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TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl

B
BadurdeenMohamedSake

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vz;zf;fU uPjpahd Mf;fj;ijr; rku;g;gpg;gjw;F ,Ugupkhz (2D) Kg;gupkhz (3D) cUf;fisAk; khjpupAUf;fisAk; fl;bnaOg;gp vz;zf;fUuPjpahd Mf;fq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu; Munahira Rinoos, Bsc (Agri),PGDE,Med,Msc(Agri)
cs;slf;fk; • nghwpKiw tiujy; cgfuzq;fis ,dq;fhzy; ngd;rpy; %iykl;lk; tiujy; jhs; tiujy; gyif • epakq;fSf;F mikthf vOj;JfisAk; ,yf;fq;fisAk; vOJjy; • NfhLfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;L tiffis ,dq;fhzy;
cs;slf;fk; • RahjPd iffshy; gUkl;lhd Fwpg;ig tiujy; • Fw;Wj;jhaj; jhSk; rktsTj; Njhw;wj;ij epUkhzpj;jYk; • rkstsTj; Njhw;wq;fis tiuAk; epkpu;tiungwpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs; • Kjw;Nfhz • Kd;dpiyj; Njhw;wk • gf;fj; Njhw;wk; • jpl;lg;glk; • %d;whq;Nfhzk; • Kd;dpiyj; Njhw;wk • gf;fj; Njhw;wk; • jpl;lg;glk;
nghwpKiw tiujy; cgfuzq;fs; • njhopDl;gg; glq;fis ntw;wpfukhfg; G+u;jpjp nra;tjw;fhf cau;jukhd cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; tiujYf;fhd fUtpfs; mtrpakhFk;. 1. tiujy; fljhrp 2. ghifkhdp 3. ngd;rpy; 4. ftuhak; 5. mopg;ghd; 6. gpupfUtp 7. mbkl;lk; 8. tiujw; gyifAk;> T mbkl;lKk; 9. %iy kl;lk; 10. nfstpfs;
tiujy; fljhrp cau; jukhd njhopDl;gg; gltiujYf;fhf tiujy; fljhrpapy; ,Uf;fNtz;ba gz;Gfs;. 1. rhjhuz fljhrpia tpl nrhunrhug;ghd Nkw;gil nfhz;l ,ioaikg;G fhzg;gly;> 2. rw;W gUkdhdjhff; fhzg;gly;> 3. epak mstpw;F Vw;GilajhtpUj;jy;>
ru;tNjr ju mikg;gpd; %yk; tiujy; fljhrpfs; tiffs; • Standard ANSI sizes ( American National Standard Institute) • Architectural drawings often utilize the ARCH series • Standard drawing sheet sizes are also available in the A series (A0, A1, A2, etc.). • Standard Sizes: • ANSI A (8.5 x 11 inches): Good for general documents and smaller drawings. • ANSI B (11 x 17 inches): Useful for slightly larger drawings or documents that need more space. • ANSI C (17 x 22 inches): Suitable for detailed drawings or those requiring a larger format. • ANSI D (22 x 34 inches): Often used for architectural or engineering drawings that need a larger surface area. • ANSI E (34 x 44 inches): Used for the largest architectural or engineering drawings.
