Technology
- 1. UNIT II AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS The materials that help us to make our knowledge clear and vivid through senses are called audio-visual aids. The effective application of audio-visual aids is known as audio-visual 1 technology. According to Edgar Dale,” audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These are also termed as multi-sensory materials”. Advantages of audio visual aids 1. They are best motivators. 2. Clear images are formed 3. It gives variety 4. It provides maximum freedom 5. It gives opportunities to handle and manipulate 6. They contribute increased retentivity. 7. Helpful in attracting attention 8. Saving of energy and time 9. It meets individual differences 10. Encourages healthy classroom interaction 11. Spread of education on a mass scale 12. It provides the reinforcement to learners. Guiding principles for the use of audio-visual aids Principle of selection The aids selected should be suit to the age level, grade level and characteristics of learners. It should have specific educational value. Principle of preparation The teacher should aware of the nature of aid and the way to use the aids. As far as possible, locally available material should be used in the preparation of an aid. Principle of proper presentation Aids should be presented in such a way so that all students can see them clearly. The aids should be properly handled. Principle of physical control
- 2. This principle relates to the arrangement of keeping aids safely and also to facilitate 2 their lending to the teachers for use. Principle of response The teachers should guide the students to respond actively to the audio visual stimuli so that they derive the maximum benefit in learning. Principle of cost As far as possible, use inexpensive aids. Principle of evaluation There should be continuous evaluation of both the audio visual material and accompanying techniques in the light of the realization of the desired objectives. Classification of audio visual aids Audio visual aids can be classified on different basis in four different ways. Audio visual aids Projected aids Non-projected aids Graphic aids Display boards Three dimensional aids Activity aids Audio aids Films Filmstrips OHP LCD Slides Epidiascope Cartoon Chart Comic Flash card Graph Map Photograph Picture Poster Black board Bulletin board Flannel board Magnetic board Pegboard IWB Diagrams Model Mockup Puppets Specimen Diorama Radio Recording Television CAI Demonstration Dramatics Experimentation Field trips PI Teaching machine
- 3. 3 Projected aids A projected aid is one in which items to be perceived are projected on screen using mechanical devices. The major projected aids are Films/motion pictures Motion picture or film is a series of still or motion images, in which sound is added. It makes the observer more effective because films influence visual sense as well as auditory sense at the same time. Films can be classified as entertainment films and educational films. Educational films Educational films may be further classified into general educational films and classroom films. Classroom films are films based on curricular subjects with an aim to promote specific curricular subject. General educational films are films produced in order to give awareness about a social issue to the learners. Educational films can deal with science films, historical events, social awareness, health education, news and information. Some entertainment films can be used as educational films. So any film can be considered as educational if it promotes learning either help to attain knowledge or good behaviour. Advantages of films 1. Films give impression of reality there by promoting better understanding 2. Topics are presented in easily digestible and interesting manner. 3. With the assistance of time lapse photography can show slow movements rapidly. 4. Films can reach mass audience at a low average cost per person 5. Learners get a comprehensive understanding on any topic. 6. Inspires the learners by seeing the life of great personalities 7. Can change or develop attitude. Disadvantages of films 1. High cost 2. Need time 3. Depend others for films Role of teachers 1. Teacher has to know what is present in the films. 2. Adequate preparation and follow up work is necessary. 3. Teacher has to select the suitable films. 4. Teacher has to consider the age, IQ of learners. 5. Teacher should clarify the doubts. 6. Teacher should give proper follow up activities.
- 4. 4 Filmstrips Filmstrips are strips of film containing well integrated and sequenced transparent still images. It can be either colour or black and white. Filmstrip without sound are called silent filmstrips and with sound are called sound filmstrips. Generally we use 35mm wide film strips. They are transparent in nature. Advantages Filmstrips are more advantageous than individual slide. Easy to handle and transport. Available in market. No need of complete darkroom. Disadvantage Motion is not possible Film strip projector A film strip is 35mm wide and has a series of 12 to 48 picture frames arranged in a sequence so that they develop a theme. A film strip can be prepared by taking a series of photographs using a 35mm camera and then by taking a positive print of the negative film on another 35mm film strip. Film strip projector project these film strips. These projectors are formally known as magic lantern. Episcope Episcope is used for opaque projection. Pictures from text books, photographs, drawing or any opaque material with in the size of the platform of the episcope can be projected by this instrument. Diascope This is used to project transparent slides. Epidiascope It is an equipment for projecting objects which are either opaque or transparent in nature. Any object can be enlarged on the screen without damaging that object. It can be used for all classes from first standard to college level. Uses of epidiascope 1. Without damaging an object we can illustrate the object to the whole class 2. Even small objects can be illustrated to the whole class by magnifying the object. 3. Slides can be used.
