Taxonomy of change models slideshare 201703

Taxonomy of Change Management Models
March 2017

Introduction
Having worked in change environments for many years and used a wide range of change models for many different types of change we found it useful to collate and
categorise models for ease of reference. We have used four types of classification:
• Contextual – broader strategic or macro models that can be helpful in understand a context of change, or support for change - Nadler and Tushman, congruence
model being an example
• High level change model – change specific models, but at a broader, sometimes even conceptual model - Carnall, change management model as an example
• Actionable Model – detailed, with defined stages and actions, for example Accelerating Implementation Methodology (AIM) Change Management Methodology
• Supporting – models that underpin our approach to change, they can apply to specific elements of change or help to understand certain elements, for example -
Beckhard and Harris, change formula
In compiling this taxonomy we were surprised at the volume of change models, in some ways a testament to the views that change can be challenging and the search
for a formulaic approach that it could be argued is not possible given that humans are wonderfully unique and change situations can be highly varied. Our view is
that understanding, appreciation, flexibility and resilience coupled with a desire to learn are foundational capabilities that can help those delivering change to be in a
resourceful state in order that they can deliver change in an effective and supportive way.
This taxonomy is in no way complete, for example we are still looking for a representation of Stacey and Shaw’s , complex responsive processes, so any further
enhancements are welcomed.
In the next articles we will look at the use of these models and other tools to support these change models.
We hope you find this taxonomy of use.
More details of our capabilities to support effective change can be found at the of this presentation.
Mark Simpson
Head of Consultancy
e: msimpson@armourrisk.com
t. + 44 20 7382 2061 m. +44 7814 905 347

Model Classifications.
Contextual. High Level. Actionable. Supporting.

1- Accelerating Implementation Methodology (AIM) Change Management
Methodology
Actionable.
Description:
A process for implementing strategic change that helps identify and
manage risks such as different opinions on the scope of the change,
resistance, cultural differences, lack of active change leadership at
all levels, ineffective communication, no reinforcement.
Systematic approach that translates behavioural research into
operational tactics and strategies that apply to implement projects
faster/ successfully.
Full set of learning programmes, tools, measurement diagnostics
and action principles that work together to drives changes on time,
on budget with all business, technical and human objectives met

2- ACMP Standard for Change Management
Actionable.
Description:
The ACMP Standard for Change Management is the collection of generally accepted
practices in change management. Released in September 2014.
ACMP’s approach is a consistent global definition of Change management and the
elements that are “standard” to its practice provides.
.
The Standard establishes five key Change management areas that will enhance
practice proficiency, quality and credibility across multiple industries, organisations
and roles:
1. Evaluating change impact and organisational readiness
2. Formulating change management strategy 3.
Developing change Management plans
4. Executing change management plans
5. Closing the change management effort

3- Change Delta Framework
Description:
The Change Delta is a comprehensive, holistic approach that focuses energy and
resources on the change elements that it considers the most impactful. It has a focus
on leadership and structure as a foundation.
Its key areas are:
Executional Certainty; a portfolio approach to management all elements of a large
change initiative, leading to transparency about their current status and progress
against targets, and helping leaders take early and decisive action to correct
problems
Sponsorship, Governance, and Program Management Office (PMO); a clear
governance structure with explicit roles, processes, and decision rights, led by an
activist PMO
Enable Leaders; extended leadership team with the tools to sponsor and manage
change efforts effectively, and who are held directly accountable for success
Engaged Organisation; employees at every level who not only understand the
change, but are ready, willing and able to manage it
Actionable.

Supporting.
4- Beckhard and Harris, change formula
Description:
Whilst not an actionable model, the change formula is a concise way of capturing the
process of change, and identifying the factors that need to be strongly in place for
change to happen.
C=[ABD] > X
C= Change
A=Level of dissatisfaction with the status quo
B=Practicality of the change (minimal risk and disruption)
X= ‘Cost’ of changing
Factors A, B, and D must outweigh the perceived costs [X] for the change to occur.
Resistance is normal and to be expected in any change effort.
Resistance to change takes many forms; change managers need to analyse the type
of resistance in order to work with it, reduce it, and secure the need for commitment
from the resistant party. Beckhard and Harris emphasized the need to design
interventions that allow these three factors to surface in the organization.

5- Beckhard and Harris, change management process
Description:
A linear five stage process for managing change:
1. Internal Organizational Analysis - Identifying the forces for and against the
change and the current organizational situation.
2. Why Change? - Determining the need for change, determining the degree of
choice of whether to change and defining the vision.
3. Gap Analysis - Defining the current state of the organization versus the desired
state.
4. Action Planning - Assessing the present in terms of the future to determine the
work to be done.
5. Managing the Transition - Implementing the plan through effective collaboration
and role assignment.
This is a person centric change and outcome focused, but with a high-level view.
It recognises the challenges of change and the impact for individuals (loss centred)
and leaders.
It considers the paradoxes of Change:
• The need for leaders to balance driving & enabling change,
• Viewing resistance to change as a problem and an opportunity.
• Focus on outcomes, with attention to process.
• Moving ahead with changing directions.
• Patience and impatience.
Actionable.

