nambiar,
2009)
Degree of
awareness
(Wenden &
Oxferod, 1998)
Motivation
(Oxford, 1989)
Motivation
• According to Oxford and Nyikos (1989) strong relationship exists between motivation
and learning strategies. In other words students with high level of motivation use more
strategies than students with low motivation. They indicated that among all the factors
they studied, motivation has the most influence on using learning strategies; language
learners with high motivation have more tendency to use more strategies (Oxford &
Nyikos, 1989).
• Theprime determining factor [in language learning success] is motivation” (Gardner, as
cited in Oxford, 1989, p.239), because this factor identifies the level of active personal
engagement in language learning(Oxford, 1989). According to Socio-Educational Model
of Language Learning that was proposed by Gardner and Lambert in 1972,there are two
types of motivation: integrative and instrumental; the first one refers to the learner‟s
positive attitude toward the foreign culture and his/her tendency to participate as a
member of this society; the second one refers to specific goal of learners to learn
language in order to use it for particular purpose. Researchers in this area believed that
language learners with integrative motivation are more successful learners than who use
instrumental motivation (Ehram et al., 2003).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/task6factorsaffectingllsusage-160408125817/85/Task-6-factors-affecting-lls-usage-7-320.jpg)
Task 6 factors affecting lls usage
- 1. Factors affecting LLS usage Nama pensyarah Prof. Dato’ Dr. Mohamed Amin bin Embi Nama pelajar Siti Yasmin bt Yusoff P79120
- 2. Factors Proficiency level (Dreyer & Oxford, 1996) (Park, 1997) (Shoerey, 1999) Learning style (Pushler, Mc Daniel, Rohrer, Bjork, 2008) Language being learned ( Oxford, 1989) Beliefs (Nambiar, 2009) Degree of awareness (Wenden & Oxferod, 1998) Motivation (Oxford, 1989) Proficiency • Based on different studies done on proficiency, it was found that high correlation and important relationship exist between proficiency and language learning strategies (Dreyer & Oxford, 1996 ; Park, 1997; Shoerey, 1999) • High level of proficiency associated with increased use of both direct and indirect strategies (Green & Oxford 1995; Park 1997; Chen 2002) • In Park (1997) and Peacock and Ho’s (2003) studies, a linear correlation and significant correlations between strategy use and proficiency level were found among Korean EFL learners and university students in Hong Kong respectively • Cognitive and metacognitive strategies show high correlations with high language proficiency levels (Peacock & Ho 2003)
- 3. Factors Proficiency level (Dreyer & Oxford, 1996) (Park, 1997) (Shoerey, 1999) Learning style (Pushler, Mc Daniel, Rohrer, Bjork, 2008) Language being learned ( Oxford, 1989) Beliefs (Nambiar, 2009) Degree of awareness (Wenden & Oxferod, 1998) Motivation (Oxford, 1989) Learning style • The term learning style refers to the concept that individuals differ in regard to what mode of instruction or study is most effective for them (Pushler, Mc Daniel, Rohrer and Bjork, 2008). • Studying learning style deals with important factors such as personality and cognitive style which can detect specific abilities, predict posibble performance, and enhance teaching and learning in any classroom (Ehrman et al, 2013) • Nambiar (2009) belived that “learning styles refer to the specific cognitive, affective and psychological traits that determine how a learner processes information”. • Learning strategies refer to particular behaviours. Learning style represents general learning tendencies and how learners solve problems (Oxford, 1989).
- 4. Factors Proficiency level (Dreyer & Oxford, 1996) (Park, 1997) (Shoerey, 1999) Learning style (Pushler, Mc Daniel, Rohrer, Bjork, 2008) Language being learned ( Oxford, 1989) Beliefs (Nambiar, 2009) Degree of awareness (Wenden & Oxferod, 1998) Motivation (Oxford, 1989) Language being learned • Oxford, 1989 stated that the language being learned affects the strategies that are used. Learners learn languages for different purposes; based on learners different goals they choose appropriate strategies.