Engineering drawing papers
ngd;rpy; • njhopDl;g tiujypy; mj;jpahtrpa cgfuzkhFk;. • tl;lk;> jl;il tbtk;> ePs;tl;lk;> Nghd;w tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. • Nfhnlhd;iw tiuAk; NghJ> mf;Nfhl;bd; ,Wjptiu tpuy;fSf;fpilNa ngd;rpiyr; Row;wpf; fPWtjdhy; Kidapd; xNu rPuhd Nja;itAk;> tiuAk; Nfhl;bd; rPuhd jbg;igAk; Ngzf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. • ngd;rpiyg;gad; gLj;Jk; NghJ ngd;rpy; Kid tiuAk; jpirf;F rha;thfTk; ngd;rpy; Kid rpwpjhfTk; fhzg;gly; Kf;fpakhdJ. • ngd;rpnyhd;iw mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ mjd; Nky; me;jj;jpy; vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fq;fs; my;yJ vOj;Jf;fs; kl;Lk; 5B> 2B> HB> H> 2H. Nghd;wdthFk;. • ,e;j vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fq;fspd; %yk; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ> mg; ngd;rpiyg; gad;gLj;jp tiuAk; Nfhl;bd; nghJthd epwk; kw;Wk; fLikj; jd;ik gw;wpajhFk;. • ngd;rpiyf; $uhf;Ftjw;fhf epak juj;jpyhd $uhf;fp ( cutter) gad; gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Pencil
mopg;ghd; tiuAk; fljhrpapd; kPJ Vw;gLk; gpiofis mopj;J tpLtjw;fhf mopg;ghd; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> mjw;fhf rupahd mopg;ghidj; njupT nra;jy; Kf;fpak;. nkd; ,ug;gu; fyitapdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l cupa juj;jpyhd mopg;ghidg; gad;gLj;jy; Kf;fpakhFk;.
mbkl;lk; • ,e;j cgfuzk; NfhLfspd; ePsj;ij msg;gjw;Fk; msTfisf; Fwpg;gjw;Fk;> mstPnlhiwg; guPl;rpg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLk;. • gpyh];bf;> gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l kuk;> JUg;gpbf;fhj cUf;F vd;gd %yk; mbkl;lk; jahupf;fg;gLk;. • ,jpy; nrd;wp kPl;lu;fspy; my;yJ mq;Fyq;fspy; mjd; gFjpfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
%iy kl;lk; • Kf;Nfhz tbtkhdnjhU cgfuzkhFk;. • njhopDl;g tiujYf;fhf> xU Nrhb %iy kl;lq;fs; gad; gLj;jg;gLk;. • xU %iy kl;lj;jpy; xU Nfhzk; 90° ahtJld;> mLj;j Nfhzk; 45° ahFk;. • mLj;j %iy kl;lj;jpy; xU Nfhzk; fl;lhakhf 90° ahtJld;> kw;w Nfhzq;fs; 60° kw;Wk; 30° fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. • ,jd; gb %iykl;lq;fs; 60° kw;Wk; 45° kw;Wk; 30° ghiffisf; nfhz;l %iy kl;lq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. • ,e;j cgfuzq;fisg;gad; gLj;jp tiuAk; NghJ> gUkl;lhd tpspk;G> my;yJ 1 Nfhl;lilg; gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
%iy kl;lk
ghifkhdp • njhopDl;g tiujypd; NghJ ghifkhdp rpw;wstpNyNa gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ghlrhiy Nfj;jpu fzpj fUtpg;ngl;bapy; fhzg;gLtjpy; 180° tiu Fwpf;fg; gl;bUf;Fk;. • NkYk; 360° tiuahd ghifkhdpfSk; re;ijapy; cs;sd. • ,t;Tgfuzk; CLnjupAk; gpyh];jpf; nghUl;fspdhy; Mf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ghlrhiy Nfj;jpu fzpj cgfuzj; njhFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; ghifkhdpia tpl mstpy; ngupa ghifkhdpfs; re;ijapy; fhzg;gLk;. • rupahd ngWkhdq;fisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhf mstpy; ngupjhd ghifkhdpfisg; gad;gLj;jy; nghUj;jkhJ.
