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Supervision Concepts and Practices of
Management 11th
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CHAPTER 1—SUPERVISING IN UNCERTAIN TIMES
TRUE/FALSE
1. Supervisors are middle managers who oversee entry-level employees.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: C OBJ: 1
2. Foreman, team leader, and coach are other designations for working supervisor.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: C OBJ: 1
3. The notion of Frederick Winslow Taylor’s scientific management approach gave rise to the functional
management approach.
4. The functional management approach focuses on determining the most efficient ways to increase
output and productivity.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: D OBJ: 2
5. A key component of Frederick Winslow Taylor's scientific management theory was the belief that
managers should plan what, where, and how employees should produce a product.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 2
6. Henri Fayol identified planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling as critical to
managerial effectiveness.
7. The managerial function of controlling consists mainly of directing subordinates' actions.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: D OBJ: 2
8. The fact that people will perform differently when being observed is known as the Hawthorne effect.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: D OBJ: 2
9. The Hawthorne effect concluded that workers perform differently than they normally did because the
researchers were observing them.

10. Quantitative/system approaches are frequently found in large organizations where sales costs and
production data are analyzed using computer technology.
11. The term diversity refers to the cultural, ethnic, gender, age, educational, racial, and lifestyle
differences of employees.
12. Despite the rather low birthrate in recent decades, both the population and the workforce will continue
to grow.
13. Both the labor force and the population are getting younger .
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 3
14. Compared to their parents, baby boomers tend to prefer work in teams and thrive when work rules are
unambiguous.
15. One of the most dramatic changes that has occurred in the past several decades has been the increase in
the number and percentage of women in the workforce.
16. Flextime allows employees to choose their work schedules within certain limits, for example, instead
of working 9-to-5 an employee might elect to work from 8-to-4 instead.
17. Martina is employed by a company that allows her to work from an office in her home; she stays in
touch with her employer primarily by e-mail. Martina is taking advantage of the administrative policy
known as flextime.
18. According to recent workforce projections, African-Americans are expected to be the fastest growing
group.
19. The invisible barrier that limits the advancement of women and minorities is known as the glass wall.
20. As the number of low-level service industry jobs has grown in the U.S., the number of Americans who
attend college has fallen.

21. An organization that seeks to obtain a competitive advantage can do so by hiring qualified people,
training those people, and appropriately using those people’s skills.
22. Like most managers, the primary challenge that Heather will face in the future is dealing with too
many high-skilled workers.
23. Three out of every four persons will be employed in the service-producing sector through at least the
year 2016.
24. Generally speaking, large companies allow supervisors a broader range of managerial opportunities,
because fewer management positions exist in smaller companies.
25. Effective supervisors must be able to maintain their perspective in the face of rapidly changing
conditions.
26. Supervisors must recognize the value of a diverse workforce and their own need to become more
adaptable to change.
27. Conditional workers are part-time, temporary, or contract employees whose work is scheduled around
the needs of the employer.
28. Typical of a Generation Xer, Zack is not very concerned about staying with his company for a long
period of time.
29. Mid-level management creates the overall philosophy and vision of a firm.
30. Organizations expect supervisors to role-model ethical behavior for employees.
31. To provide a foundation for the type of corporate culture that is desired, companies develop mission
statements and ethical codes statements.

32. Today's employees expect opportunities for empowerment on the job.
33. Juanita's supervisor, Stephen, has asked her for input on how to make the workplace more enjoyable.
Stephen is practicing participative management.
34. Human resources are any organization’s most important resources.
35. Selecting and training individuals to fill job openings is the first step in managing people.
36. Ali has been a supervisor for ten years; therefore, additional education or training would not benefit
her.
37. Most supervisors will be able to succeed in their jobs simply by knowing the basic concepts and skills
identified in the text.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The primary difference between a supervisor and a working supervisor is that:
a. Working supervisors make up the first tier of management, while supervisors are
considered mid-level managers.
b. Supervisors usually manage entry-level employees, while working supervisors manage
more experienced employees.
c. Working supervisors are not considered part of management.
d. Supervisors are not considered part of management.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: C OBJ: 1
2. Which of the following statements concerning supervisors is NOT true?
a. Supervisors are considered to be mid-level managers within an organization.
b. Managers expect supervisors to obtain better performance from their human resources in
an environment that is constantly changing.
c. The work of supervisors requires professional and interpersonal skills.
d. It is typically the first management experience people obtain.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: C OBJ: 1
3. Taylor’s principles of scientific management include:
a. Analyze the tasks associated with each job.
b. Recruit the employee best suited to perform the job.
c. Instruct the worker in the one best way to perform the job.

d. All of the above.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: D OBJ: 2
4. Which of the following is NOT one of the steps of the functional approach to management?
a. Use organizational elements toward common objectives.
b. Design a structure, with clearly defined tasks and authority.
c. Plan a course of action.
d. Study employee motivation in relation to various supervisory approaches.
5. Which of the following is considered to be one of the focal points of the Behavioral School of
Management?
a. Emphasis is placed on the functions that managers perform.
b. The importance of what motivates individual and group behavior in organizations is
emphasized.
c. Mathematical models are the key issues that management is concerned with.
d. Managers analyze the tasks that are associated with each job in an effort to improve
productivity.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: D OBJ: 2
6. Frederick Winslow Taylor, the father of scientific management, felt the manager’s job was to:
a. Research the industry in which the company does business.
b. Perform mental tasks, such as determining the “one best way” to do a job.
c. Design new approaches to completing tasks.
d. Maintain good rapport among co-workers.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 2
7. Sierra uses mathematical models to determine the effect on production if the cost of materials
increases by 20 percent. She is utilizing:
a. Scientific management.
b. The behavioral science approach.
c. The functional approach.
d. The quantitative/systems approach.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 2
8. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the work attitudes and experiences of generation
Xers?
a. They do not share their parents' views about company loyalty.
b. They are more patient and willing to accept change.
c. They expect employers to provide them with more personal and leisure time.
d. They tend to be more educated than previous workers.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 3
9. Which of the following is true about the glass ceiling?
a. It is a visible barrier to upward mobility.
b. It only affects women.
c. It impacts both minorities and women
d. It means the same thing as the term “glass walls.”
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 3