High Level.
6- Beckhard's Transition Model
Description:
Richard Beckhard’s change Model is a high-level framework for the stages of change
Determining the need for change
• Articulating a desired future
• Assessing the present and what needs to be changed in order to move to the
desired future
• Getting to the desired future by managing the transition
Beckhard's Transition Model focus on states and the emotions of these states:
1. Current State: -familiar, comfortable, can be controlled, roles are understood
2. Transition State: -letting go of the old, taking on the new, changes everywhere,
feelings of loss, depression, gain, exhilaration
3. Future State unfamiliar, risky, unknown, controls not understood, new roles

7- Bullock and Batten's Planned Change Model
Description:
Bullock and Batten’s (1985) phases of planned change draw on the disciplines of
project management. A number of models have similar ‘steps to changing your
organization’.
Bullock and Batten describe four key stages in a linear approach:
1. Exploration; involves verifying the need for change, and acquiring any specific
resources necessary for the change to go ahead
2. Planning; an activity involving key decision makers and technical experts. A
diagnosis is completed and actions are sequenced in a change plan
3. Action; these are completed according to plan, with feedback mechanisms
which allow some re-planning if things go off track
4. Integration; started once the change plan has been fully actioned, involves
aligning the change with other areas in the organisation and formalizing them in
some way via established mechanisms such as policies, reward and company
updates.
The approach appears to take the view that the organisational change is a technical
problem that can be solved with a definable technical solution.
High Level.

8- Burke & Litwin Model
Description:
Whilst this is not a “pure change management model” the Burke-Litwin model
helpfully shows the various drivers of change and ranks them in terms of importance.
The model is expressed diagrammatically, with the most important factors featuring
at the top. The lower layers become gradually less important. The model argues that
all of the factors are integrated (to greater or lesser degrees). Therefore, a change in
one will eventually affect all other factors.
The Burke-Litwin Drivers of Change being :
1. External Environment
2. Mission and Strategy
3. Leadership
4. Organisation Culture
5. Structure
6. Work Unit Climate
7. Task Requirements and Individual Skills/Abilities
8. Individual Needs and Values
9. Employee Motivation
Burke-Litwin believe environmental factors to be the most important driver for
change. Indeed, most change can be traced back to external drivers for change.
However, in successfully managing change our experience is that internal factors
and especially people are the most critical aspects in reacting to external factors – in
simple terms the external environmental drives, but the internal delivers..
Contextual.

9- Carnall, change management model
Description:
Colin Carnall (1990) says that the effective management of change depends on the
level of management skill in the following areas:
• Managing transitions effectively
• Dealing with organizational cultures
• Managing organizational politic
Carnall makes the point that ‘only by synthesising the management of transition,
dealing with organisational cultures and handling organisational politics
constructively, can we create the environment in which creativity, risk-taking and the
rebuilding of self-esteem and performance can be achieved’.
High Level.

10- CHAMPS2
Description:
CHAMPS2 has a broad scope across the business change journey from identifying
the business need, to achieving the desired outcomes.
This linear stage actionable model is supported by detailed “how-to” guides,
document templates and best practice examples online.
CHAMPS2 divides transformational change into eight phases from the beginning (the
strategic need) to the end (the strategic Outcome).
The eight phases are broken down into stages, each one of which will achieve a
specific objective; for example, determining strategic needs.
Within the stages are a varying number of activities that can be followed to complete
the stage.
• Phase 0- Transformation Initiation
• Phase 1- Visioning
• Phase 2- Shaping and Planning
• Phase 3- Design
• Phase 4- Service Creation and Realisation
• Phase 5- Providing and Transition
• Phase 6- Stabilisation
• Phase 7- Benefits Realisation
Actionable.

11- Change Leaders Roadmap Methodology
Description:
The Change Leader’s Roadmap Methodology (CLRM) is a change process
methodology, providing strategic guidance and change
CLRM provides guidance and tools for how to change, and how to engage
stakeholders throughout the change effort to ensure commitment and buy-in.
The aim is to provide support for change teams to consciously design change
process so it integrates all the “content” work (e.g., desired outcomes, design
requirements, design, impact analysis, implementation planning, etc.) with the
“people” work (e.g., mind-set, behaviour and culture change, communications,
engagement, politics, etc.).
Actionable.

12- CMI body of knowledge & maturity model
Description:
The Change Management Institute (CMI) has developed a Body of Knowledge - a
framework and toolkit which covers a broad and platform and spectrum of change
related areas.
It includes
• Overarching theories behind change
• Defining change
• Managing benefits
• Stakeholder strategies
• Communication and engagement
• Change impact
• Change readiness, planning and measurement
• Project management
• Education, learning and support
• Facilitation
• Sustaining systems
• Personal and professional management
• Organisational considerations
The CMI has also created its own organisational change maturity model (OCMM).
The model is used to describe the behaviours, practices and processes of an
organisation that enable reliable and sustainable outcomes. The OCMM has 5 levels
of maturity across 3 key organisational change categories (Strategic Change
Leadership, Business Change Readiness and Project Change Management)
Actionable.