- 5. 4. No slide is to be prepared. 5. Any type of printed materials, handwritten materials, pictures, graphs, maps, cartoons, coins, transparent slides, stone, remains of historical interest, fossils, bones, specimens of living and non-living objects can be projected. 6. Complete darkness is not necessary as diascope needs. 5 Overhead projector OHP is an advanced stage of epidiascope. This projector got the name based on the fact the at the projected image is over the head of speaker. In OHP, a transparent visual is placed on the horizontal stage on the top of light source. Light passes through the transparency and then reflected at an angle on to the screen. Working of OHP An overhead projector typically consists of a large box containing a very bright lamp and a fan to cool it. On top of the box is a large Fresnel lens that collimates the light. Above the box, typically on a long arm, is a mirror and lens that focuses and redirects the light forward instead of up. Transparencies are placed on top of the lens for display. The light from the lamp travels through the transparency and into the mirror where it shines forward onto a screen for display. The mirror allows both the presenter and the audience to see the image at the same time, the presenter looking down at the transparency as if writing, the audience looking forward at the screen. The height of the mirror can be adjusted, to both focus the image and to make the image larger or smaller depending on how close the projector is to the screen. Uses of OHP 1. Helps to magnify the objects. 2. Since the image is projected over the shoulder of teacher, he can face the class in usual way at all the time, thus by teacher can observe the reactions of students and adjust the class. 3. Teacher can even place projector on the table. 4. Easy to operate and no need of separate operator. 5. No need of darkroom. 6. Easy to change the slide since the slide is placed on the top of the transparent surface. 7. Teacher can see the slide while teaching. 8. Teacher can even modify the slide while teaching process is undergoing thereby less depending blackboard. 9. Teacher can wipe the note from transparency sheet and use again. 10. We can use liquid materials by placing it in transparent vessels in order to show small aquatic beings, leaf profiles, flower petal etc. 11. Teacher can focus the attention of the students by moving an opaque pointer. 12. Making teaching process more effective by using overlays.
- 6. 6 LCD projector A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly. LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have replaced cathode (CRT) displays in most applications. LCD projectors usually contain three separate LCD glass panels- each for red, blue and green components of the image signal being fed into the projector. As the light passes through LCD, individual pixels can be opened to allow light to pass or closed to black the light. This activity modulates the light and produce image that is projected on the screen. Slides It is one of the oldest form of projected aids.it is a piece of transparent surface of a specific dimension with drawings or pictures which can be mounted individually for use in a projective equipment. It can be projected with the help of epidiascope. The educational values of slides are attracting attention and arouse interest in pupil. It is helpful in reviewing instructions and facilitates teacher student participation. Uses of slides 1. Helpful in illustrating and providing visual experiences in teaching any subject. 2. Help to view for a large number of students by magnifying the image. 3. Slides help to catch the attention of students leading the learner to concentrate. 4. Helpful in reviewing, thereby helps the learner to recollect the subject. 5. Slides can remain on the screen for a long time for discussion. 6. Make the class environment more lively. 7. Slides can be used in any number depending on the need of situation. Demerits 1. Motion is not possible. 2. If glass, it may be broken down. Non-projected aids Non-projected aids are classified into graphic aid, display boards ,three dimensional aids, audio aids and activity aids. Graphic aids Cartoon
- 7. It represent a form of graphic representation that makes use of symbolism and hold exaggeration to convey a message or point of view as quickly as possible. Cartoons are mostly humorous and aesthetically pleasing. Educational value lies in the fact that they appeal to all ages in almost all cultures of life. 7 Chart Chart is a combination of pictorial, graphic and verbal materials designed to present a clear visual summary of an important development. Charts are very much effective in showing the relationship by means of facts, figures and statistics for presenting materials symbolically for summarizing information, for presenting abstract ideas in visual form etc. there are different types of charts. They are Display chart These charts are used to create suitable environment in the classroom, laboratory or library. Each display chart should display information only about one specific area in the subject. Flip chart It is a series of charts containing visual information about the same area of knowledge Eg: chart showing the working of a machine and different parts. Flow chart It shows the functional relationship between the different aspects or parts of a complete unit or process. Tabular chart In this data is presented in the tabular form. The data are tabulated under several heads and subheads. Tree chart It is an effective way of showing the growth and development of a process. The origin is represented by the trunk of a tree and various developments are shown as branches. Time charts These provide a chronological frame work with in which events and developments may be recorded. Scientific developments, cultural achievements can be represented by this. Graphs
