Teaching in extension
- 1. TEACHING IN EXTENSION DR. DEBASHIS DASH PH.D. (AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND COMMUNICATION) GBPUA&T, PANTNAGAR EMAIL: DEBASHIS.AGEXT@GMAIL.COM
- 2. HISTORY OF GROWTH OF EXTENSION 1867-68: 1st practical steps to give lectures to Women’s Associations and Working Men’s Club by JAMES STEWATT 1866: Term EXTENSION was originated in England 1728:The first Society established for spread of academic knowledge of agriculture through lectures and publications.
- 3. 1862: Morril Act was passed to start educational opportunities for working men. Land grant Colleges were established. 1875: Philadelphia Committee was established to give “Out of School Education” to keep rural people in rural areas 1873,1876,1878: University Extension was accepted by Cambridge University, London University and Oxford University
- 4. 1914: Smith-Liver Act was enacted in which cooperative extension services provided the mechanism for new scientific truths. 1904: Seed Corn Trains were organized in Lowa for widespread educational programme 1887: Experiment Stations and start of extension work through demonstration, Farmers’ Institutes, Printed bulletins and Correspondence Courses
- 5. THE STRUCTURE OF THE LAND GRANT UNIVERSITY TEACHING RESEARCH EXTENSION Morrill Act -1862 Hatch Act - 1887 Smith – Lever Act - 1914
- 6. EXTENSION IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES French: Vulgarization (Extension) Dutch: Voorlitching (Lightening the Path) German: Beratung (Advisory Work) Spanish: Capacitation (Training and Capacity Building) Persian: Tarvij and Gostaresh (To promote and to extend) Indonesia: Penyuluhan (Give illumination in the dark)
- 7. EXTENSION AS: Education (Saville,1965;Mosher,1978;Supe,198 3) Communication (Rolling,1986;Van den Ban and Hawkins, 1988) Science (Leagans,1961;Sinha,1972;Sinha,1980 )
- 8. EXTENSION AS EDUCATION: Out-of-School, Non-formal Education, Form of Adult Education and problem oriented education. Education has no shape. It reflects the characteristics of society. Aim of Extension Education: Overall development of man through appropriate technologies Bringing desirable changes in human behaviour. Emphasis on Learning by Doing Voluntary in nature.
- 9. GROWTH OF EXTENSION AS DISCIPLINE: Discipline in its own right dovetailing technologies in various areas. As Communication Intervention: Convincing people towards change As Participatory tool: more interactive and relevant As tool for HRD: mobilize leadership, entrepreneurship and social consciousness
- 10. DEVELOPMENT OF EXTENSION AS DISCIPLINE: The origin of extension education in India could be traced back to food crisis (Singh and Vijayaraghavan,1995) Extension education was a practical subject first. Branch of social science having biasness towards technology Highly rural oriented Inter-disciplinary in nature.
- 11. TAXONOMY OF EXTENSION EDUCATION ABROAD Ohio State's Agricultural and Extension Education (AEE) graduate program in the Department- Agricultural Communication, Education, and Leadership (ACEL). PennState College of Agricultural Sciences: Agricultural and Extension Education University of Idaho: Agricultural and Extension Education
- 12. COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Agricultural Extension Education (Degree) Students interact and network with others across the country who are in Extension or similar agencies. Advisors help students design plans of study that emphasize immediate career applicability. Distance education allows working professionals to obtain a degree without putting their careers on hold.
- 13. UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Agricultural Extension Education (Degree) This degree allows students to specialize in teaching, Extension/informal education, and adult education.Most courses are available online. Most students in the program take two classes (6 credits) per semester. Students who follow this will be able complete the program in approximately 2 years (6 semesters) https://aste.usu.edu
- 14. NC STATE UNIVERSITY The Department of Agricultural and Extension Education offers two types of Master's degrees. Master's of Agricultural and Extension Education: This degree does not require the writing of a thesis; however all students must complete some type of Master's Project. Master of Science in Agricultural and Extension Education -Students received 6 hours of credit for writing a thesis. Upon completion of this degree, the student may qualify for a Master's level (M) teaching license if they have a teaching emphasis. http://harvest.cals.ncsu.edu/
- 15. DEVELOPMENT AS ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE IN INDIA: 1st under graduate programm e: Kolkatta 1955: 1st ever Post- graduate program me started in Bihar Agril. college (Sabour) 1958: Next Post graduate program me after Bihar in Nagpur. 1961:Ph.D programm e in I.A.R.I was initiated 1963: PAU started post- graduation and doctorate degree programm e with trained faculty from abroad.
- 16. FOCUS ON THE TEACHING COMPONENT • FASTER SPREAD OF THIS DISCIPLINE TO MEET THE INCREASING DEMANDS OF TEACHING DEPARTMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES THAT GREW RAPIDLY IN THE 50'S AND 60'S ADVERSELY AFFECTED THE QUALITY OF ITS CONTENT. • SUBJECT HAS NO SOUND FOUNDATION • QUALITY OF EDUCATION AND COURSE CURRICULUM WAS A GREAT CONCERN
- 17. • IN 1967 A SEMINAR WAS ORGANISED AT IARI WHERE MODEL SYLLABUS FOR UNDER-GRADUATE COURSES WAS RECOMMENDED. NOTHING SIGNIFICANT WAS DONE FOR POST- GRADUATE COURSES". (SINGH, 1981). • A NATIONAL SEMINAR ON "ORIENTATION OF EXTENSION EDUCATION CURRICULUM AND STRENGTHENING FUNCTIONAL LINKAGES" ORGANISED AT CSAUAT, KANPUR IN 1981 WAS, PERHAPS, THE FIRST ATTEMPT THAT TOOK STOCK OF THE POST-GRADUATE CURRICULA AND SUGGESTED VARIOUS MODIFICATIONS.