13- Conner Partners' Change Execution Methodology (CEM)
Description:
A systematic process for managing change initiatives from inception through
successful realisation of business results
CEM takes a metric approach to assess the major execution risks and provides
guidance on how to mitigate them as part of its change execution framework.
It is a four phase process comprising on
• Decide
• Define
• Implement
• Sustain
Each phase takes an integrated consideration of Intent, People, and Delivery.
The methodology includes tools such as activity guides, application modules,
articles, examples, mind maps, project plans, questionnaires, reference materials,
and templates.
Actionable.

14- Cooperrider's Appreciative Inquiry (AI)
Description:
Appreciative Inquiry (AI) is a theory and practice to approach change from a holistic
framework. It is based on the belief that human systems are made and imagined by
those who live and work within them. AI leads systems to move toward the
generative and creative images that reside in their most positive core – their values,
visions, achievements, and best practices. AI is considered as a wider view and a
practical process applied beyond change management.
In theory. AI is a perspective, principles and beliefs about how human systems
function, (departing from metaphors of human systems as ‘machines’). Appreciative
Inquiry is set of core processes, practices, and ‘models’.
In practice, AI can be used to co-create the transformative processes and practices
appropriate to the culture of a particular organisation. Grounded in the theory of
‘social constructionism,’ AI recognizes human systems as constructions of the
imagination, therefore, capable of change at the speed of imagination. Once
organization members shift their perspective, they can begin to invent their most
desired future.
From a model perspective The 4-D cycle has four key stages:
• Discovery: mobilising a whole system inquiry into the positive change core;
• Dream: creating a clear results-oriented vision in relation to discovered potential
and in relation to questions of higher purpose, i.e., “What is our calling?”
• Design: creating possibility propositions of the ideal organization, an organization
Design which people feel is capable of magnifying or eclipsing the positive core
and realizing the articulated new dream;
• Destiny: strengthening the affirmative capability of the whole system enabling it to
build hope and momentum around a deep purpose and creating processes for
learning, adjustment, and improvisation
Supporting.

15- Cummings and Worley's Model for Managing Change
Description:
Cummings & Worley (C&W) provide six guidelines for cultural change (which are in
line with Kotter's eight-step strategy) y. The steps are as follows:
1. Formulate a clear strategic vision (stage 1,2 & 3 of Kotter)In order to make a
cultural change effective a clear vision of the firm’s new strategy, shared values
and behaviours is needed. This vision provides the intention and direction for the
culture change
2. Display Top-management commitment (stage 4 of Kotter)It is very important
to keep in mind that culture change must be managed from the top of the
organization, as willingness to change of the senior management is an important
indicator.
3. Model culture change at the highest level (stage 5 of Kotter)In order to show
that the management team is in favour of the change, the change has to be
notable at first at this level. The behaviour of the management needs to
symbolize the kinds of values and behaviours that should be realized in the rest
of the company. It is important that the management shows the strengths of the
current culture as well; it must be made clear that the current organizational
does not need radical changes, but just a few adjustments.
4. Modify the organization to support organizational change
5. Select and socialize newcomers and terminate deviants (stage 7 & 8 of
Kotter). Whilst it may sound harsh C&W believe the way to implement a culture
is to connect it to organisational membership, people can be selected and
terminated in terms of their fit with the new culture
6. Develop ethical and legal sensitivity. Changes in culture can lead to tensions
between organisational and individual interests, which can result in ethical and
legal problems for practitioners. This is particularly relevant for changes in
employee integrity, control, equitable treatment and job security
Actionable.

16- Decipher DeltaV
Description:
Decipher provides an integrated nine-element process, called DeltaV, to better
describe successful organisational change.
DeltaV (pronounced ‘delta five’ where delta is a general label for “change” used in
science/engineering/maths) has the following elements:
 Define the future (some mystical story-tellers would say “Divine the future”!)
 Enlist the change leadership team
 Layout the roadmap for the journey
 Tell the story!
 Act! - Assess progress - Adjust course as necessary - Affirm progress - Anticipate
next wave!
High Level.

17- Edwin Cornelius - Implementing a Planned Change
Description:
In implementing a planned change, Cornelius and associates describe four key
macro-level ingredients for successful change management:
1. Understand - what the change is about and why it’s being carried out.
2. Skills - that will be required to make a successful change.
3. Environment - remove the barriers to implementing a successful change
4. Motivation - building and sustaining motivated people who share the vision,
passion, and the energy to help the transformation succeed
Cornelius also produced a snapshot of Change Readiness that he believes
“renewable leaders” should institutionalise:
• A workforce that is business literate
• A workforce that has permission to act
• A workforce that will challenge the status quo
• Leadership that encourages a 'readiness for change' culture.
High Level.