- 8. The graphs are used to present numerical figures or statistical data. It helps in presenting the abstract ideas through visual bars or images. Graphs are powerful and effective means of presenting the analysis of facts or comparative studies with the help of numbers, figures or bars. Graphs are mainly of four types. 8 Line graphs The concept are represented by means of simple lines, vertically or horizontally drawn, their lengths being proportional to the quantities compared. Bar graphs They consist of bars arranged horizontally or vertically and help in comparison of quantity size etc. Pie graphs In this a whole is represented by a circle and its parts are represented by sectors of the circle, their areas being proportional to the sizes. Pictorial graphs In this the eye catching appeal of figures that give a three dimensional effect is attained by flat, simplified and representational figures. Educational uses of graphic aids 1. Lesson interesting- it helps in elucidating the lesson comprehensively. 2. Appropriate for students with low IQ- pictorial graphs provide a lot of help to the students with lower intelligence quotient. 3. Useful for students of low age- everything is explained in detail in the graph. 4. Helpful in depicting topics involving comparisons- provide a lot of help to exhibit and elucidate those topics which involve comparative study. Comic A comic strip is a form of cartoon depicting a story in sequence. The events are arranged in the proper order in an attractive pictorial form appealing much to lower age groups. Diagrams A diagram is a condensed drawing consisting primarily of lines and symbols designed to represent the outline, inter relationships or key features of a process. Flash cards Flash cards are very literally used for language lessons, especially in the lower classes. This facilitates comprehension and skill in silent reading. These are displayed only for some seconds and hence the name flash cards.
- 9. 9 Maps Map may be defined as the graphical visual representation of the earth’s surface or portion of it. Maps are generally of three kinds. Relief map These are those maps in which the geographical factors of a place or area are shown. This maps are used to explain events influenced by geographical factors. Flat maps In these maps only one specific aspect is shown E.g. map showing states of India Sketch map In these maps only the outlines are shown, only the boundaries are given. These maps are more useful because teaching can be made more effective by filling in the map as the lesson progresses. Uses of maps 1. Helpful in making lessons interesting. 2. Appropriate knowledge can be achieved with the help of maps. 3. Knowledge of various locations. 4. It shows various relationships. 5. Helps to bring about an element of reality in historical events. 6. Helps for getting knowledge about climate and vegetation. 7. To depict various types of changes. Pictures Pictures occupy an important place in visual aids. Children are by nature attracted towards pictures. A history lesson can be made more interesting and understandable by showing pictures of kings, queens, important personalities, old cities and buildings and historical events. Photographs Photographs play a significant role in making ideas clear and comprehensive. They cultivate the power of observation and judgment. Their preparation requires critical observation of the actual object and correct judgment on the accurate and truthful representation of facts. Posters The poster is a graphic representation of some strong emotional appeal that is carried through a combination of graphic aids like cartoon, pictures, lettering and other visual arts.
- 10. They are designed in such a way that it catch the attention of the passerby, holds his attention and impress on him idea or image that he will remember. It is increasingly used in all walks of life to convey information to the man. 10 Display Board Black board Black board is the most basic, most widely used and versatile tool for display. It is one of the simplest and oldest of visual aids. Blackboard is a magnifying glass in the hands of a teacher. By simply moving a piece of chalk on the blackboard a creative teacher can do wonders in making communication concrete and meaningful. Advantages 1. Can attract the attention of pupils. 2. Act as a good illustrative aid. 3. Breaks monotony in the classroom. 4. Enhances pupil activity. 5. Supplements audio experiences with visual perception. 6. Arouses the imagination of pupils. Suggestions for the proper use of the chalkboard 1. It should always be kept clean. 2. The writing on the blackboard must be bold. 3. The writing should be neat, well planned and methodical. 4. Items should be presented sequentially. 5. The work on the BB should not be obstructed by the teacher. 6. Never make mistakes in the writing. 7. Highlight important pints in bringing in variety. 8. Colour chalks may be used for stressing important points. 9. Don’t wipe off the writings before pupils register the content. 10. Use a duster to clean a black board. 11. While cleaning the written material start from the top and move downwards. Different types of black boards Fixed black board Fixed in class facing the class normally made of wood or concrete cement. Black board on easel Portable and adjustable black board Roller black board