- 18. COURSES UNDERTAKEN IN VARIOUS UNIVERSITIES FOR TEACHING IN EXTENSION • SHIATS (EXTENSION EDUCATION & RURAL DEVELOPMENT, COMMUNICATION AND EXTENSION TEACHING METHODS, METHODS OF EXTENSION RESEARCH AND EVALUATION, PROCESS AND MEDIA OF COMMUNICATION, PROGRAMME PLANNING, RURAL SOCIOLOGY FOR EXTENSION EDUCATION, THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRAINING, AGRICULTURAL JOURNALISM, ADOPTION & DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION, GROUP DYNAMICS AND LEADERSHIP, ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION IN EXTENSION EDUCATION)
- 19. • UBKV, PUNDIBARI, COOCH BEHAR (DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES OF EXTENSION EDUCATION, DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT THROUGH E-EXTENSION, RESEARCH METHODS IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, DIFFUSION AND ADOPTION OF INNOVATIONS, ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN EXTENSION, HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, PARTICIPATORY METHODS FOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER, VISUAL COMMUNICATION, RURAL SOCIOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, GENDER SENSITIZATION FOR DEVELOPMENT, BASIC IMAGING TECHNOLOGY, PERSPECTIVES OF DISTANCE EDUCATION, MARKET-LED EXTENSION)
- 20. ADDITION OF SOME COURSES SRI KARAN NARENDRA AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, JOBNER (JAIPUR) • DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT • E-EXTENSION • VISUAL COMMUNICATION • BASIC IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
- 21. SUBJECT MATTER COVERAGE IN MASTER’S LEVEL IN 12 UNIVERSITIES (APAU,AU,CSAUAT,IARI,IGKV,JNKV,KAU,OUAT,PAU, POKV,TNAU,TNVASU) {REFERENCE:HTTP://WWW.NCAP.RES.IN} • EXTENSION EDUCATION FUNDAMENTALS (CONCEPTS, OBJECTIVES, PRINCIPLES) • RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES • PROGRAMME PLANNING AND EVALUATION • DIFFUSION AND ADOPTION OF INNOVATIONS • GROUP DYNAMICS • LEADERSHIP • RURAL YOUTH
- 22. • COMMUNICATION FUNDAMENTALS (MODELS,TYPES,ELEMENTS ETC) • EXTENSION METHODS • AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS • PHOTOGRAPHY • AGRICULTURAL-JOURNALISM • INFORMATION MANAGEMENT • TRAINING FOR HRD
- 23. • ADMINISTRATION/MANAGEMENT • RESEARCH METHODOLOGY • SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY • EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY • SOCIAL CHANGE
- 24. COURSES INCLUDED IN PH.D: • ADVANCED SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS • AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATION • EXTENSION TRAINING • DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL CHANGE • THEORY CONSTRUCTION/ SCALING TECHNIQUES • DYNAMICS OF RURAL LEADERSHIP • DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
- 25. GAPS IN EXTENSION TEACHING CURRICULUM • REPETITION OF THE UG CURRICULA. • POST-GRADUATES IN EXTENSION EDUCATION HAVE NO DISTINCTIVE QUALIFICATION TO MAKE HIM DISTINCT AS THEY ARE NOT EXPOSED TO ADVANCED TRAINING IN EXTENSION EDUCATION. • THE EXTENSION CONTENT AT THE UG LEVEL ARE LESS IN PROGRAMS SUCH AS VETERINARY, FISHERIES ETC. EVEN WITHIN THE SAME UNIVERSITY COMPARED TO AGRICULTURE.
- 26. CONT….. • LACK OF FOCUS: STATIC NATURE OF THE CURRICULUM, LACK OF A CLEAR PERCEPTION ON THE NATURE OF SKILLS NEEDED TO TACKLE THE EMERGING PROFESSIONAL NEEDS AND CHALLENGES. • ABSENCE OF SPECIALIZATION IN COURSES LIKE EXTENSION MANAGEMENT ,DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION, HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING.
- 27. NATIONAL CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND POLICY RESEARCH, NEW DELHI THE NCAP WORKSHOP FOUND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOLLOWING COMPETENCIES AS ESSENTIAL FOR AN M.SC IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION: • PARTICIPATORY EXTENSION METHODOLOGIES • PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT • MONITORING AND EVALUATION • MODERN COMMUNICATION AND INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES • MEDIA PRODUCTION • APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN EXTENSION • MANAGEMENT OF EXTENSION ORGANIZATIONS • HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT • MODERN TRAINING METHODS • EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING METHODS • ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF NGOS • ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
- 28. CONCLUSION • IMPROVED FARMING TECHNOLOGIES SHOULD BE A PART OF EXTENSION TEACHING. • TRAINING, MULTIPLE TEACHING TOOLS AND EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT TOOLS SHOULD BE WELL DEVELOPED. • CONTINUED ADOPTION OF BEST TEACHING PRACTICES AVAILABLE. • HANDS ON EXPERIENCES SHOULD BE INCORPORATED INTO THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMME.
- 29. THANKS