18- EFQM Excellence Model & RADAR
Description:
Again, whilst not change specific the EFQM Excellence Model allows people to
understand the cause and effect relationships between what their organisation does
and the results it achieves. The Model comprises of a set of three integrated
components:
1. The Fundamental Concepts define the underlying principles that form the
foundation for achieving sustainable excellence in any organisation.
2. The Criteria provide a framework to help organisations to convert the
Fundamental Concepts and RADAR thinking into practice.
3. RADAR is a simple but powerful tool for driving systematic improvement in all
areas of the organisation.
At the highest level, RADAR logic states that an organisation needs to:
• Determine the Results it is aiming to achieve as part of its strategy
o What are we trying to achieve?
• Plan and develop an integrated set of sound Approaches to deliver the required
results both now and in the future
o How do we try to achieve this?
• Deploy the approaches in a systematic way to ensure implementation
o How / Where / When was this implemented?
• Assess and Refine the deployed approaches based on monitoring and analysis
of the results achieved and ongoing learning activities.
o How do we measure whether it is working?
o What have we learning and what improvements can be made?
Contextual.

19- Galpin's Wheel of Nine Wedges
Description:
Galpin (1996) proposes a model comprised of nine wedges in the form a wheel for
change as a linear process.
As a foundation for each wedge in the model, Galpin (1996) stressed the importance
of understanding an organisation’s culture as reflected in its rules and policies,
customs and norms, ceremonies and events, and rewards and recognition.
The Galpin wheel consists of the following wedges:
1. Establishing the need to change
2. Developing and disseminating a vision of planned change
3. Diagnosing and analyzing the current situation
4. Generating recommendations
5. Detailing the recommendations
6. Pilot testing the recommendations
7. Preparing the recommendations for rollout
8. Rolling out the recommendations
9. Measuring, reinforcing, and refining the change
Actionable.

20- GE Change Acceleration Process
Description:
GE describe the Change Acceleration Process (CAP) as a 'Pilot's Checklist' for
change leadership.
Unlike a number of other models it is a flexible non-linear model used throughout a
change process. It applies strategic thinking to the influencing of others with tools to
help change teams identify ways to achieve behavioural change.
CAP: A Model for Change:
• Leading Change - Having a sponsor/champion and team members who
demonstrate visible, active, public commitment and support of the change.
• Creating A Shared Need - The reason to change, whether driven by threat or
opportunity, is instilled within the organization and widely shared through data,
demonstration or demand. The need for change must exceed its resistance.
• Shaping A Vision - The desired outcome of change is clear, legitimate, widely
understood and shared; the vision is shaped in behavioural terms.
• Mobilising Commitment - There is a strong commitment from constituents to
invest in the change, make it work, and demand and receive management
attention; Constituents agree to change their own actions and behaviours to
support the change.
• Making Change Last - Once change is started, it endures, and learnings are
transferred throughout the organization. Change is integrated with other key
initiatives; early wins are encouraged to build momentum for the change.
• Monitoring Progress - Progress is real; benchmarks set and realized; indicators
established to guarantee accountability. Changing Making sure that the
management practices (Staffing, Development, Actionable.

21- Judson's Five-Phase Model
Description:
The Judson (1991) model of implementing a change is comprised of five linear
phases:
1. Analysing and planning the change
2. Communicating the change
3. Gaining acceptance of new behaviours
4. Changing from the status quo to a desired state
5. Consolidating and institutionalising the new state
Actionable.

22- Kotter's Eight-Stage Change Model
Description:
John Kotter, (often synonymous with change and change models) cautions that the
change process takes time and goes through several different phases in a successful
change effort and that a mistake made during any phase of the change effort can
have a negative impact on the organisation.
Strategy for change includes following eight (linear) steps:
1. Increase Urgency
2. Build The Guiding Team
3. Get The Vision Right
4. Communicate For Buy-In
5. Empowering Action
6. Create Short-Term Wins
7. Do Not Let Up
8. Make Change Stick
Actionable.

23- Kubler-Ross Change Model
Description:
The Kubler- Ross Five Stage Model; the change curve is a cornerstone theory for
many change practioners.
The change curve is based on a model originally developed in the 1960s by
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross to explain the grieving process. She proposed that a
terminally ill patient would progress through 5 stages of grief when informed of their
illness. By the 1980s, the Change Curve was a firm fixture in change management
circles. The curve, and its associated emotions, can be used to predict how
performance is likely to be affected by the announcement and subsequent
implementation of a significant change.
The model identifies the human emotional response to change over time that
includes denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance and provides
suggestions to over come these responses.
Two very important factors in handling the process of change are “Counselling” and
“Compassionate Support”. Many logic based models either neglect, or skim over
the person centred aspects in “driving-change”
Supporting.

24- LaMarsh Global Managed Change™ Methodology
Description:
The Managed Change™ approach focusses on the people side of change to
accurately identify and reduce employee resistance.
The Managed Change™ Model is the custom visual representation of the LaMarsh
Global proprietary change management process.
It integrates resources & tools, that are the methodology, organised as a roadmap for
successful change management.
The roadmap consists of the following stages:
1. Identify the change
2. Prepare the change
3. Plan the change
4. Implement the change
5. Sustain the change
Actionable.

