Techniques of Evaluation.pptx
- 1. T E C H N I Q U E S O F E VA L U AT I O N
- 2. E VA L U AT I O N Evaluation in Education can be considered as the process of determining the following aspects of the teaching and learning process: • The extent to which educational objectives are being achieved. • The effectiveness of the teaching- learning experiences.
- 3. T E C H N I Q U E S O F E VA L U AT I O N • Different evaluation techniques are used by teachers to know all the changes that take place in the student as a result of teaching. • Few of these techniques are listed -> • Observation. • Case Study. • Interview. • Anecdotal Record. • Cumulative Record.
- 4. O B S E R VAT I O N Observation helps the observer to observe the activities of students, class- behavior, and hence ascertain the emotional development, mental development, maturity level, etc.
- 5. Controlled Observation • Observation done with the knowledge of the person who is being observed. Also called Conscious Observation Un-Controlled Observation • Observation done without the knowledge of the person who is being observed. T Y P E S O F O B S E R VAT I O N
- 6. S T E P S I N V O LV E D I N O B S E R VAT I O N Planning • Includes deciding the observer, qualification, Characteristic to be observed, tools, etc Execution • Arrangement for observation, Environment, motivation Recording and Interpretation • Observation is recorded and Interpreted.
- 7. S A M P L E O B S E R VAT I O N
- 8. Advantages • Provides a chance for accurate data. • Simplest Method. • Does not disturb the observed person. Disadvantages • Chance of observer bias. • Takes longer time. O B S E R VAT I O N T E C H N I Q U E
- 9. C A S E S T U D Y Case study are scientific and critical exploration of a situation or a phenomenon that poses a problem and requires suggested solution, recommendations and pathway to avoid similar problems in future.
- 10. Historical Way • Historical Way is the evaluation of the situation that is already solved or closed Problem Oriented Path • Problem – Oriented Path deals with current situation that are in progress and so in need of actual solution and predictions of outcomes. T W O W A Y S T O W R I T E A C A S E S T U D Y
- 11. T Y P I C A L C A S E S T U D Y F O R M AT Head • Executive Summary • Introduction Body • Overview of Situation • Analysis • Recommendations Foot • Conclusion • References • Executive Summary – outline of findings, point of analysis • Introduction – brief of the issue. • Overview, Analysis, Recommendations – context of the matter. • Conclusion – restates major findings, solutions, further path of exploration.
- 12. S A M P L E C A S E S T U D Y
- 13. Advantages • Captures detailed and in depth study. Disadvantages • Takes longer time. • Requires more effort C A S E S T U D Y
- 14. I N T E R V I E W Interview is a fundamental methodology for both quantitative and qualitative Evaluation. Interviews are conversations between an investigator and a respondent in which questions are asked in order to obtain information.
- 15. Structured Interviews • Interviews where the interviewer presents with a standardized set of questions, often in questionary form Semi Structured Interviews • Interviews centered around a mixed framework of general themes and pre- established questions, which can be adapted in the context of individual sessions. T Y P E S O F I N T E R V I E W S Un Structured Interviews • Interviews in the form of natural conversation, with no preformed questionary.
- 16. S T E P S I N V O L V E D I N T H E P R O C E S S O F I N T E R V I E W Preparation of Interview Execution of Interview Controlling, Directing & Validating the Interview Closing of Interview Reporting of Interview
- 17. Advantages • Easy to use. • More Flexible. • Comprehensive and powerful study Disadvantages • Chance of personal bias. • It is difficult to record the feelings and views of the interview.. I N T E R V I E W
- 18. A N E C D O TA L R E C O R D An anecdotal record is a running description of actual examples of behavior of a student as observed by teachers or the counselor. “Anecdotes are descriptive accounts of episodes or occurrences in a daily life of the student” – Brown and Martin “An Anecdotal record is a report of a significant episode in the life of a student” – Raths Louis
- 21. Advantages • Easy to use. • Provides a rich source of documentation. • Focus is on individual. Disadvantages • Subject to observer’s bias. • Observer may miss important milestones in individual’s growth. • Time Consuming. A N E C D O TA L R E C O R D
- 22. C U M U L AT I V E R E C O R D A cumulative record is a systematic account of information about a student. It is an Evaluation tool which presents a comprehensive record of the achievement or otherwise of each student’s different aspect – physical, academic, moral, social and health. A cumulative record begins as soon as the child enrolls in the school and continues till he/she leaves the school The information written in the cumulative record cards is collected from different sources over a period of time.
- 23. N E E D F O R A C U M U L AT I V E R E C O R D • To give a complete picture of a child’s all around progress in difficult areas. • To assess the child’s potentials, interest, aptitude and talents. • To provide proper guidance and counselling taking into consideration his/her curricular and co-curricular achievements. • To help parents and teachers in the placement of the child after the completion of schooling.
- 24. C O N T E N T O F A C U M U L AT I V E R E C O R D • Personal Data. • Academic Data. • Health Data. • Co-Curricular Activities Data • Achievements Data. • Record of Counselling and Guidance. • General Overall Remarks.
- 25. A S A M P L E C U M U L A T I V E R E C O R D
- 26. Advantages • It provides a comprehensive picture of the pupil. • It is useful for counselor to help the pupil. • Useful for career guidance. Disadvantages • Need to be confidential • Tedious Paper work. • Time Consuming and Lengthy process C U M U L AT I V E R E C O R D
- 27. T E C H N I Q U E S O F E VA L U AT I O N TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION • Observation. • Case Study. • Interview. • Anecdotal Record. • Cumulative Record.
- 28. T H A N K Y O U P R E S E N T E D B Y A E R L Y Y