10. The supervisors at Millcroft Industries have been instructed to allocate more time for on-the-job
employee training and to encourage workers to pursue continuing education. This is most likely
because:
a. Millcroft will soon be instituting a job sharing program.
b. The majority of Millcroft's employees are underemployed.
c. Supervisors at Millcroft do not have enough to keep them busy.
d. The company hopes to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors.
11. Which of the following is NOT a workplace trend?
a. Businesses will reduce the number of jobs that are eliminated and/or outsourced.
b. Continuing high cost of health care in the United States.
c. Growing need to develop retention strategies for the current and future workforce.
d. Labor shortage at all skill levels.
12. Regarding international business:
a. Many U.S. firms may move production overseas because of low wages.
b. International opportunities for technically competent U.S. supervisors will decrease as
countries develop their own management class.
c. Corporate culture is largely the same everywhere.
d. Supervisory techniques that work in the Untied States are almost always successful in
other countries as well.
13. Giving employees the authority and responsibility to achieve objectives is known as
a. Participative management
b. Autocratic management.
c. Empowerment
d. Two-tier management
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: D OBJ: 3
14. The set of shared values, purposes, and beliefs that employees have about an organization is its:
a. Organizational approach.
b. Values-and-beliefs statement.
c. Corporate climate.
d. Corporate culture.
15. The _____ was designed to protect employees by holding employers responsible for maintaining a
hazard-free workplace.
a. Family and Medical Leave Act.
b. Americans with Disabilities Act.
c. Occupational Safety and Health Act.
d. Fair Labor Standards Act.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 3
16. Which of the following is NOT crucial for supervisors to become true professionals?
a. They must put work before family.

b. They have to develop as innovators and idea people.
c. They must lead by example.
d. They must constantly update their own skills and knowledge.
17. _____ is when a manager gives employees authority and responsibility to accomplish their individual
and the organization’s objectives.
a. Engagement
b. Empowerment
c. Participative management
d. Positive reinforcement
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: D OBJ: 4
SHORT ANSWER
1. What level of the management hierarchy are supervisors a part of? Who are
supervisors responsible for managing?
ANS:
Supervisors are first-level managers who are in charge of entry level and other departmental
employees.
PTS: 1 DIF: D OBJ: 1
2. According to the Hawthorne effect, what happens to employees while being observed?
ANS:
Employees behave differently when being observed.
PTS: 1 DIF: A OBJ: 2
3. Discuss the measures companies have taken to help their employees balance their family and job
responsibilities. Why are companies taking these measures?
ANS:
Employees' job performance can often be impacted by conflicts between family and job obligations.
To lessen this conflict, and thus improve employee performance, many companies provide on-site
child-care for their employees, or help employees make suitable child-care arrangements. The rise of
alternative work arrangements such as flextime, job sharing, and telecommuting is also linked to
employees' concerns about their family obligations.
4. List at least five current workplace trends.
ANS:
Continuing high cost of health care in the United States.
Large number of baby boomers retiring at around the same time.
Threat of increased /medical costs on economic competitiveness of the United States.
Aging population.
Growing need to develop retention strategies for current and future workforce.
Federal health care legislation.

Preparing organizations for an older workforce and the next wave of retirement.
Threat of recession in the United States or globally.
Labor shortage at all skill levels.
Demographic shifts leading to a shortage of high-skilled workers.
5. Why are production facilities of U.S. firms being relocated to China, India, South Korea, Eastern
Europe, South America, Africa, Mexico?
ANS:
U.S. production facilities are being relocated to the above-mentioned countries due to low wages and
other factors that help create a competitive advantage.
PTS: 1 DIF: C OBJ: 3
6. What is corporate culture, and who is responsible for setting the tone of a corporate culture?
ANS:
Corporate culture is the shared purposes, values, and beliefs that employees have about their
organization. Top level management is responsible for setting the overall vision and philosophy of a
firm.
PTS: 1 DIF: C OBJ: 3
ESSAY
1. List and describe the five functions critical to managerial effectiveness according to Henri Fayol’s
school of thought.
ANS:
1. Planning: setting down a course of action.
2. Organizing: designing a structure with tasks and authority clearly defined.
3. Commanding: directing subordinates’ actions.
4. Coordinating: pulling organizational elements toward common objectives.
5. Controlling: ensuring that plans are carried out.

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granting of the Charter to the “mother of a University” in Dublin, are
even superficially known.
In 1591, the meadow land and orchards of the Monastery of All
Hallows, near the city, which had become the property of the
Corporation upon the dissolution of all such establishments by Henry
VIII., were transferred to the Provost and Fellows appointed under
the Royal Seal; and where, fifty years before, the brotherhood of
Prior and Monks had passed their days in the quiet seclusion of a life
apart from the busy world of ambitious men, there now began the
quick and vivid play of thought and feeling which mark a University
in which the minds of the future leaders of the people are moulded
and exercised. The more prominent names in the list of the
graduates of Elizabeth’s College are abundant proof of the
paramount position of influence from the first maintained by it in
every department of the public life of the country, and the
importance of its work in training the men who have been in the van
of progress in culture and science, and among the leaders of every
political movement in Ireland; many of them, too, in the wider field
offered by England, and, in these later days, in the still wider field of
the colonies and dependencies under the Crown. The traditions and
prestige attached to such an institution are inalienable, and it will
indeed be strange if any statesman attempt, as is sometimes
apprehended, the impossible task of disturbing or transferring them.
The greater part of the history of Ireland since the opening of the
seventeenth century can be read in the more public lives of the
alumni of Trinity College.
Oxford, it is said, has been the University of great movements;
Cambridge, of great men. Genius indeed is not the outcome or
resultant of academic life and traditions, while intellectual and social

movements may in a measure be traced to such sources. Thus may
Oxford fairly claim for herself influences more wide-reaching than
her sister, although she cannot boast an equally distinguished family.
It must indeed be remembered that genius is resentful of
restrictions, and the debt acknowledged to any University by its
greatest sons is usually but a limited one. To her poets, Landor and
Shelley, Oxford was a harsh stepmother, and many a young man,
afterwards to be famous, left the banks of Cam without gratitude
and without regret. Nevertheless, a distinctive type of culture, often
of directing power, even though resisted, prevails at every great
centre of learning. If the dignity of a seat of learning is to be
determined by the intellectual splendour of the names associated
with it, Oxford must give place to Dublin as well as to Cambridge.
There is no Oxonian to rank with Swift or Burke.
But all such comparisons are idle; the Irish sister of the two
great English Universities has had a far different career, and her type
of culture is essentially distinctive, and not that of another. Oxford,
“the home of lost causes and forsaken beliefs and impossible
loyalties,” has a charm all her own. The old Irish College does not lie,
like that “Queen of Romance, steeped in sentiment, and whispering
from her towers the last enchantments of the middle ages.” To
sentiment she has ever been a stranger, and she lies at the heart of
a metropolis. But perhaps the atmosphere of sentiment is not
compatible with that of reason, and Dublin has been the home of
intellectual sanity. Unadorned by creeper or “ivy serpentine,” no
quaint windows or secluded cloisters bring to the thoughtful student
of “Old Trinity” visions of the monks of the Monastery of All Saints;
and no one who knows her history, or has breathed her keen
disillusionising air, would conceive as possible the fostering of an
intellectualism such as that of Newman under the shadow of her