25- Lewin's Change Management Model (three-step model)
Description:
Kurt Lewin developed a ‘force field analysis’ model (1951), which describes any
current level of performance or being as a state of equilibrium between the driving
forces that encourage upward movement (positive, reasonable, logical, conscious
and economic) and the restraining forces that discourage it (negative, emotional,
illogical, unconscious and social/psychological).
Lewin’s change strategy for change has three high-level steps:
1. Unfreezing, reducing strength of forces, which maintain current equilibrium
2. Changing - Moving, developing new organisational values, attitudes and
behaviours to help move the organisation on.
3. Refreezing - stabilizing after the changes have been made so that there’s a
new equilibrium
Sometimes used as a planning tool, rather than as an organisational development
process. The unfreeze becomes a planning session. The move translates to
implementation. The refreeze is a post-implementation review.
High Level.

26- Lippitt, Watson and Westley Model
Description:
An extension of Lewin's Three-Step Change Theory. Lippitt, Watson, and Westley
created a seven-step theory that focuses more on the role and responsibility of the
change agent than on the evolution of the change itself.
Information is continuously exchanged throughout the process.
The seven steps are
1. Diagnose the problem.
2. Assess the motivation and capacity for change.
3. Assess the resources and motivation of the change agent. This includes the
change agent’s commitment to change, power, and stamina.
4. Choose progressive change objects. In this step, action plans are developed and
strategies are established.
5. The role of the change agents should be selected and clearly understood by all
parties so that expectations are clear. Examples of roles are: cheerleader,
facilitator, and expert.
6. Maintain the change. Communication, feedback, and group coordination are
essential elements in this step of the change process.
7. Gradually terminate from the helping relationship. The change agent should
gradually withdraw from their role over time. This will occur when the change
becomes part of the organizational culture
Actionable.

27- Managing Successful Programmes (MSP)
Description:
That has been a coupling of the disciplines of change management with project and
programme management.
For completeness we include a reference to programme management and its role in
managing business change, whether within parts of an organisation, across the
whole organisation or involving a group of organisations.
Managing Successful Programmes (MSP) focusses on successful delivery of
transformational change through the application of programme management. It is a
structured yet flexible framework. It allows you to manage and control all the
activities involved in managing a programme through providing advice on
organisation, processes, communication and ways of thinking. There is a close link
between MSP and PRINCE2™
The MSP framework is based on three core concepts:
1. MSP Principles - these are derived from positive and negative lessons learned
from programme experiences. They are the common factors that underpin the
success of any transformational change.
2. MSP Governance Themes - these define an organization’s approach to
programme management. They allow an organization to put in place the right
leadership, delivery team, organization structures and controls, giving the best
chance for success.
3. MSP Transformational Flow - this provides a route through the lifecycle of a
programme from its conception through to the delivery of the new capability,
outcomes and benefits. Supporting.

28- McKinsey's Seven-Step Model
Description:
The model is based on the theory that, for an organization to perform well, seven
elements need to be aligned and mutually reinforcing.
The model can be used to help identify what needs to be realigned to improve
performance, or to maintain alignment (and performance) during other types of
change.
The Seven Interdependent Elements are:
1. Strategy - Purpose of the business and the way the organization seeks to
enhance its competitive advantage.
2. Structure - Division of activities; integration and coordination mechanisms.
3. Systems - Formal procedures for measurement, reward and resource allocation.
4. Shared Values
5. Skills - The organization's core competencies and distinctive capabilities
6. Staff - Organization's human resources, demographic, educational and
attitudinal characteristics.
7. Style - Typical behaviour patterns of key groups, such as managers, and other
professionals.
Contextual.

29- Nadler and Tushman, congruence model
Description:
This model aims to help the understanding of the dynamics of an organization when we try
to change it. The model views the organisation as a system that draws inputs from both
internal and external sources (strategy, resources, environment) and transforms them into
outputs (activities, behaviour and performance of the system at three levels: individual,
group and total).
It emphasizes the assumption that everything relies on everything else i.e. different
elements of the total system have to be aligned to achieve high performance as a whole
system - the higher the congruence the higher the performance.
In this model of the transformation process, the organization is composed of four inter-
dependent components, or sub-systems:
1. The work. - the actual day-to-day activities carried out by individuals. Process design,
pressures on the individual and available rewards must all be considered under this
element.
2. The people - the skills and characteristics of the people who work in an organization.
What are their expectations, what are their backgrounds?
3. The formal organisation. - the structure, systems and policies in place. How things are
formally organised?
4. The informal organisation - the unplanned, unwritten activities that emerge over time
such as power, influence, values and norms.
This model proposes that effective management of change means attending to all four
components. If alignment work is not done, then organizational ‘homeostasis’ will result in a
return to the old equilibrium and change will fizzle out. The fizzling out results from forces
that arise in the system as a direct result of lack of congruence.
When a lack of congruence occurs, energy builds in the system in the form of resistance,
control and power.
Contextual.