ftuhak; • njhopDl;g tiujypd; NghJ ,t;Tgfuzk; tl;lk;> miu tl;lk; tisNfhLfs; Nghd;wd tiutjw;Fk;> msTj;J}u nkhd;iw Xuplj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU ,lj;jpw;Fg; gpujp nra;tjw;Fk; cjTk;. • ,t;Tgfuzk; njhopypy; <LNthUf;Fk;> njhopw; gapw;rp kl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;NghUf;Fk; kw;Wk; ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;Fk; vd NtW Ntwhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. • ghlrhiy Nfj;jpu fzpj cgfuzj;njhFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; ftuhak; ,g;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gpupfUtp • gpupfUtp kw;Wk; ftuhak; vd;gtw;wpw; fpilNa fhzg;gLk; gpujhd tpj;jpahrk;> ftuhaj;jpy; ngd;rpy; Kid ,izf;fg;gLk; gFjpf;Fg; gjpyhf gpupfUtpapy; cUf;Ff; $u;Kid nghUj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhFk;. • njhopDl;g tiujypd;NghJ ve;jnthU Nfhl;ilAk; rk gFjpfshfg;gpupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,J mtrpakhFk;. • Nfhzq;fisg; gpujp nra;tjw;Fk;> mstPLfisg; guPl;rpj;jy; Nghd;w tw;wpw;Fk; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. • Nfhnlhd;iw rk gFjpfshfg; gpupg;gjw;F ftuhaj;ijg; gad;glj;Jtjhy; tiujhspd; J}a;ikj;jd;ik FiwtilAk; mjidj;jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,t;Tgfuzj;ijg;gad; gLj;jyhk;.
tiujw; gyif • njhopDl;g tiujYf;fhf tiujw; gyif gad; gLj;jg;gLk;. • tpNrl mk;rq;fs; • xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;GgLk; tpspk;Gfs; 90° Nfhzj;jpy; mike;jpUj;jy;. • Nkw;gug;G> xg;gkhfTk; jl;ilahdjhfTk; Mf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. • eRq;fhjthWk; cilahjthWk; Mf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. • xU tpspk;G epak tpspk;ghfg; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. • ,t;tpspk;G Nja;tpw;F <LnfhLf;ff;$bajhf gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l gyifapdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. • ,t;tpspk;gpy; kl;lg; gyifapy; FWfpa ifgpbahdJ KOikahfj; njhLk; tifapy; itj;J fpilf;NfhLfis tiujy; Ntz;Lk;. • mjw;fhf NtW tpspk;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jy; $lhJ.
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
tpNrl Nfhl;L tiffs; • epakf;NfhLfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. • ,f;NfhLfs; ru;tNjr ,zf;fg;ghl;bd; tpistpdhy; Vw;gl;l ngWNgWfshFk;. • njhopDl;g tiujy; vdg;gLk; cyf nkhopapd; vOj;Jf;fshf ,e;j NfhLfs; kl;LNk gad; gLj;jg;gLk;.
epakf;NfhLfs;
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
epak rl;lfk; • njhopDl;g glnkhd;iw tiuAk; NghJ fljhrpapd; kPJ rl;lf nkhd;iw tiujy; Kf;fpakhFk;. • ,e;j rl;lfj;ij tiutjdhy;> mjDs; fhzg;gLk; njhopDl;g tiuglk; fz;Zf;F ed;F Gyg;glf;$bajhf ,Ug;gJld;> mofhd tpNrl Njhw;wj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;. • ,jid tiuAk; NghJ NfhLfspd; gUkd; njhlu;ghf; ftdQ;nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. • ,J epak Kiwapyhd rl;lfkhifahy; epak rl;lfnkd miof;fg;gLk;. NkYk; mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; rpy cs;sd. • ehLfSf;fpilapy; ,t;tplaq;fs; xd;Wf; nfhd;W tpj;jpahrg;gLk;. vdpDk; mbg;giltplaq;fspy; ngupastpy; khw;wq;fs; fhzg;glhJ