Greek porticoes. Like her architecture, the mind of the University of
Dublin has been more Greek than that of her English sisters. The
spirit of Plato dwelt in Berkeley as it never could have done in a
thinker educated in a University dominated by the methods of
Bacon. In Edmund Burke the philosophical statesmanship of the
Athenian Republic was revived as the “last enchantments of the
middle ages,” with all their witchery, could never have revived it.
Dublin has never given herself over to the idols of the forum or the
market-place, nor worshipped at the shrine of utilitarian
philosophies. She has not swung incense in the chapel of Hobbes or
Herbert Spencer, nor bowed the knee to a dictator in the Vatican of
science. She has betrayed as little enthusiasm for the cause of the
Stuarts as for that of Pusey and Keble. When we call to mind her
position in the heart of a country misunderstood and misgoverned
for centuries, we cannot but marvel that she has so serenely kept
the via media between political, philosophical, and social extremes.
At once less conservative and less radical than her sisters, a dry
intellectual light has been her guide. It may be that the native
humour of the soil has preserved her from the follies of dogmatism—
ecclesiastical, scientific, political, or literary,—and equally so from
frenzied devotion to hopeless causes or extravagant theories.
Stranger to sentiment, and no “Queen of Romance,” I cannot think
that an enemy could deny beauty to the solemn stateliness of her
quadrangles. In the quiet of moonlit nights, or when the summer
sun shines upon the grey walls and the green of grass and foliage in
her courts and park, there are few so unimpressionable as to remain
insensible to her dignity and loveliness. But her truest dignity is in
the intellectual honour of her sons.
Among the very first batch of graduates in these the infant days
of the College a great personality appears. At the first Public

JACOBUS USSERIUS,
ARCHIEPISCOPUS ARMACHANUS,
TOTIUS HIBERNIÆ PRIMAS
Commencements held in 1601, on
Shrove Tuesday, in St. Patrick’s
Cathedral, “Sir Ussher,” one of the
students entered at the first
matriculation examination, was
admitted to his Master’s degree.
James Ussher was of a family that
had been resident in Ireland since the
time of King John, and on both sides
of the house his ancestors had held
important public offices. His
grandfather had been Speaker of the
Irish House of Commons, and his
uncle, afterwards Primate of Ireland,
while Archdeacon in Dublin had had
much to do with the foundation of
the Irish University. “Sir Ussher”
became Fellow and Proctor in due
time, and while still under age was by
a faculty ordained Priest and Deacon. His first recorded visit to
England was that upon the errand in which he met with Sir Thomas
Bodley buying books for the Oxford Library which now bears his
name. Two of the greatest Libraries of the United Kingdom were
thus associated in their foundation. The energy and extraordinary
abilities of Ussher were soon very widely recognised, and he was
offered the Provostship in 1609, which position, however, he
declined. On the occasion of his next visit to England, he bore a
letter of recommendation to King James from the Lord Deputy and
Council, it being supposed that the King was prejudiced against him.
The gifts and learning which had made him so conspicuous a figure

in Ireland did not fail to impress the King, who appointed him Bishop
of Meath, “a Bishop of his own making,” as he said. He preached,
while in London, before the Commons and at St. Margaret’s. During
his tenure of the Bishopric he was very prominent in public affairs,
and in 1625 he was raised to the Primacy. While occupied with the
high civil and episcopal duties of his many offices, he was extending
that learning which placed him at the head of the scholars of the
day, and for which he is still read and honoured. Burnet writes of
him as a man “of a most amazing diligence and exactness, joined
with great judgment. Together with his vast learning, no man had a
better soul and a more apostolical mind. In his conversation he
expressed the true simplicity of a Christian, for passion, pride and
self-will, and the love of the world seemed not so much as in his
nature; so that he had all the innocence of the dove in him. He was
certainly one of the greatest and best men that the age, perhaps the
world, has produced.” Selden spoke of him as “vir summa pictate,
judicio singulari, usque ad miraculum doctus.”
To compass, even in a volume, the bare record of the important
public acts of Ussher while Archbishop of Armagh, would be a
difficult task. He is the towering figure of his time, and seems to
stand as centre to its history, overshadowing both churchmen and
statesmen of ordinary stature, a period which reckoned among its
prominent men educated in Dublin such scholars as Dudley Loftus,
and such antiquarians as Sir James Ware. In 1640 the Primate was
forced by the troubles of the time to go for a sojourn to England,
which proved to be for the rest of his life. He was taken into the
counsels of King Charles about the modification of Episcopal
government such as to satisfy Presbyterians, and propounded a
scheme with that view. From this time he was one of the King’s
confidential advisers, and warned him against the signing of the Bill

of Attainder against Strafford. When he knew that it had been done,
Ussher broke out with “O sir! what have you done? Pray God your
Majesty may never suffer by signing this Bill!” He bore the King’s last
messages to Strafford, and attended him in prison and to the
scaffold, bearing back the report of his execution to Charles.
At this period of his life, an unhappy and stormy one, he had
many invitations from abroad; among others, from Cardinal
Richelieu, who offered him a pension and free exercise of his religion
in France. After the manner of the Greek heroes, these two princes
of the Church interchanged gifts, the Cardinal sending Ussher a gold
medal, and the Primate, in return, two Irish-greyhounds. The
invitation to settle in France was renewed by the Queen Regent,
Anne of Austria; but this, among other offers, such as that of a Chair
in the University of Leyden, he declined. During the civil war his
experiences were most unhappy, and although reverenced by the
chiefs of the Parliamentary party as a man of astonishing genius and
unswerving rectitude, his property was frequently plundered, and his
life, if not actually endangered, rendered hopeless and miserable by
the uncertainties and distress of his condition. He suffered, indeed,
at the hands of the Government; for when summoned to the
Assembly of Divines at Westminster by Parliament, he declined to
present himself, and was, as a consequence, denounced, and his
library confiscated; but by the help of influential friends it was
restored to him. Ussher’s learning was so wide and deep, especially
in theology, that in many instances the researches and discoveries of
modern scholars have only served to confirm his judgments. A
striking example of his acumen is to be found in his edition of
Ignatius and Polycarp. Observing that three English writers of the
thirteenth and fourteenth centuries cite Ignatius in a different form
from what was then known, but agreeing with citations made by