30- People Centred Implementation (PCI)
Description:
ChangeFirst is has developed e-change delivered through their Enterprise Change
Management platform. The IT platform enables organisations to create, deploy and
manage change programmes.
The platform is unpinned by a People Centred Implementation (PCI). The method
hinges around 6 critical success factors:
1. Effective change leadership
2. Powerful engagement processes
3. Committed local sponsors
4. Strong personal connection
5. Sustained personal connection
6. Shared change purpose
That operate within a 4 phase process of
1. Initiation
2. Planning
3. Execution
4. Control
Actionable.

31- PMI's Change Management methodology
Description:
The Project Management Institute (PMI) developed a change methodology to
complement PMI’s project, programme and portfolio management processes and
assist in successfully designing, creating, implementing and sustaining
organisational change.
The method is encapsulated in the Managing Change: A Practice Guide publication
which begins by providing the reader with a framework for creating organisational
agility and judging change readiness.
Managing Change explores organisational change from three different management
perspectives:
• Portfolio,
• Programme
• Project.
Using the tested principles found in the latest editions PMI s The Standard for
Portfolio Management, The Standard for Program Management and A Guide to the
Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), and this practice
provides practical techniques on successfully designing, creating, implementing and
sustaining organisational change.
Supporting.

32- Pritchett's Change Management Model
Description:
Founded in 1974 by Price Pritchett, Ph.D., PRITCHETT’s Change Management
Model provides a simple phased approach for managing both the project and people
sides of change initiatives.
Their methodology consists of four phases
• Imperative
• Readiness
• Implementation
• Gain
High Level.
Imperative Readiness Implementation Gain

33- Prochaska and DiClemente Model
Description:
Prochaska and DiClemente found that people pass through a series of stages when
change occurs. The stages discussed in their change theory are:
• Pre-contemplation
• Contemplation
• Preparation
• Action
• Maintenance
• Relapse
Progression through the stages is cyclical, not linear; initially many individuals
relapse on their change efforts and do not successfully maintain their gains the first
time around
In the case of relapses, many individuals do not let up. They can revisit the
contemplation stage and prepare for action in the future.
The spiral pattern of the model suggests that many individuals learn from their
relapses instead of circling around the issue.
High Level.

34- Prosci’s ADKAR™ Change
Description:
ADKAR (Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, and Reinforcement) is a
goal-oriented change management (linear) model that allows change
management teams to focus their activities on specific business results.
The key elements of the strategy include:
• Diagnose employee resistance to change
• Help employees transition through the change process
• Create a successful action plan for personal and professional
advancement during change
• Develop a change management plan for your employees
In identifying the required outcomes or goals of change management,
ADKAR becomes a useful framework for change management teams in
planning and execution of their work.
Actionable.

35- Rogers technology adoption
Description:
Given technology is such stimulus or part of change we felt in import to reference
appropriate theory. Whilst the theory is over 50 years old, we believe it is still hugely
relevant.
The technology adaption lifecycle model, based on the theory of diffusion of
innovation (1962), describes the adoption or acceptance of a new product or
innovation, according to the demographic and psychological characteristics of
defined adopter groups. The process of adoption over time is typically illustrated as a
classical normal distribution or “bell curve”.
The model categorises the groups in adoption order as
• “innovators”
• “early adopters”.
• “early majority”
• “late majority”
• “laggards”.
The curve creates the foundation of a 5 step process of technology adoption:
• Knowledge,
• Persuasion,
• Decision,
• Implementation,
• Confirmation.
High Level.

36- Senge, systemic model & the Fifth Discipline
Description:
Senge et al discuss a myriad of ‘balancing processes’ or forces of homeostasis which act
to preserve the status quo in any organization.
It considers the longer-term issues of sustaining and renewing organisational change and
examines the challenges of first initiating, second sustaining and third redesigning and
rethinking change. In the high-level model there are ideas and suggestions for dealing with
the balancing forces of equilibrium in organizational systems (resistance)
Senge et al say that the key challenges of initiating change are the balancing forces that
arise when any group of people starts to do things differently. Challenges of sustaining
change come to the fore when the pilot group (those who start the change) becomes
successful and the change begins to touch the rest of the organisation. The challenges of
redesigning and rethinking change appear when the change achieves some visible
measure of success and starts to impact on ingrained organizational habits.
It recommends - Start small; grow steadily; don't plan everything; expect challenges.
The approach was further developed in the Fifth Discipline - how to organize the "learning
organization". Such organisations improve their capability to share and create new
knowledge. The following core disciplines should be integrated:
• Systems thinking - this is the fifth discipline that integrates all others.
• Personal mastery - every expert and manager learn individually, thus making
organization "knowledgeable".
• Mental models - understand "assumptions" in mental model and making them explicit to
improve the mutual understanding. Building shared vision - for team to eagerly learn and
cooperate to achieve a challenging goal.
• Team learning - co-workers should be sincere in communication and explicit in
coordination.
High Level.

