Techniques of controlling
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Direct supervision and observation is the oldest technique of controlling where the supervisor directly observes employees and solves problems. This allows the supervisor to get first-hand information and a better understanding of the workers. Financial statements like the profit and loss account and balance sheet are prepared and used to control the organization by comparing current figures to previous years' figures. Budgetary control is done through budgets for all aspects of the business by a budget committee to facilitate planning and control. Break-even analysis finds the point where there is no profit or loss to evaluate performance and take corrective actions.
Techniques of controlling
- 2. Techniques of Controlling Self- Control PERT & CPM Management Information System Manageme nt Audit Management By Objectives Return on Investment Break Even Analysis Budgetary Control Financial Statements Supervision & Observation
- 3. 'Direct Supervision and Observation' is the oldest technique of controlling. The supervisor himself observes the employees and their work. This brings him in direct contact with the workers. So, many problems are solved during supervision. The supervisor gets first hand information, and he has better understanding with the workers. This technique is most suitable for a small- sized business. Direct Supervision and Observation
- 4. All business organisations prepare Profit and Loss Account. It gives a summary of the income and expenses for a specified period. They also prepare Balance Sheet, which shows the financial position of the organisation at the end of the specified period. Financial statements are used to control the organisation. The figures of the current year can be compared with the previous year's figures. They can also be compared with the figures of other similar organisations Financial Statements
- 5. A budget is a planning and controlling device. Budgetary control is a technique of managerial control through budgets. It is the essence of financial control. Budgetary control is done for all aspects of a business such as income, expenditure, production, capital and revenue. Budgetary control is done by the budget committee. Budgetary Control
- 6. i. Break Even Analysis or Break Even Point is the point of no profit, no loss. It means that, any sale below this point will cause losses and any sale above this point will earn profits. ii. The Break-even analysis acts as a control device. It helps to find out the company's performance. So the company can take collective action to improve its performance in the future. iii. Break-even analysis is a simple control tool. Break Even Analysis
- 7. a. Investment consists of fixed assets and working capital used in business. Profit on the investment is a reward for risk taking. If the ROI is high then the financial performance of a business is good and vice-versa. b. ROI is a tool to improve financial performance. It helps the business to compare its present performance with that of previous years' performance. It helps to conduct inter-firm comparisons. It also shows the areas where corrective actions are needed. Return on Investment (ROI)
- 8. MBO facilitates planning and control. It must fulfill following requirements:- Objectives for individuals are jointly fixed by the superior and the subordinate. Periodic evaluation and regular feedback to evaluate individual performance. Achievement of objectives brings rewards to individuals. Management by Objectives (MBO)
- 9. Management Audit is an evaluation of the management as a whole. It critically examines the full management process, i.e. planning, organising, directing, and controlling. It finds out the efficiency of the management. To check the efficiency of the management, the company's plans, objectives, policies, procedures, personnel relations and systems of control are examined very carefully. Management auditing is conducted by a team of experts. They collect data from past records, members of management, clients and employees. The data is analysed and conclusions are drawn about managerial performance and efficiency. Management Audit
- 10. In order to control the organisation properly the management needs accurate information. They need information about the internal working of the organisation and also about the external environment. Information is collected continuously to identify problems and find out solutions. MIS collects data, processes it and provides it to the managers. MIS may be manual or computerised. With MIS, managers can delegate authority to subordinates without losing control. Management Information System (MIS)
- 11. Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM) techniques were developed in USA in the late 50's. Any programme consists of various activities and sub-activities. Successful completion of any activity depends upon doing the work in a given sequence and in a given time. CPM / PERT can be used to minimise the total time or the total cost required to perform the total operations. Importance is given to identifying the critical activities. Critical activities are those which have to be completed on time otherwise the full project will be delayed. So, in these techniques, the job is divided into various activities / sub-activities. From these activities, the critical activities are identified. More importance is given to completion of these critical activities. So, by controlling the time of the critical activities, the total time and cost of the job are minimised. PERT and CPM Techniques
- 12. Self-Control means self-directed control. A person is given freedom to set his own targets, evaluate his own performance and take corrective measures as and when required. Self-control is especially required for top level managers because they do not like external control. The subordinates must be encouraged to use self-control because it is not good for the superior to control each and everything. However, self-control does not mean no control by the superiors. The superiors must control the important activities of the subordinates. Self-Control