- 11. Made of thick canvas wrapped on a roller mostly used for teaching higher 11 classes which can be conveniently rolled up. Graphic board It has graphic lines and used for teaching mathematics, science and statistics. Interactive white board It is analogous to a standard white board with soft screen incorporating all the features of computer and communication technology to transform itself into a media-rich interactive instructional gadget creating a virtual learning environment in the classroom. The instructor can then manipulate the elements on the screen. Items can be dragged, clicked and copied and the lecturer can handwrite notes, which can be transforming into text and saved. Advantages of interactive whiteboard over normal chalkboard 1. Any application that runs on your computer can be used on an interactive whiteboard. 2. We can surf the internet, annotate a text document or demonstrate a piece of software. 3. Promotes creative teaching and motivates students into absorbing information. 4. It helps in interactive teaching; the students can interact with the whiteboard. 5. It promotes group discussion and participation. Bulletin board Bulletin boards are used for depicting activities carried out in the classroom. It is very appropriate for depicting maps and charts. It is display board to be kept in science room which shoes visual learning material on scientific interest. The display on the bulletin board should be attractive, appropriate, meaningful, timely and interesting. These may include pictures, posters, pamphlets, cartoons, graphs, maps, charts, diagrams, news items, feature articles, samples of students, creative work. Each display should be a unit containing one central theme. Advantages 1. Bulletin board motivates the students and arouses their interest and curiosity. 2. They can also be the source of attraction for the viewers. 3. It saves time while teaching and helps in clearing a number of concepts. 4. It helps in presenting events in sequential order. 5. It helps in developing aesthetic sense in the children. 6. It provides opportunities for the students to work in a team spirit. 7. The various types of aid material related to current knowledge can be properly displayed through it. Flannel board This aid material is also known as flat board. A woolen, cotton or hair cloth is tightly fixed on a frame of wood. The pieces of flannel cloth easily get stuck on one another.
- 12. Therefore behind the pieces of flannel or sand paper there are some pictures or figures which can be shown to the students. 12 Advantages or importance 1. It helps in giving a number of creative experiences to the students. 2. It saves time while teaching. 3. They bring variety in the classroom. 4. It helps in clearing a number of concepts. 5. It helps in developing aesthetic sense of the students. 6. It can be very conveniently used in junior classes for the teaching of languages, mathematics and in the higher classes for the teaching of history, geography, civics, mathematics and physical sciences etc. 7. It is very useful in the field of social education and can play an important role in it. 8. The material to be exhibited on the board is prepared beforehand. 9. It is less expensive. Magnetic board This is a framed iron sheet having a porcelain coating. Small magnets acts as adhesive on the reverse side of the material to be displayed. Pegboard It can be used for compiling flat and three dimensional materials, the latter being supported by specially made hooks and clips. Displays can also be positioned at desired points by pegs. Three dimensional aids Model Models are replica of the original work. They are used in great deal in science teaching. Models give a thought of reality and can show the function of an object. Uses 1. It makes learning interesting, permanent, effective and lively. 2. It is used where the actual object is either too big or too small. 3. It helps in developing the creative powers of the students by encouraging them to come forward in the preparation of useful models relevant to the learning experience in the subject. 4. They can be assembled and disassembled. Mockup
- 13. It means a fault size dummy model which gives a false show about a thing. A certain element of original reality is emphasized to make it more meaningful for the purpose of instruction. 13 Puppets The puppets can present ideas with extreme simplicity, without elaborate scenery or costume yet effectively. Different types of puppets Shadow puppets Rod puppets Hand puppets Glove puppets Stringed puppets Specimen or objects An object may be defined as real things which have been removed from their natural settings. A specimen is a three dimensional object representing a small piece, segment, part or sample of real objects. Specimens of real objects possess great educational values. These aids are powerful, interest arousing devices which possess the capacity of bringing into play all the five senses- touch, sight, hearing, smell and taste. Diorama Diorama means an exhibition o pictures seen through an opening with lighting effects. A diorama is a three dimensional aid, incorporating a group of modeled objects against a painted background and figures in a natural setting. Audio/visual aids Radio Radio is a teaching tool which would find use virtually in every classroom. Radio as an effective audio aid device is capable of providing valuable assistance to the teacher in the classroom by presenting information and learning experiences to a large number of students. Advantages 1. Pupils are able to listen to lectures, talks, discussion, seminars, symposia and panel discussion of educational interest in which renowned authors, educationalists, scholars and important persons may participate. 2. It is economical 3. Solves various social problems Recordings