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
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TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
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glg; ghu;it • mJ Kd;gf;fkpUe;Jk; gf;fj;jpypUe;Jk;> NkNy ,Ue;Jk; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ fhl;rpaspf;Fk; tpjq;fisAk; mjidr; nra;J Kbj;j gpd;du; mJ fhl;rpaspf;Fk; tpjj;ijAk; tiue;J fhl;LtJ Kf;fpakhdJ. • mjidr; nra;tjw;fhd El;gj;jpwd;fisg; ngWtjw;F Kjd;ikahf> rktsTg; ghu;it (Isometric View)> epkpu;tiu vwpak;(Orthographic Projec-tion)> Njhw;wg;ghu;it (Perspective View)> nghwpKiw tiujy; (Technical Drawing)> kw;Wk; mit njhlu;ghd Vida jfty;fs;> mstPLfs;> gFjpfs; njhlu;ghd tptuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw Kiwikahff; ifahs;tjd; %yk; mbg;gilahd mbj;jsj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. • 1. glg; ghu;it (Pictorial View) • 2. nghwpKiw tiujy;fs; (Technical Drawing) • (Pictorial Views) • 1. rupTg; glg;ghu;it (Oblique Pictorial View) • 2. ,U msT glg;ghu;it (Dimetric Pictorial View) • 3. rktsTg; glg;ghu;it (Isometric Pictorial View) • 4. xU Gs;spj; Njhw;wg; ghu;it (One Point Perspective View) • 5. ,U Gs;sp Njhw;wg;ghu;it (Two Point Perspective View) • nghUnshd;wpd; cz;ikg; ghu;itia Kd;itg;gjw;F nghUk;ghYk; rktsntwpag; KiwNa gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
nrq;Fj;njwpa Kiwapd; JizAld; jpl;ltiu glq;fis tiujy; 38
Njhw;wf; fhl;rp Kiw (Perspective method) • ,k;KiwNa ngUk;ghYk; tiugl El;gtpayhsu;fspdhy; gad;gLj;jg; gLtJld;> tPl;Lj;jpl;lEl;gtpayhsu;fs; jkJ Mf;fj;jpd; gy;jF jd;ikapid Vidatu;fSf;F fhl;Ltjw;Fk; ,k;Kiwapidg; gad;gLj;Jtu;. • ,k;Kiwapy; tiuag;gLfpd;w fhl;rpfis> %d;W Kiwfspy; tiua KbAk;. mjhtJ> • xU Gs;spAldhd gluPjpahd fhl;rp (1- Point Perspective view) • ,U Gs;spfSldhd gluPjpahd fhl;rp (2- Points Perspective view) • Kd;W Gs;spfSldhd gluPjpahd fhl;rp (3 - Points Perspective view)
Njhw;wf; fhl;rp Kiw (Perspective method)
41
perspective 42
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
perspective 44
perspective 45
diametric 46 denoting or incorporating a method of showing projection or perspective using a set of three geometrical axes of which two are of the same scale or dimension but the third is of another. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BaEBFxgaIQ
Parallel method 47
rkhe;ju Kiwapy; 48
Kg;gupkhz Kiwapy; tiujy; 49
50
50MM * 50MM * 50MM 40MM * 70MM * 20MM 25MM * 80MM * 100MM 60MM * 10MM * 20MM A B C 51
Fw;Wj;jhaj; jhSk; rktsTj; Njhw;wj;ij epUkhzpj;jYk;
epkpu;tiungwpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs; • Kjw;Nfhzk; • Kd;dpiyj; Njhw;wk; • gf;fj; Njhw;wk; • jpl;lg;glk;
54
55
epkpu; tiu vwpak; 56
Kjw;Nfhz>%d;whk;Nfhz FwpaPL FwpaPL  Kjw;Nfhzk; ghh;itapd; vjph; jpir  %d;whk;Nfhzk; ghh;itapd; mNj jpir 57
58
59
Kjw; NfhzKiwapy; mike;j epkph; tiu vwpak; 60
%d;whk; NfhzKiwapy; mike;j epkph; tiu vwpak; 61
rkstsTj; Njhw;wq;fis tiuAk; epkpu;tiungwpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs • %d;whq;Nfhzk; • Kd;dpiyj; Njhw;wk • gf;fj; Njhw;wk; • jpl;lg;glk;