37- SPIRAL DYNAMICS® CHANGE STATE INDICATOR
Description:
The Change State Indicator (CSI) is a versatile tool with a total of ten scales.
Five scales evaluate the “states of change” experienced by people as they migrate
from one Gravesian Value System to another. These range from stability through
turbulence and back to stability.
Other dimensions include readiness to accept and incorporate new methods,
approaches and ideas, and five scales which convey preferences for other aspects of
change: incremental or dramatic, order or chaos, plus flexibility.
These findings translate into a variety of workplace behaviours and preferences
impacting group cohesion, management, culture, ability to innovate and learn, forms
of communication, training and support needs, leadership preferences, strategy
implementation, etc.
Supporting.

High Level.
38- Stacey and Shaw, complex responsive processes
Description:
Stacey and Shaw (S&S) present the metaphor of flux and transformation to view
organisations. They assert:
• Change, or a new order of things, will emerge naturally from clean
communication, conflict and tension (but not too much).
• Managers are not outside of the system, controlling it, or planning to alter it, they
are part of the whole environment.
• In complex change, the leader’s role is to:
o Decide what business the organization is in, and stretch people’s thinking
on how to get there.
o Ensure that there is a high level of connectivity between different parts of
the organization, encouraging feedback, optimizing information flow,
enabling learning.
o Focus people’s attention on important differences: between current and
desired performance, between style of working, between past and present
results.
In Patricia Shaw’s book Changing Conversations in Organizations, rather than
address the traditional questions of ‘How do we manage change?’ she addresses the
question, ‘How do we participate in the ways things change over time?’
This writing deals with the paradox that ‘our interaction, no matter how considered or
passionate, is always evolving in ways that we cannot control or predict in the longer
term, no matter how sophisticated our planning tools’.
We like this reference as we see change as a constant, for sure with variability, but
as human beings we are constantly changing.
“How do we
participate in
the way
things
change over
time?”

39- Viral Change
Description:
Viral Change™ proposes a “journey” divided into five phases – note: not all of them
are as sequential as represented by the illustration.
The key focus for each phase is described below. The duration of each phase varies
depending on where the change process starts.
1. Discovery - creating or revisiting a vision, uncovering and articulating non-
negotiable behaviours; mapping the networks of change, uncovering the real
influence within the organisation.
2. Development - identifying peer groups and visualizing peer-to-peer influence,
aligning management, calling selected people to participate
3. Engagement - creation of a community of change agents with a particular profile
and enlisting them, helping them with their role; aligning further leaders and
managers
4. Diffusion - behaviours spread, the community of champions is supported; peer
to peer influence is orchestrated and supported; progress is tracked and
evaluated; stories of success are spread; the social movement is in action
5. Sustain - key behaviours are now embedded, new directions are evaluated, and
the agents community ends as such, re-directions and re-focus may make a new
journey restart.
Actionable.

42- Teece- Dynamic Capabilities
Description:
Dynamic capability is “the firm’s ability to integrate, build, and reconfigure internal
and external competences to address rapidly changing environments” (David J.
Teece, Gary Pisano, and Amy Shuen).
The basic assumption of the dynamic capabilities framework is that core
competencies should be used to modify short-term competitive positions that can be
used to build longer-term competitive advantage.
Teece’s concept of dynamic capabilities is centred on corporate agility, the capacity
to:
• sense and shape opportunities and threats
• seize opportunities
• maintain competitiveness
by enhancing, combining, protecting, and, when necessary, reconfiguring the
business enterprise’s intangible and tangible assets.
The key concepts:
• Learning
• New assets
• Transformation of existing assets
• Co-specialisation
• Asset orchestration
High Level.

40- Theories of Change
Description:
Theories of Change (ToC) link outcomes and activities to explain HOW and WHY the
desired change is expected to come about in a particular context.
ToC works back from the desired change outcomes, mapping the process through
which the group identifies all the preconditions that will be needed to deliver the
desired outcome. These are mapped in an Outcomes Framework, identifying
“Causal pathways” - that complete and add reference to measures.
ToC is a planning process for community based change. The “Theory of Change” is
for the specific change initiative.
Benefits of this approach are:
• Understanding – the link between activities and the achievement of the long-
term goals.
• Improved planning – activities are linked to a detailed understanding of how
change actually happens.
• Improved evaluation – measuring progress towards the achievement of longer-
term goals that goes beyond the identification of program outputs.
Supporting.

41- Theory U
Description:
A change method that targets leadership as process of inner knowing and social innovation
developed by Otto Scharmer and originally based on a process known as the U-
process or U-procedure (also called 'bath tub' and 'U Way') developed by Dr Friedrich Glasl
and Dirk Lemson of the NPI (Netherlands Pedagogical Institute) in 1968.
Theory U proposes that the quality of the results that we create in any kind of social system
is a function of the quality of awareness, attention, or consciousness that the participants in
the system operate from. The U is described as :
One process with five movements
1. Co-initiating - Build Common Intent stop and listen to others and to what life calls you
to do
2. Co-sensing : Observe, Observe, Observe go to the places of most potential and listen
with your mind and heart wide open
3. Presencing : Connect to the Source of Inspiration, and Will go to the place of silence
and allow the inner knowing to emerge
4. Co-creating: Prototype the New in living examples to explore the future by doing
5. Co-evolving: Embody the New in Ecosystems that facilitate seeing and acting from the
whole
With Seven Leadership Capacities
1. Holding the space: Listen to what life calls you to do
2. Observing: Attend with your mind wide open
3. Sensing: Connect with your heart
4. Presencing: Connect to the deepest source of your self and will
5. Crystalising: Access the power of intention
6. Prototyping: Integrate head, heart, hand
7. Performing: Play the “Macro-Violin
Supporting.