- 14. It enables the teachers to record important educational programmes and play them back in the classroom. Educational records are of great use in the classroom. Record presents information through audio imagery. The original sound is captured, preserved and used again and again in classroom. 14 Television It is a powerful medium of communication that calls for the use of auditory as well as visual sense to the learners in receiving education. From a quite large distance, television transmits instantly every spoken or written word, the picture, the sights, sounds and the action of the events. Educational values of television 1. It covers a wide range of A-V materials. 2. Solve the problem of lack of qualified and trained teachers. 3. Helps the teacher for professional growth, developing skills and arts of his profession. 4. Fosters models of excellence to students. 5. Improve the learning process. 6. Helpful in upgrading curriculum. 7. Develops greater equality of opportunity. 8. It is economical as it saves time. 9. Acts as a medium of mass education. Activity aids Computer assisted instruction (CAI) CAI implies the systematic control of instruction by computer. It is characterized by testing, diagnosing, learning, prescription and thorough record keeping. Computer aid the learning process in the following ways. 1. Ask thought provoking questions. 2. Checking how well the learner understands the topic. 3. Providing information and instruction 4. Simplifies calculations. 5. Stimulating process of learning. 6. Helps in curriculum development. 7. Development of tools in research. Demonstration It is a substitute for real experience. It is a re-construction of an experience and a method of interpreting social, political and religious belief. It can be adopted to any subject and to any audience. Dramatization
- 15. It provides living emotional experiences to the students of the past events, stories and situations involving people and human relationships. Students play different roles and try to recreate the past happenings through physical actions, gestures, dialogues, facial expressions etc. identifying themselves with their roles. It develops insight, creativity, imagination, ideas and concepts. It brings to them alive the past happenings and events. 15 Advantages 1. Students get an opportunity to express their pent up inner feelings and emotions. 2. Provides education with entertainment. 3. It develops the creativity and aesthetic sense in children. 4. It develops correct speech habits 5. It encourages group work. Experimentation An experiment has in it all the elements of an adventure. It may be possible to predict with reasonable certainty that it will have a particular result, but the outcome is never certain until the adventure is over. So many variables enter into the situations. Field trips In field trip, the students leave their classroom and go out to the fields and get their experiences there. It is used to know the community extensively. Advantages 1. It provides direct experiences which make the learning solid, stable, concrete and everlasting. 2. It provides a healthful change from classroom teaching. 3. Students come in direct contact with the society outside. 4. They develop observation and keenness among the students. 5. They provide scope for expression and imagination. 6. Students become disciplined and responsible. Programmed instruction It is a planned sequence of experiences leading to proficiency in terms of stimulus response relationship that have proven to be effective. Teaching machine It is a device designed to be operated by an individual student. The tutorial method of teaching is the base of all programmes for teaching machines. Uses of teaching machines 1. Instruction is individualized. 2. Content to be learnt is presented in small portions.
- 16. 3. Logical order of subject matter. 4. Active participation of students. 5. Learner is allowed to learn at his own pace. 16 Teleconferencing Teleconferencing means meeting through a telecommunications medium. It is a generic term for linking people between two or more locations by electronics. There are at least six types of teleconferencing: audio, autographic, computer, video, business television (BTV), and distance education. The methods used differ in the technology, but common factors contribute to the shared definition of teleconferencing: Types of Teleconferences Audio Teleconference: Voice-only; sometimes called conferencing calling. Interactively links people in remote locations via telephone lines. Audio bridges tie all lines together. Meetings can be conducted via audio conference. Preplanning is necessary which includes naming a chair, setting an agenda, and providing printed materials to participants ahead of time so that they can be reviewed. Distance learning can be conducted by audio conference. Audio graphics Teleconference: Uses narrowband telecommunications channels to transmit visual information such as graphics, alpha-numeric, documents, and video pictures as an adjunct to voice communication. Other terms are desk-top computer conferencing and enhanced audio. Devices include electronic tablets/boards; freeze-frame video terminals, integrated graphics systems (as part of personal computers), Fax, remote-access microfiche and slide projectors, optical graphic scanners, and voice/data terminals. Computer Teleconference: Uses telephone lines to connect two or more computers and modems. Anything that can be done on a computer can be sent over the lines. It can be synchronous or asynchronous. An example of an asynchronous mode is electronic mailing. Using electronic mail (E-Mail), memos, reports, updates, and newsletters can be sent to anyone on the local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). Items generated on computer which are normally printed and then sent by facsimile can be sent by E-Mail. Computer conferencing is an emerging area for distance education. Some institutions offer credit programs completely by computer. Students receive texts and workbooks via mail. Through common files assigned to a class which each student can assess, teachers upload syllabi, lectures, grades and remarks. Students download these files, compose their assignment and remarks off-line, and then upload them to the common files.