Eusebius and others, he was led to divine the existence of copies of
the different form in England. Search was accordingly made, and his
forecast was verified by the discovery of two Latin versions—one in
Caius College, Cambridge, while a Greek text corresponding was
recovered in Florence. This is the text of Ignatius now generally
received, and has recently been established as the true text, as
against that current before Ussher’s time, by the late Bishop
Lightfoot, who speaks of this work as “showing not only marvellous
erudition, but also the highest critical genius.” The great Primate’s
sagacity, not only in matters of scholarship but in matters of State,
was regarded in his own day as approaching that of inspiration, and
a volume of his predictions respecting public affairs was actually
published.
The Parliament relented towards Ussher so far as to vote him a
pension in his later years, which was, however, but irregularly paid.
The death of his royal master was a great blow to Ussher, and he
ever after kept the momentous day of execution as a fast. A few
years before his death he published his Old Testament Chronology,
whence is taken the Table commonly inserted in Bibles. The great
Protector sent for him, treated him with marked courtesy, and was
indeed almost persuaded by him to grant a certain toleration to the
Episcopal worship, but finally refused any such boon to his
“implacable enemies;” showing himself, as Ussher tersely described
him, a man possessed of “intestina non viscera.” At his death the
honours of a public funeral were ordered by Cromwell, who, with all
his sternness against his foes, could not but reverence the moral
grandeur of the man; and the service of his own church was read
over the grave of the greatest churchman of his time, in the chapel
of St. Erasmus.

The most Reverend Father in God
William King D.D.
While Dodwell, that prolific author, whose name is also
connected with the Camden Professorship bestowed on him by the
University of Oxford, was a Fellow of Trinity lecturing in logic, his
most brilliant pupil, soon to become a friend, was William King.
Among his contemporaries several names of note occur in the
College records—Tate and Brady; Dillon, Earl of Roscommon; Leslie,
Denham, Peter Browne, Robert Boyle, and Wilson, the author of
Sacra Privata. But King has claims to more than passing notice. A
churchman of whom Swift, a warm admirer, could write as follows,
can have been no common man—“He spends his time in the practice
of all the virtues that can become public or private life. So excellent
a person may justly be reckoned among the greatest and most
learned prelates of this age.”
King was of a Scotch
Presbyterian family, his father having
settled in Ulster after his
excommunication for refusal to sign
the Covenant. He betrayed in his
infant years an aversion to the
mechanical lessons of his
schoolmistress, and suffered much
whipping as a consequence. The art
of reading came upon him later quite
as a surprise, as he suddenly found
himself able to make sense of the
combinations of letters which had
baffled him under the tuition of an
orthodox school régime. During his
career in College he lived as a Spartan. “I scarce had twenty
pounds,” he tells us in an unpublished autograph memoir preserved

in Armagh Diocesan Library, “in all the six years I spent in College,
save from the College (Scholarship). Yet herein do I acknowledge
God’s providence that I was able to appear nearly all that time
decently drest and sufficiently fed.” Although without definite
religious opinions, since as a child he had received no instruction, by
study and conversation with men of weight and learning in the
University he came to have that settled faith which drew him to the
ministry of the Church, and remained with him all through life. Thus
King’s debt to Trinity College was a large one; he owed to her not
only the intellectual but the spiritual training which determined his
life and character. When ordained Priest, he was appointed Chaplain
to the Archbishop of Tuam. The change from the narrow fare of his
life in College to that of the Palace, where a “dinner of sixteen dishes
and a supper of twelve, with abundant variety of wines and other
generous liquors,” were the usual diet, affected his health. “The
issue was, that before I had begun to dream of ill effects,” he says
quaintly, “I was taken with the gout.”
Archbishop Parker, who had formed a high estimate of King’s
powers, appointed him, soon after his own translation to Dublin, to
the Chancellorship of St. Patrick’s, at that juncture of affairs when
the Duke of York, heir-presumptive to the Crown, declared himself a
Roman Catholic. In 1683 he was sent to Tunbridge Wells to try a
course of the waters for his health, and fell into acquaintance with
many political persons. Party spirit was then running very high, and
considerable excitement prevailed over the revocation of the
charters of certain cities. He felt it to be his duty to support the King,
so that he might not be driven to seek support from the unprincipled
politicians of the day. This support was, however, only conditional
upon rational and legal action on the King’s part. When the crisis
came in the next reign, and it was imperative that some side should

be taken in the contest between James and the Prince of Orange,
King came to the conclusion that in the illegal and unjustifiable
action of James there was ample reason for the transference of his
allegiance to the champion of the Protestant party.
At this time, when the confusion and apprehensions of the
clergy drove many of them to England for refuge, the affairs of the
Church in Ireland were wholly managed by King and Bishop
Dopping, an ex-Fellow of Trinity. Archbishop Marsh, indeed, left
everything in the hands of King as his commissary, and the latter’s
position became one of great responsibility and danger. With many
others, he was thrown into prison in Dublin Castle, and, although
released in a few months, was again in the following year
imprisoned, until the victory of the Boyne set him at liberty. As Dean
of St. Patrick’s he preached at a thanksgiving service for the victory
in his Cathedral, at which the King was present; and when it was
told his Majesty, in answer to enquiry, that the preacher’s name was
William King, he remarked, smiling, that their names were both alike
—King William and William King. On his appointment to the Bishopric
of Derry, which followed close upon the Revolution, he showed his
great administrative abilities in the government of the See, which
had been terribly impoverished by the war. As he had been the first
to declare in public speech to which king his allegiance was due, so
was he the first author of a history of the time, State of the
Protestants in Ireland, in which he vindicated the lawfulness of
William’s interposition between James and his subjects; a book
spoken of by Burnet as “a copious history of the government of
Ireland during the reign, which is so well received, and so universally
acknowledged to be as truly as it is fairly written, that I refer my
readers to the account of these matters which is fully and faithfully
given by that learned and zealous prelate.”