- 5. Factors Proficiency level (Dreyer & Oxford, 1996) (Park, 1997) (Shoerey, 1999) Learning style (Pushler, Mc Daniel, Rohrer, Bjork, 2008) Language being learned ( Oxford, 1989) Beliefs (Nambiar, 2009) Degree of awareness (Wenden & Oxferod, 1998) Motivation (Oxford, 1989) Beliefs • “All learners have strong beliefs about how language are learned and this will determine their strategy use because research has shown that their strategy use is consistent with the beliefs they have about learning” ( Nambiar, 2009) • According to the studies in this subject, there is cyclical relationship between learner‟s belief and using strategy (Yang, 1999). It is shown that learner‟s beliefs have effects on the type of learner‟s learning strategies. Yu (2007) investigated that third- year Chinese college students concentrate on form-focus belief. He came up with the conclusion that there is a high correlation between beliefs and the use of special strategies by these students. The comparison of beliefs about language learning and strategy use among native Korean and Bilingual Korean-Chinese university students revealed that bilinguals had stronger beliefs and consequently they used more learning strategies (Hong, 2006)
- 6. Factors Proficiency level (Dreyer & Oxford, 1996) (Park, 1997) (Shoerey, 1999) Learning style (Pushler, Mc Daniel, Rohrer, Bjork, 2008) Language being learned ( Oxford, 1989) Beliefs (Nambiar, 2009) Degree of awareness (Wenden & Oxferod, 1998) Motivation (Oxford, 1989) Degree of awareness • It refers to metacognitive awareness; a learner‟s degree of understanding about him/ herself and also about his/her learning process such as learner‟s own proficiency, age, social role, character, learning style etc. The learners‟ degree of knowledge about themselves can influence their useof language learning strategies (Wenden, as cited in Oxford,1998,p.237).
- 7. Factors Proficiency level (Dreyer & Oxford, 1996) (Park, 1997) (Shoerey, 1999) Learning style (Pushler, Mc Daniel, Rohrer, Bjork, 2008) Language being learned ( Oxford, 1989) Beliefs (Nambiar, 2009) Degree of awareness (Wenden & Oxferod, 1998) Motivation (Oxford, 1989) Motivation • According to Oxford and Nyikos (1989) strong relationship exists between motivation and learning strategies. In other words students with high level of motivation use more strategies than students with low motivation. They indicated that among all the factors they studied, motivation has the most influence on using learning strategies; language learners with high motivation have more tendency to use more strategies (Oxford & Nyikos, 1989). • Theprime determining factor [in language learning success] is motivation” (Gardner, as cited in Oxford, 1989, p.239), because this factor identifies the level of active personal engagement in language learning(Oxford, 1989). According to Socio-Educational Model of Language Learning that was proposed by Gardner and Lambert in 1972,there are two types of motivation: integrative and instrumental; the first one refers to the learner‟s positive attitude toward the foreign culture and his/her tendency to participate as a member of this society; the second one refers to specific goal of learners to learn language in order to use it for particular purpose. Researchers in this area believed that language learners with integrative motivation are more successful learners than who use instrumental motivation (Ehram et al., 2003).
- 8. Factors Proficiency level (Dreyer & Oxford, 1996) (Park, 1997) (Shoerey, 1999) Learning style (Pushler, Mc Daniel, Rohrer, Bjork, 2008) Language being learned ( Oxford, 1989) Beliefs (Nambiar, 2009) Degree of awareness (Wenden & Oxferod, 1998) Motivation (Oxford, 1989) • Deci and Ryan (as cited in Ehram et al.,2003,p.320) suggested intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is within the person, and it is related to people‟s identity. When learning is the only goal of the learners, they are intrinsically motivated, so they do all tasks and enjoyment of the activity is their reward. Extrinsic motivation comes from the outside the person. When students learn just for giving rewards (such as grades), they are extrinsically motivated. Some studies indicated that a close correlation exists between intrinsic motivation and language learning than between extrinsic motivation and language learning, but a learner‟s total motivation is almost the combination of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation (Ehram et al., 2003). Biggs (1992) sought the possible relationship between intrinsic motivation and deep strategies and concluded that it is possible to treat motivation in parallel with strategies. Cohen (1998) conducted a research in the realm of strategy use and accumulated a list of materials which could help students to be aware of their learning. His findings had applicable advantages for teacher training programs, too. • The relationship between students‟ motivation and achievement in English and teacher motivation and strategy use in the classroom, will be defined. Teacher motivation is related to teacher use of motivation strategies, which in turn are related to student motivation and English Achievement. Thus, any change in the educational system that promotes higher levels of teacher motivation should result in improved levels of education of the students. (Bernaus, Garden & Wilson, 2009, p.33-34)
- 9. • Ali Derakhshan, Rahebeh Tamaskani, Maryam Faribi. 2015. Issues in Language Learning Strategies. International J. Soc. Sci. & Education Vol.5 Issue 4. • M. Riazi, A. & Saif, S. 2008. An investigation into the factors affecting the use of language learning strategies by Persian EFL learners. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics 11(2): 31-60.