- 17. 17 Video Teleconference: Combines audio and video to provide voice communications and video images. Can be one-way video/two-way audio or two-way video/two-way audio. It can display anything that can be captured by a TV camera. The advantage is the capability to display moving images. In two-way audio/video systems, a common application is to show people which create a social presence that resembles face-to-face meetings and classes and enables participants to see the facial expressions and physical demeanor of participants at remote sites. Graphics are used to enhance understanding. There are three basic systems: freeze frame, compressed, and full-motion video. Video conferencing is an effective way to use one teacher who teaches to a number of sites. It is very cost effective for classes which may have a small number of students enrolled at each site. In many cases, video conferencing enables the institution or a group of institutions to provide courses which would be canceled due to low enrollment or which could not be supported otherwise because of the cost of providing an instructor in an unusual subject area. Rural areas benefit particularly from classes provided through video conferencing when they work with a larger metropolitan institution that has full-time faculty. MASS MEDIA Those media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication is the mass media. It includes television, radio, film, and print media. The organizations that control these technologies are also known as the mass media. Radio It is an effective audio device and is capable of providing valuable assistance to the teacher in the classroom by presenting information and learning experience to a large number of students. It is available from early morning till midnight and can be used in anywhere we are. Radio broadcast are of two types. General broadcastings It provides general information about the events, news, happenings, culture etc. Educational broadcast It focus mainly on educational purposes and the main aim is to inspire the students to gain greater knowledge. This can be achieved by broadcasting. Biographies of great personalities. Events Progress in science and technology. Preview of newly introduced product.
- 18. Commentary, documentations. Playing musical instruments, motivational classes etc. 18 Gyan vani It is an educational FM radio network providing programmes covering different aspects and levels of education including primary and secondary education, adult education, technical and vocational education, higher education and extension education. It is to be run by IGNOU, owned by ministry of HRD with a motto, “providing education throughout entertainment”. Use of radio in teaching-learning process 1. Helpful for distance education. 2. Makes it possible to listen lectures, talk, discussions, and debates 3. Highly economical 4. Speeches of experienced persons can inspire the learner. 5. Learners never feel hard to learn when knowledge is providing through entertainment. 6. Solve the problem of shortage of man-material resource. 7. Possible to provide knowledge for a large group of learners even they are not attending class. Limitations 1. Radio namely depends on the sense of hearing, continuous listening may make the learner uninterested. 2. Students become more passive listeners. 3. Difficult to integrate the schedule of the programme and the specified class. 4. Learners cannot clarify their doubts. Educational Television/Instructional Television (ETV) ETV is an educational programme that is broadcasting through television. Television is a powerful medium of communication that stimulates auditory as well as visual senses of a learner. Television by combining audio and visual technology, become more effective than audio media. It serves multiple purposes of entertainment, information and education. Because of its better accessibility, it can bring learning materials to the masses in more direct, effective and personal may. By educating mass, television can narrow down the number of illiterates and hence leads to the development of India. Gyan darshan- educational channel (2000) Ministry of HRD, information and Broadcasting, the prasar bharti and IGNOU launched Gyan darshan jointly on 26th January 2000 as the exclusive educational TV channel of India. IGNOU was given the responsibility to be the nodal agency for transmission. Some ETV o Gyan Darshan(IGNOU) o Discovery
- 19. 19 o Animal Planet o Victers ETV is of two kinds Open circuit television Common type of telecast either by private commercial stations or by public commercial channels. Closed circuit television Only selective telecast can be received in TV through cables. It is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. Use of ETV 1. It helps to teach large number of learners. 2. Teacher can widen their knowledge by observing the instructions of experts. 3. Can learn any topic. 4. Learners can easily understand because it stimulates more sense organs at a time. 5. Gives quick and lasting visual impressions and retains for a long time. 6. Live telecast is possible 7. Doubts can be clarified through programmes. Limitation 1. Students were mere passive learners. 2. Individual difference is not considered 3. ETC schedule may not suit school timing. 4. Learners cannot clarify doubts. 5. Instruction through ETV is not always child centered. 6. Even aiming rural areas no basic facilities are provided for the functioning of ETV. 7. Language becomes an obstacle.