As Archbishop of Dublin, King proved himself statesman no less
than prelate, as the history of the times clearly evidence. When in
his seventy-fifth year, the See of Armagh became vacant. To Swift,
who wrote warmly expressing his hope that King would be promoted
to Armagh, he replied: “Having never asked anything, I cannot now
begin to do so, when I have so near a prospect of leaving the station
in which I am another way.” But there is little doubt that the
appointment of Boulter, an Englishman, was not acceptable to him,
for he received the Primate at his first visit, seated, with the words—
in which the jest did not disguise their bitterness,—“My Lord, I am
sure your Grace will forgive me, because you know I am too old to
rise.” This practice of importing Englishmen to fill the greater Sees of
Ireland prevailed until a few years ago, and can scarcely be
described as other than gratuitously insulting to the clergy of that
Church in this Country. King was eminently ecclesiastic and prelate,
wise, strong, and masterful, possessed of many of the gifts which go
to make up a great statesman. Not such a scholar as Ussher, he was
more fitted by nature to play a part among living men, although, as
his great work, De Origine Mali, proves, he was a subtle thinker no
less than a far-sighted man of action.
Bishops Downes and St. George Ashe and Dr. Delany are among
the prominent Churchmen of this period who were ex-Fellows of
Trinity. This is the Dr. Delany frequently mentioned in Primate
Boulter’s letters, and in the works of Dean Swift. Of the Scholars of
the day, William Molyneux, the philosophical friend of Locke, was in
the first rank. He it was who founded the Society in Dublin on the
plan of the Royal Society in London, which, although dispersed
during the troubles of the war between James and William, may
rightly be considered the parent of the present Royal Society of
Ireland. He represented the University in Parliament, and was a

(bust of Dr. Delaney)
MOLYNEUX.
public man of mark, although by natural bent
of mind a mathematician and philosopher.
Against Hobbes he carried on a controversy in
support of Theism. Molyneux wrote many
scientific works of great value, and one
political pamphlet which is historical—The
Case of Ireland’s being bound by Acts of
Parliament made in England.
Like his own
Gulliver among the
Liliputians, the
gigantic figure of Swift dominates his age.
There is no man in history whose character
and life is a more fascinating study, or
whose personality awakens such powerful
and varied emotions. We are awed by the
splendour of the intellectual achievement
which created and peopled a new world in
the travels of Gulliver, which dominated
from Laracor Parsonage the counsels of
statesmen and the fortunes of governments, and which could, in the
Drapier’s Letters, fan the imagination of a people to the white heat
of revolutionary action. We turn to his private life and read his
letters, and awe gives place to pity, not far removed from affection,
for the proud heart, sore with all unutterable and measureless
desires, and of gentlest tenderness to a simple girl. Too proud to be
vain; too conscious of the vanities of the things of ambition to be
ambitious; too constant and open a friend to care for the friendships
of the shallow or conceited—in short, too consummate master of the
world to care for the things of the world, like Alexander, despair took

(bust of Dean Swift)
hold on him because the inexorable limits of time and space left him
without a sphere worthy the exercise of the power he felt within
him. There was something more than misanthropy in the man to
whom the gentle Addison, in sending a copy of his Travels in Italy,
could write:—“To Jonathan Swift, the most agreeable companion,
the truest friend, and the greatest genius of his age, this work is
presented by his most humble servant, the author.”
There was little in the eighteenth century
of spiritual fervour or moral enthusiasm. The
mental fashion of the times was a cynical
rationalism, of no depth, because
unsupported by any genuine desire for truth.
Swift, while he hated the shallowness of the
prevailing mood of mind, caught the
contagion, and could not altogether shake
himself free from its effects, but became in his
far more honest and more terrible cynicism
profoundly contemptuous of the cynics.
Stella’s smile alone, like a ray of light, ever broke the leaden grey of
the sky over his head. When that star faded, there was nothing left
for which to live, “the long day’s work was done,” and death was a
friend leading to a rest—
“Ubi saeva indignatio
Cor ulterius lacerare nequit.”
Swift—in name ecclesiastic, in reality statesman and leader of men—
marks the transition period from churchmen to poets, orators, and
men of letters, in the remarkable grouping of the great names
among the graduates of Dublin. Boswell records Johnson’s estimate
of three of the “Irish clergy” of whom I have spoken. “Swift,” said

Thomas Southerne Esqr.
he, “was a man of great parts, and the instrument of much good to
his country; Berkeley was a profound scholar, as well as a man of
fine imagination; but Ussher,” he said, “was the great luminary of the
Irish Church, and a greater no Church could boast of—at least in
modern times.”
The great churchmen of the early
years of the University were followed
by the great dramatists. Save to the
faithful in matters of literature, the
name of Southerne, like that of many
of his predecessors of the age of
Elizabeth, is a name alone—“stat
nominis umbra,”—and that although
he counted Gray and Dryden among
his admirers, and was the first author
whose plays were honoured by a
second and third night of
representation, Shakespeare himself
not excepted. In Southerne is to be
found the last flicker of the passion
and fervour of the great dramatic period of our literature. As we
read, we are startled here and there by the “gusto of the Elizabethan
voice,” the unmistakable tone which has “somewhat spoiled our
taste for the twitterings” of modern verse. The great actress still
lives, Helen Faucit, Lady Martin, whose impersonation of Isabella in
the “Fatal Marriage” is vividly remembered by our older playgoers as
one of the most powerful of her parts. But we of this generation can
know nothing of Southerne save in the study. To the best known of
his plays a place of unique honour belongs. The poet is ever
foremost in the holy cause of freedom, and “Oroonoko” is the first

work in English which denounced the slave trade. The story of the
tragedy is said to be literally true down to the minutest details. Much
court was paid to this “Victor in Drama” in his old age; and his
person, no less than his reputation, seems to have demanded it, for
he was “of grave and venerable aspect, accustomed to dress in
black, with silver sword and silver locks.” To him, on his 81st
birthday, Pope wrote:—
“Resigned to live, prepared to die,
With not one sin but poetry;
This day Time’s fair account has run
Without a blot to eighty-one.
Kind Boyle before his poet lays
A table with a cloth of bays,
And Ireland, mother of sweet singers,
Presents her harp still to his fingers.”
In the Dublin class-rooms two of the comic dramatists of the
Restoration obtained their scholarship. The intellectual splendour of
William Congreve did not more indisputably place him at the head of
that coterie of letters than his learning and culture made him the
most courted gentleman of the period—“the splendid Phœbus Apollo
of the Mall.” “His learning,” says Macaulay, “does great honour to his
instructors. From his writings, it appears not only that he was well
acquainted with Latin literature, but that his knowledge of the Greek
poets was such as was not in his time common, even in a College.”
For those who feel with Charles Lamb, when he says, speaking of
the comedy of the last century—“I confess, for myself, I am glad for
a season to take an airing beyond the diocese of the strict
conscience,” Congreve must always remain prince of wits. He is as
absolute master of his domain as Shakespeare of his. We do not
now rank him, as Dryden and Johnson did, with the world’s master-
mind—

“ ... Heaven, that but once was prodigal before,
To Shakespeare gave as much, she could not give him more;”
but we cannot refuse him an absolute supremacy in the narrower
sphere of his genius, Congreve’s laurels were all reaped at the age
of thirty. The “Old Bachelor” was produced when the author was but
twenty-three, and that most perfect of English comedies of manners,
“Love for Love,” when he was twenty-five. No such dialogue, for
brilliancy, subtlety, intellectual finish, and flavour, was ever before
heard. We who read cannot feel surprised that its sparkle should
have dazzled the critics into the language of exaggerated panegyric.
The “Mourning Bride” was the only essay in tragedy made by the
man who, in Voltaire’s words, “raised the glory of comedy to a
greater height than any English writer before or since.” Such a
genius as Congreve could not fail absolutely, and though most of us
know it only in its first line—
“Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast;”
or perhaps by the passage which Johnson overpraised as “the most
poetical passage from the whole mass of English poetry,” beginning
—
“How reverend is the face of this tall pile,”—
the “Mourning Bride” is a tour de force in dramatic art.
Congreve’s career is a striking contrast to that proverbially
assigned by fortune to the man of letters. Patronage from rival
ministers placed him in various sinecure offices, and he died
possessed of a large fortune. His funeral was that of a Prince. His
body lay in state in the Jerusalem Chamber, and the greatest Peers
of England were the bearers of the pall.