gjhu;j;jq;fis tifg;gLj;jy; • ,aw;ifahd • nguR • nguR my;yhj • nraw;ifahd • ntg;gkpsf;Fk; gpshj;jpf;F • ntg;gk;kpWf;Fk; gpshj;jpf;F • gjhu;j;jq;fspd; elj;ijfSk; ,ay;GfSk;
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
gjhu;j;jq;fis tifg;gLj;jy • nraw;ifahd • ntg;gkpsf;Fk; gpshj;jpf;F • ntg;gk;kpWf;Fk; gpshj;jpf;F
fUtpfs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs; • mstPl;L cgfuzq;fis ,dq;fhzy; • milahskpLk; cgfuzq;fs; • ntl;Lk; cgfuzq;fs; • JisapLk; cgfuzq;fs; • tbtikf;Fk; cgfuzq;fs; • ,izf;Fk; cgfuzq;fs; • nghUj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs; • Kbg;Gr; nra;Ak; cgfuzq;fs; • njhopDl;g eltbf;iffspw;F mika fUtpfs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs; fUtpfisr; rupahff; ifahsy; • R+oy;Neag; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy; • vspa jpl;llk; • KbTg;nghUs;
milahskpLk; cgfuzq;fs;
milahskpLk; cgfuzq;fs;
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
ntl;Lk; cgfuzq;fs;
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl
jpl;lg;glq;fis tiuAk;nghOJ Neu;NfhL • Nfj;jpufzpj js cUtq;fs; kw;Wk; jpz;kg; nghUl;fis epUkhzpg;Gf;Fupa jpl;lg;glq;fis tiuAk;nghOJ Neu;NfhL> nrq;Fj;J> fpil kw;Wk; rha;Tf;NfhL. tisNfhL Nghd;W NfhLfisAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;b tuyhk;. • ,f;NfhlhdJ rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; rkkhd ghfq;fshf my;yJ tpfpjq;fSf;F Vw;g gpupj;jy;> gpujp nra;jy; my;yJ gy;NtW gf;fq;fspid cila gy; Nfhzpfis tiujYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fSk; Vw;gLk;.
Neu;NfhL> tisNfhL> Nfhz tiffs; • Neu;NfhL • Neu;Nfhnlhd;iwr; rkkhd gFjpfSf;Fg; (7 mstpy;) gpupf;Fk; Kiw • Neu;Nfhnlhd;iwr; rkkhd vz;zpf;iff;Fk; (7 mstpy;) • Neu; Nfhl;il ve;jnthU tpfpjj;Jf;Fk; (cjhuzkhf> 3:2 Nghd;W) • tisNfhL • Neu;Nfhl;L tif my;yhj tiyNfhLfisf; fhl;b tisNfhl;il ,dq;fhzr; nra;f. • tpy;iy ,ul;il vz;zpf;if Vw;g rk gFjpfshfg; gpupf;Fk; Kiwia tpsf;fp tpy;iy 2> 4> 6 gFjpfSf;Fg; gpupg;gjw;F <LgLj;jTk; • Neu;NfhL kw;Wk; tisNfhL njhLif Kiwia mikf;fr; nra;aTk;.
,Urk $upLjy; 81
,Urk $upLjy; 82
,Urk $upLjy; 83
Neu;NfhL xd;wpy; Nfhzq;fs; mikj;jy; 84
Neu;NfhL xd;wpw;F nrq;Fj;J mikj;jy; 85
Neu;NfhL xd;wpw;F nrq;Fj;J mikj;jy; 86
Neu;NfhL xd;wpw;F nrq;Fj;J mikj;jy; 87
Neu;NfhL xd;wpw;F nrq;Fj;J mikj;jy; 88
Neu;NfhL xd;wpw;F nrq;Fj;J mikj;jy; 89
Neu;NfhL xd;wpw;F nrq;Fj;J mikj;jy; 90
Neu;NfhL xd;wpw;F nrq;Fj;J mikj;jy; 91
Neu;NfhL xd;wpw;F nrq;Fj;J mikj;jy; 92

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TFL 2nd and 3rd lectures in this pdf u can know about tfl

  • 1. vz;zf;fU uPjpahd Mf;fj;ijr; rku;g;gpg;gjw;F ,Ugupkhz (2D) Kg;gupkhz (3D) cUf;fisAk; khjpupAUf;fisAk; fl;bnaOg;gp vz;zf;fUuPjpahd Mf;fq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu; Munahira Rinoos, Bsc (Agri),PGDE,Med,Msc(Agri)
  • 2. cs;slf;fk; • nghwpKiw tiujy; cgfuzq;fis ,dq;fhzy; ngd;rpy; %iykl;lk; tiujy; jhs; tiujy; gyif • epakq;fSf;F mikthf vOj;JfisAk; ,yf;fq;fisAk; vOJjy; • NfhLfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;L tiffis ,dq;fhzy;