42- Weisbord 6 Box Model
Description:
Weisboard ‘s (1978) model represents a particular way of looking at organizational
structure and design and provides a helpful backdrop to the aspects that impact
change.
It gives attention to issues such as planning, incentives and rewards, the role of
support functions such as personnel, internal competitions among organizational
units, standards for remuneration, partnerships, hierarchies and the delegation of
authority, organizational control, accountability and performance assessment.
The model also follows the basic 'systems' approach to organizational functioning
including the well-known inputs and 'outputs' categories. The six-box model is
comprised of the following components:
1. Purposes: What 'businesses' are we in?
2. Structure: How do we divide up the work?
3. Relationships: How do we manage conflict (coordinate) among people? With
our technologies?
4. Rewards: Is there an incentive for doing all that needs doing?
5. Leadership: Is someone keeping the boxes in balance?
6. Helpful mechanisms: e.g. have we adequate coordinating technologies?
Contextual.

43- William Bridges, managing the transition
Description:
Bridges (1991) distinguishes between planned change and transition. Transition is about
letting go of the past and taking up new behaviours or ways of thinking. Planned change is
about physically moving office, or installing new equipment, or restructuring. Change is
situational and can be planned, whereas transition is psychological and less easy to
manage.
Transition consists of three phases:
1. Ending - before you can begin something new, you have to end what used to be. You
need to identify who is losing what, expect a reaction and acknowledge the losses
openly.
2. Neutral zone – here , people feel disoriented. Motivation falls and anxiety rises.
Consensus may break down as attitudes become polarized. It can also be quite a
creative time. The manager’s job is to ensure that people recognize the neutral zone
and treat it as part of the process. Temporary structures may be needed – possibly
task forces and smaller teams.
3. New beginning(s) - cannot be planned and predicted, but they can be encouraged,
supported and reinforced.
Bridges suggests that people need four key elements to help them make a new beginning:
1. The purpose behind the change;
2. A picture of how this new organization will look and feel;
3. A step by step plan to get there;
4. A part to play in the outcome.
The beginning is reached when people feel they can make the emotional commitment to
doing something in a new way.
Contextual.

Armour’s Support for Effective Change
Our services and princples

preparing for a successful deliveryUnderstand & Design
• Execution advice
• Solution design
• Programme/project set-up
effective change with you or for you (not to you)Deliver
• Strategic development
• Project Management
• Change Management
• Process Improvement
• Business Analysis
• Acceptance Testing
• Training and Rollout
• Data Analysis
• Backfill
with you competent and confident in realising valueDepart
• Smooth handover
• End of engagement review
gaining skills, experience and self-sufficiency for the futureDevelop
• Coach and guide
• Individuals and teams
• Executive and junior
Our focus is on delivering effective change and building capability
Practical and outcome focussed
Working for a risk carrier provides an empathy and understanding.
Allow your business experts to focus on content and we take care of effectively managing the change
process, or we can take care of it all for you.
Either way, we bring our skills and expertise to support you.
We can also provide backfill to support for business as usual whilst your people work on the project.
We leave you with an embedded the outcome that you can realise value from
We want you to continue to deliver value from our involvement long after we have gone
49

We support change delivery from many perspectives
50
• Organisational / Team based change
• Role based change
• Improving resilience of people, teams and organisations
• Coaching, development & support
People
• Process Re-design
• Continuous Improvement
• Process Relocation – offshore, onshore
Process
• Supporting the implementation lifecycle
• Business Requirements
• Testing
• Training
• User readiness
Technology
Target Operating Model
Design & Delivery
Product/Service Management
Marketing
Sales/Distribution
Business Operations
Support Services
projects
All attributes of your business On a discrete basis
Through to wholesale change
Start-up
Expansion
Mergers & Acquisitions
Optimisation
Disposals
All stages of the lifecycle
All stages of the value chain

Our Service Catalogue
51
People,
Process,
Technology
Change
Project
Management
Process
Improvement
Business
Analysis
Data
Analysis
Test
Management
Team &
Individual
Development
Change
Management

Business Improvement: Principles and capabilities
Execution and
outcome focused
Cultural and behavioral fit
(a valued extension to your team)
Change Execution: range
of improvement expertise
and capacity
Delivering change
with the client
Increasing client
capability and future
self-sufficiency
Agnostic and flexible
with technology and
methods
52

Taxonomy of change models slideshare 201703

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Taxonomy of change models slideshare 201703