Mr William Congreve.
Farquhar’s career was less
happy than that of Congreve, if
indeed success be happiness. The
genial Irish spirit of the gallant
gentleman could not carry his life
beyond its thirtieth year. Over-
exertion, necessitated by the
impecuniosity inevitable to a
nature akin to Goldsmith’s,
undermined his health, and, like
many another, in seeking to save
his life he lost it. To Wilks, the
actor, he wrote in a characteristic
vein during his last illness:—“Dear
Bob, I have not anything to leave
thee to perpetuate my memory but
two helpless girls. Look upon them sometimes, and think of him that
was, to the last moment of his life, thine, George Farquhar.”
In the “Beaux’ Stratagem” and the “Recruiting Officer,” there is
far less of the prurient indecency characterising the period than in
the comedies of any other member of the famous group. Farquhar’s
broad humour resembles that of Chaucer and Shakespeare; it bears
no relation to that of Wycherley. A gentleman of letters, he carried
with him into his plays the happy lovable disposition of the land of
his birth, and the gay indifference to fortune’s buffets of the military
adventurer. “He was becoming gayer and gayer,” said Leigh Hunt,
“when death, in the shape of a sore anxiety, called him away as if
from a pleasant party, and left the house ringing with his jest.”

Among the poets patronised by Frederick, Prince of Wales, at
the beginning of the eighteenth century was Henry Brooke,
afterwards better known as a novelist by his Fool of Quality,
published in the same year as the now famous Vicar of Wakefield.
Brooke, in a remarkable poem entitled “Universal Beauty,” wherein
every aspect of Nature is described with scientific exactness,
anticipating the manner of Darwin in the “Loves of the Plants,” gave
promise of a poetic future and fame to which he never attained. In
early life a friend of Swift, Pope, and Chesterfield, as a man of letters
he was widely known and respected for his public spirit and
generous disposition, as well as for the high merit of his work.
Ireland has never produced a more truly original poet than
Thomas Parnell, the author of “The Hermit.” After he had acquired in
Trinity College the classical training which, in the estimation of
Goldsmith, placed him among the most elegant scholars of the day,
a country parsonage received him into an oblivion which would have
been final but for the kindly encouragement of Swift and Pope. So
modest and diffident a man could never have emerged from the
obscurity of his position in life unaided by some helping hand. As it
was, his poems were not published, except in a posthumous edition
by his great contemporary last mentioned. Although unable wholly to
effect escape from the influences of the artificial school of the poetry
of the so-called Augustan age, there is more real feeling naturally
expressed, more genuine poetic sweetness, in Parnell’s “Hymn to
Contentment,” or his “Night Piece on Death,” than in any other verse
of his time. Without Pope’s incisive vigour or precision, he sounds a
note more pure and exquisite, a note which appeals to the modern
lover of poetry as Pope’s keen intelligence and perfection of phrase
can never do.

Berkeley.
At Kilkenny School, the Eton
of Ireland, where Congreve and
Swift had also been pupils, George
Berkeley received his early
education sub ferula a Dr. Hinton.
At the age of fifteen he entered
Trinity, and soon after became
Scholar and Fellow of the house.
Mathematics chiefly occupied the
attention of the more eminent
scholars of the day, but the larger
problems claimed Berkeley’s
allegiance. The philosophical issues
raised by Locke and Malebranche
had given a new impulse to the
study of metaphysics, now
emancipated from the fetters of
scholasticism. Dublin was abreast
of the thought of the time, for Locke’s Essay was adopted as a text-
book immediately on its publication, and is still a part of the course
in Logics. On accepting the Deanery of Derry in 1724, Berkeley
resigned all his College offices, but before that time his best known
work had been done. The New Theory of Vision and The Principles
of Human Knowledge are the direct outcome of his thought while a
Junior Fellow of Trinity. The originality of Berkeley’s mind was
equalled by its purity. The “good Berkeley,” as Kant calls him,
charmed, as some rare spirits have the power to charm society
which cared nothing for his theories, no less than philosophical
friends and foes. To him the satiric vivisector Pope ascribed “every
virtue under Heaven;” and Swift, misanthropist and scorner of

friendship, made him a confidential friend. In some men, as has
often been remarked, there resides a nameless power, the effluence
of a character at once strong and good. No less a philosopher in life
than in theory, no word of bitterness has ever been breathed against
one of the fairest fames in history. In what exquisite words he
declined, when Bishop of Cloyne, to apply for the Archiepiscopal See
of Armagh: “I am no man’s rival or competitor in this matter. I am
not in love with feasts, and crowds, and visits, and late hours, and
strange faces, and a hurry of affairs often insignificant. For my own
private satisfaction, I had rather be master of my time than wear a
diadem.” But in the interest of others he was willing to spend that
time. Like every other idealist thinker, he had his Utopia. “He is an
absolute philosopher,” wrote Swift to Lord Carteret, “with regard to
money, titles, and power, and for three years past has been struck
with a notion of founding a University at Bermudas by a charter from
the Crown.”
On May the 11th, 1726, the Commons voted “That an humble
address be presented to his Majesty, that out of the lands in St.
Christopher’s, yielded by France to Great Britain by the Treaty of
Utrecht, his Majesty would be graciously pleased to make such grant
for the use of the President and Fellows of the College of St. Paul in
Bermuda as his Majesty shall think proper.” The College, though here
named, was never established, but the glow of anticipated success
was the inspiration of prophetic and noble verse—such verse as Mr.
Palgrave tells us is written by thoughtful men who practise the art
but little.