  • 3. cs;slf;fk; • RahjPd iffshy; gUkl;lhd Fwpg;ig tiujy; • Fw;Wj;jhaj; jhSk; rktsTj; Njhw;wj;ij epUkhzpj;jYk; • rkstsTj; Njhw;wq;fis tiuAk; epkpu;tiungwpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs; • Kjw;Nfhz • Kd;dpiyj; Njhw;wk • gf;fj; Njhw;wk; • jpl;lg;glk; • %d;whq;Nfhzk; • Kd;dpiyj; Njhw;wk • gf;fj; Njhw;wk; • jpl;lg;glk;
  • 4. nghwpKiw tiujy; cgfuzq;fs; • njhopDl;gg; glq;fis ntw;wpfukhfg; G+u;jpjp nra;tjw;fhf cau;jukhd cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; tiujYf;fhd fUtpfs; mtrpakhFk;. 1. tiujy; fljhrp 2. ghifkhdp 3. ngd;rpy; 4. ftuhak; 5. mopg;ghd; 6. gpupfUtp 7. mbkl;lk; 8. tiujw; gyifAk;> T mbkl;lKk; 9. %iy kl;lk; 10. nfstpfs;
  • 5. tiujy; fljhrp cau; jukhd njhopDl;gg; gltiujYf;fhf tiujy; fljhrpapy; ,Uf;fNtz;ba gz;Gfs;. 1. rhjhuz fljhrpia tpl nrhunrhug;ghd Nkw;gil nfhz;l ,ioaikg;G fhzg;gly;> 2. rw;W gUkdhdjhff; fhzg;gly;> 3. epak mstpw;F Vw;GilajhtpUj;jy;>
  • 6. ru;tNjr ju mikg;gpd; %yk; tiujy; fljhrpfs; tiffs; • Standard ANSI sizes ( American National Standard Institute) • Architectural drawings often utilize the ARCH series • Standard drawing sheet sizes are also available in the A series (A0, A1, A2, etc.). • Standard Sizes: • ANSI A (8.5 x 11 inches): Good for general documents and smaller drawings. • ANSI B (11 x 17 inches): Useful for slightly larger drawings or documents that need more space. • ANSI C (17 x 22 inches): Suitable for detailed drawings or those requiring a larger format. • ANSI D (22 x 34 inches): Often used for architectural or engineering drawings that need a larger surface area. • ANSI E (34 x 44 inches): Used for the largest architectural or engineering drawings.
  • 8. ngd;rpy; • njhopDl;g tiujypy; mj;jpahtrpa cgfuzkhFk;. • tl;lk;> jl;il tbtk;> ePs;tl;lk;> Nghd;w tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. • Nfhnlhd;iw tiuAk; NghJ> mf;Nfhl;bd; ,Wjptiu tpuy;fSf;fpilNa ngd;rpiyr; Row;wpf; fPWtjdhy; Kidapd; xNu rPuhd Nja;itAk;> tiuAk; Nfhl;bd; rPuhd jbg;igAk; Ngzf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. • ngd;rpiyg;gad; gLj;Jk; NghJ ngd;rpy; Kid tiuAk; jpirf;F rha;thfTk; ngd;rpy; Kid rpwpjhfTk; fhzg;gly; Kf;fpakhdJ. • ngd;rpnyhd;iw mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ mjd; Nky; me;jj;jpy; vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fq;fs; my;yJ vOj;Jf;fs; kl;Lk; 5B> 2B> HB> H> 2H. Nghd;wdthFk;. • ,e;j vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fq;fspd; %yk; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ> mg; ngd;rpiyg; gad;gLj;jp tiuAk; Nfhl;bd; nghJthd epwk; kw;Wk; fLikj; jd;ik gw;wpajhFk;. • ngd;rpiyf; $uhf;Ftjw;fhf epak juj;jpyhd $uhf;fp ( cutter) gad; gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
  • 10. mopg;ghd; tiuAk; fljhrpapd; kPJ Vw;gLk; gpiofis mopj;J tpLtjw;fhf mopg;ghd; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> mjw;fhf rupahd mopg;ghidj; njupT nra;jy; Kf;fpak;. nkd; ,ug;gu; fyitapdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l cupa juj;jpyhd mopg;ghidg; gad;gLj;jy; Kf;fpakhFk;.
  • 11. mbkl;lk; • ,e;j cgfuzk; NfhLfspd; ePsj;ij msg;gjw;Fk; msTfisf; Fwpg;gjw;Fk;> mstPnlhiwg; guPl;rpg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLk;. • gpyh];bf;> gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l kuk;> JUg;gpbf;fhj cUf;F vd;gd %yk; mbkl;lk; jahupf;fg;gLk;. • ,jpy; nrd;wp kPl;lu;fspy; my;yJ mq;Fyq;fspy; mjd; gFjpfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
  • 12. %iy kl;lk; • Kf;Nfhz tbtkhdnjhU cgfuzkhFk;. • njhopDl;g tiujYf;fhf> xU Nrhb %iy kl;lq;fs; gad; gLj;jg;gLk;. • xU %iy kl;lj;jpy; xU Nfhzk; 90° ahtJld;> mLj;j Nfhzk; 45° ahFk;. • mLj;j %iy kl;lj;jpy; xU Nfhzk; fl;lhakhf 90° ahtJld;> kw;w Nfhzq;fs; 60° kw;Wk; 30° fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. • ,jd; gb %iykl;lq;fs; 60° kw;Wk; 45° kw;Wk; 30° ghiffisf; nfhz;l %iy kl;lq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. • ,e;j cgfuzq;fisg;gad; gLj;jp tiuAk; NghJ> gUkl;lhd tpspk;G> my;yJ 1 Nfhl;lilg; gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
  • 14. ghifkhdp • njhopDl;g tiujypd; NghJ ghifkhdp rpw;wstpNyNa gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ghlrhiy Nfj;jpu fzpj fUtpg;ngl;bapy; fhzg;gLtjpy; 180° tiu Fwpf;fg; gl;bUf;Fk;. • NkYk; 360° tiuahd ghifkhdpfSk; re;ijapy; cs;sd. • ,t;Tgfuzk; CLnjupAk; gpyh];jpf; nghUl;fspdhy; Mf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ghlrhiy Nfj;jpu fzpj cgfuzj; njhFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; ghifkhdpia tpl mstpy; ngupa ghifkhdpfs; re;ijapy; fhzg;gLk;. • rupahd ngWkhdq;fisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhf mstpy; ngupjhd ghifkhdpfisg; gad;gLj;jy; nghUj;jkhJ.
  • 15. ftuhak; • njhopDl;g tiujypd; NghJ ,t;Tgfuzk; tl;lk;> miu tl;lk; tisNfhLfs; Nghd;wd tiutjw;Fk;> msTj;J}u nkhd;iw Xuplj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU ,lj;jpw;Fg; gpujp nra;tjw;Fk; cjTk;. • ,t;Tgfuzk; njhopypy; <LNthUf;Fk;> njhopw; gapw;rp kl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;NghUf;Fk; kw;Wk; ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;Fk; vd NtW Ntwhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. • ghlrhiy Nfj;jpu fzpj cgfuzj;njhFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; ftuhak; ,g;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
  • 16. gpupfUtp • gpupfUtp kw;Wk; ftuhak; vd;gtw;wpw; fpilNa fhzg;gLk; gpujhd tpj;jpahrk;> ftuhaj;jpy; ngd;rpy; Kid ,izf;fg;gLk; gFjpf;Fg; gjpyhf gpupfUtpapy; cUf;Ff; $u;Kid nghUj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhFk;. • njhopDl;g tiujypd;NghJ ve;jnthU Nfhl;ilAk; rk gFjpfshfg;gpupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,J mtrpakhFk;. • Nfhzq;fisg; gpujp nra;tjw;Fk;> mstPLfisg; guPl;rpj;jy; Nghd;w tw;wpw;Fk; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. • Nfhnlhd;iw rk gFjpfshfg; gpupg;gjw;F ftuhaj;ijg; gad;glj;Jtjhy; tiujhspd; J}a;ikj;jd;ik FiwtilAk; mjidj;jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,t;Tgfuzj;ijg;gad; gLj;jyhk;.