“In happy climes, the seat of innocence,
Where nature guides and virtue rules,
Where men shall not impose for truth and sense
The pedantry of courts and schools;
“There shall be sung another golden age,
The rise of Empire and of Arts,
The good and great inspiring epic rage,
The wisest heads and noblest hearts.
“Not such as Europe breeds in her decay;
Such as she bred when fresh and young,
When heavenly flame did animate her clay,
By future poets shall be sung.
“Westward the course of Empire takes its way;
The four first acts already past,
A fifth shall close the drama with the day;
Time’s noblest offspring is the last.”
Most of the critics have omitted to mention Berkeley among the
stylists, probably because of the subject-matter of his work; but as a
master of language he alone of the philosophers ranks with Plato. A
felicity of style, consisting in perfect naturalness and perfect fitness
in the choice of words, has been a birthright of great Irishmen.
There is perhaps no surer test of delicacy of moral fibre or of
intellectual precision than a refinement of touch in language, such as
that of Goldsmith and Berkeley.
After the disappointment in the matter of the University in
Bermuda, Berkeley devoted himself once more to Philosophy. With
Queen Caroline he was so great a favourite that the royal command
frequently brought him to the Palace; and when through some
official hitch he was disappointed of the Deanery of Down, the

Queen signified her pleasure that, since “they would not suffer Dr.
Berkeley to be a Dean in Ireland, he should be a Bishop,” and in
1734 appointed him to the See of Cloyne.
His letter to the Roman Catholic Bishops of Ireland shows the
large spirit of charity with which he exercised his episcopal office.
Traditions of his loved and cherished presence still linger about the
Palace of Cloyne, now a ruin; and a beautiful recumbent figure
recently placed in the Cathedral perpetuates his memory there. But
as he advanced in years, feeble in health, and long desirous of
ending his days in a quiet retirement, he made Oxford his choice,
and wrote to the Secretary of State (in 1752) to ask leave to resign
his Bishopric. So unusual a desire as that of voluntary retirement,
involving the loss of the episcopal revenue, led the King, George II.,
to enquire who it was that preferred such a request, and on learning
that it was his old friend, Dr. Berkeley, declared that he should die a
Bishop in spite of himself, but might reside where he pleased. Before
he left Ireland, he instituted in his old College the two medals which
bear his name for proficiency in Greek. In Oxford he died, and was
buried in the Cathedral of Christ Church. Markham, the Archbishop
of York, wrote his epitaph:—
“Si Christianus fueris
Si amans patriæ
Utroque nomine gloriari potes
Berkleium vixisse.”
Of the three portraits in our College perhaps none can be regarded
as accurate. Probably the somewhat idealised outlines of the Cloyne
monument convey a true image of Berkeley as his own generation
knew him. “A handsome man,” it is said, “with a countenance full of
meaning and benignity.”

It would be out of place to attempt here to estimate Berkeley’s
philosophical rank. If Hamann’s verdict be just—“Without Berkeley
no Hume, without Hume no Kant,” we owe to the gentle wisdom of
our great countryman a metaphysical debt difficult to overestimate;
but quite apart from the importance of his position in the evolution
of the critical idealism, the figure of that serene thinker, modest,
tender, without reproach, will ever win and hold the admiration and
reverence of all lovers of the beautiful in life and character.
One of Berkeley’s most remarkable Episcopal brethren was
Bishop Clayton, the mover of a motion in the Irish House of Lords
proposing that the Nicene and Athanasian Creeds should be
expunged from the Liturgy of the Church of Ireland—a somewhat
bold proposal on the part of a dignitary of the Church. Mention
should also here be made of Philip Skelton, a contemporary of
Clayton, and a scholar of wide repute.
In 1744 two remarkable boys entered Trinity College, strangely
unlike in disposition and genius, both heirs of Fame, but destined to
reach her temple by very different avenues. Their names were
Edmund Burke and Oliver Goldsmith. The life of the tender-hearted,
vain, improvident, generous, altogether lovable author of the Vicar
of Wakefield and the Deserted Village, with all its vicissitudes, its
hours of extravagant luxury, and years of hopeless poverty, is as well
known to most children as are the works which his exquisite art left
the world for “a perpetual feast of nectared sweets.” There is
nothing to tell of him which has not been told and re-told, read and
re-read, from the story of the young aspirant for ordination
presenting himself to his Bishop in a pair of scarlet breeches, to that
simple sentence of Johnson’s, when he heard of his death and his

debts, “Let not his frailties be remembered; he was a very great
man.”
Goldsmith’s College career, like that of Swift, was not a brilliant
one. Set him to turn an ode of Horace into English verse, and you
might count on a version that would surprise the scholars; but give
him a mathematical problem to solve, and he was a disgrace to his
University. It was the same until the end. The mathematics of life—
the simple additions and subtractions—were too much for him; but
those marvellous versions of the tales of his experience or
imagination we still delight in and wonder at. The charm of that
delicate simplicity and ease of style has never been surpassed.
Addison is justly honoured, and as a writer of English generally
appraised higher than Goldsmith; but I cannot think that the
Magdalen Scholar has a lightness of touch or a grace at all
comparable to the poor Sizar of Trinity. In Addison’s best essays a
fastidious critic, while he admires their chastened correctness, will
observe a certain primness, an over-studied perfection of diction.
Addison is a finished artist; but Goldsmith’s freedom gives greater
pleasure, for he wrote under the direct inspiration of Nature.
Posterity, too, has given its inexorable decree in favour of the
Irishman. Cato is forgotten, but She Stoops to Conquer is with us
still. The Spectator is read in the study of the student of literature,
but the Vicar of Wakefield in every English home. “To be the most
beloved of English writers”—as Thackeray says—“what a title that is
for a man!”
The Earl of Mornington, whose more illustrious son, the great
Duke, vanquished the “World’s Victor” at Waterloo, was a
contemporary of Goldsmith, and the first Professor of Music in the
University. Malone, the editor of Shakespeare, and Toplady, the

hymn-writer, graduated about the same time as the Earl, then a filius
nobilis.
In connection with the name of Edmund Burke, some mention
must be made of the Historical Society, which claims him as its
founder. Its splendid traditions date from the inauguration of Burke’s
Historical Club in 1747. Throughout its chequered career it has
preserved a peculiar pride and independence of spirit, intolerant of
interference on the part even of the authorities of the University,
which not infrequently resulted in serious disagreement affecting its
existence inside the College walls, and on two occasions led to
periods of exile from the University, during which it found a home in
the city. No other debating society in the world, perhaps, can claim
to rank with it as a cradle of orators. It has been the palæstra of
many of the most eloquent speakers of the English tongue. Besides
its founder Burke, Grattan and Curran, Plunket and Bushe, Sheil and
Butt, and many another master of rhetoric, practised at the debates
of the “Historical” the art which has made Ireland no less famous as
mother of orators than she was formerly as mother of saints.
Throughout its career this Society has given to the Irish Bench and
Bar their most distinguished leaders, and many to England and the
dependencies of the Crown. Three of the members of the present
Government were officers of the Society in their student days; and
the most recent loss it has sustained was by the death of William
Connor Magee, the late Archbishop of York, the first Auditor after its
reconstitution in 1843.
The objects of the Club at its foundation, as appears from the
minutes, were “speaking, reading, writing, and arguing in Morality,
History, Criticism, Politics, and all the useful branches of Philosophy.”
There are many points of interest in the earliest minute-book of the

Society, of which the greater part is in Burke’s handwriting. A critical
discrimination on the part of the members, remarkable in the light of
later history, is recorded in the minute of April 28, 1747, when “Mr.
Burke, for an essay on the Genoese, was given thanks for the
matter, but not for the delivery.” The Club, consisting of a very few
members, grew in numbers until, at the period in which an Irish
Parliament sat in College Green, it was an assembly of six hundred,
many of its prominent members being also Members of Parliament.
An ordinary excuse for the absence of a speaker from his place
seems to have been compulsory attendance in the Commons. The
influence of such a Society upon political opinion in Ireland was
naturally considerable, and the expression of the revolutionary views
of many of its members, such as Emmet and Wolfe Tone, gave great
uneasiness to the Board of the College. It is only in comparatively
recent years that the feeling of suspicion with which the Society was
regarded by the authorities has disappeared, and it is far indeed
from probable that occasion for it will ever again arise. There are
few pages of mere chronicle of names more potent in arousing
patriotic enthusiasm in a lover of Ireland, than those in the
proceedings of this Society which are a record of its officers.
Although the oratory of Burke signally failed, on the great
occasions upon which it was displayed, to alter the determination or
the policy of the majority of those to whom it was addressed, he
stands by general consent—to make no wider comparison—at the
head of the orators who spoke the English tongue. “Saturated with
ideas” and magnificent in diction as Burke’s oratory was, it is not as
orator merely that he claims the attention of students of history, nor
as “our greatest English prose writer” (as Matthew Arnold calls him)
the attention of students of literature; the nobility of the man
commands a deeper admiration. “We who know Mr. Burke know that

he will be one of the first men in the country,” said Dr. Johnson, with
that magnanimous appreciation of merit so characteristic of him;
and the estimate was not an exaggerated one. By far the most
sagacious and chivalrous statesman of his time, the high-minded
disinterestedness and moral fervour of the man, in an age such as
that in which his lot was cast, give him a far-shining pre-eminence.
Again and again in his utterance rings the splendid note that stirs
the blood as with the sound of a trumpet—the note which only the
brave man to whom belongs the mens conscia recti can dare to
utter. Take this: “I know the map of England as well as the noble
Lord or any other person, and I know that the path that I take is not
the way to preferment;” or this, when a purblind electorate
complained of his Parliamentary policy: “I do not here stand before
you accused of venality or of neglect of duty. It is not said that in
the long period of my service I have, in a single instance, sacrificed
the slightest of your interests to my ambition or to my fortune—No!
the charges against me are all of one kind, that I have pushed the
principles of general justice and benevolence too far—further than a
cautious policy would warrant, and further than the opinions of
many would go along with me. In every accident which may happen
through life—in pain, in sorrow, in depression and distress—I will call
to mind this accusation, and be comforted.” To read the speeches of
Burke is, I think, a liberal education in literature, in ethics, and in
political philosophy. No man can rise from a study of them
uninstructed or unennobled.
To say that in his later years many of the finest qualities of his
head and heart failed him, is but to give trite expression to the
familiar fact that man too has his “winter of pale misfeature.” There
is no figure in the history of English politics at once so great and so
noble as that of Edmund Burke.

As has been remarked, any record of the alumni of Trinity
College must take note of the remarkable grouping of the great
names. The brilliant oratorical group belongs to the period of the
history of Ireland when her circumstances in a special sense called
for the public speaker, assigning to him patriotic duties and a noble
theme. When Dublin became the seat of a Parliament of real political
power, it was the natural ambition of every young Protestant
Irishman of talent to make for himself a name and fame within its
walls. The responsibility of self-government brought in its train a
national enthusiasm and zeal which gave a new life to the country so
long hopelessly misgoverned. For the first time became possible in
Ireland great public service in the cause of Ireland. In 1746 was
born Henry Grattan, the man destined by an ironical fate to gain by
the splendour and force of his advocacy an honourable
independence for the legislature of his country, and to live long
enough to see the whole edifice, raised with so many fervent prayers
and hopes, crumble to pieces, undermined by the sustained effort of
unexampled treachery and fraud in power. In pathetic words Grattan
described, when all was over, his relations to the Irish Parliament—“I
watched by its cradle; I followed it to the grave.”
The story of the Irish orators of this fascinating epoch has been
told by the most judicial of living historians, Mr. W. E. H. Lecky,
himself, like them, a son of the Dublin Mater Universitatis. As he tells
us, however divided political opinion in our day may be over the
vexed question of the government of this island, “the whole intellect
of the country” was bitterly opposed to the measure for a Union
introduced by Lord Castlereagh. The only man of ability and position
in Ireland to whom it was not intolerable was Fitzgibbon, Earl of
Clare. Sheridan, the champion of the Irish cause in the English
Parliament, could scarcely find words strong enough to express the

EARL OF CLARE.
intensity of his feelings. “I would
have fought for that Irish Parliament,”
he said, “up to the knees in blood.” It
may be difficult for the student of
history to understand the fierceness
of the opposition with which Grattan,
Flood, and Plunket met the proposal
of the English Ministers, but in the
fire and force of their utterances a
very sincere and determined spirit
manifests itself. The purity of their
patriotism has never been
questioned. Flood, the first of the
Irish orators who rose to prominence in the House, was described by
Grattan as “the most easy and best-tempered man in the world, as
well as the most sensible.” Grattan, though fearless in the open
advocacy of his principles, was himself a man of modest and
courteous disposition. There was nothing of the political bully or
blustering demagogue in the champions of the cause of legislative
independence. While Grattan and Flood were devoting all their
energies to a common cause, they were separated by a quarrel
which no reconciliation ever brought to an end. Standing apart from
each other, they nevertheless, with the native generosity of the
country which gave them birth, recognised each the mental and
moral worth of the other. As speakers, Flood was admitted to be the
more convincing reasoner of the two; but Grattan, rapid and
epigrammatic, whose sentences were always forged to a white heat,
was irresistible. His was “an oracular loftiness of words which
certainly came nearer the utterance of inspiration than any
eloquence, ancient or modern.” Both were, in youth, unwearied

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