  • 17. tiujw; gyif • njhopDl;g tiujYf;fhf tiujw; gyif gad; gLj;jg;gLk;. • tpNrl mk;rq;fs; • xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;GgLk; tpspk;Gfs; 90° Nfhzj;jpy; mike;jpUj;jy;. • Nkw;gug;G> xg;gkhfTk; jl;ilahdjhfTk; Mf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. • eRq;fhjthWk; cilahjthWk; Mf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. • xU tpspk;G epak tpspk;ghfg; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. • ,t;tpspk;G Nja;tpw;F <LnfhLf;ff;$bajhf gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l gyifapdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. • ,t;tpspk;gpy; kl;lg; gyifapy; FWfpa ifgpbahdJ KOikahfj; njhLk; tifapy; itj;J fpilf;NfhLfis tiujy; Ntz;Lk;. • mjw;fhf NtW tpspk;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jy; $lhJ.
  • 19. tpNrl Nfhl;L tiffs; • epakf;NfhLfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. • ,f;NfhLfs; ru;tNjr ,zf;fg;ghl;bd; tpistpdhy; Vw;gl;l ngWNgWfshFk;. • njhopDl;g tiujy; vdg;gLk; cyf nkhopapd; vOj;Jf;fshf ,e;j NfhLfs; kl;LNk gad; gLj;jg;gLk;.
  • 22. epak rl;lfk; • njhopDl;g glnkhd;iw tiuAk; NghJ fljhrpapd; kPJ rl;lf nkhd;iw tiujy; Kf;fpakhFk;. • ,e;j rl;lfj;ij tiutjdhy;> mjDs; fhzg;gLk; njhopDl;g tiuglk; fz;Zf;F ed;F Gyg;glf;$bajhf ,Ug;gJld;> mofhd tpNrl Njhw;wj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;. • ,jid tiuAk; NghJ NfhLfspd; gUkd; njhlu;ghf; ftdQ;nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. • ,J epak Kiwapyhd rl;lfkhifahy; epak rl;lfnkd miof;fg;gLk;. NkYk; mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; rpy cs;sd. • ehLfSf;fpilapy; ,t;tplaq;fs; xd;Wf; nfhd;W tpj;jpahrg;gLk;. vdpDk; mbg;giltplaq;fspy; ngupastpy; khw;wq;fs; fhzg;glhJ
  • 27. 27
  • 28. 28
  • 29. 29
  • 30. 30
  • 31. 31
  • 32. 32
  • 33. 33
  • 35. 35
  • 36. 36
  • 37. glg; ghu;it • mJ Kd;gf;fkpUe;Jk; gf;fj;jpypUe;Jk;> NkNy ,Ue;Jk; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ fhl;rpaspf;Fk; tpjq;fisAk; mjidr; nra;J Kbj;j gpd;du; mJ fhl;rpaspf;Fk; tpjj;ijAk; tiue;J fhl;LtJ Kf;fpakhdJ. • mjidr; nra;tjw;fhd El;gj;jpwd;fisg; ngWtjw;F Kjd;ikahf> rktsTg; ghu;it (Isometric View)> epkpu;tiu vwpak;(Orthographic Projec-tion)> Njhw;wg;ghu;it (Perspective View)> nghwpKiw tiujy; (Technical Drawing)> kw;Wk; mit njhlu;ghd Vida jfty;fs;> mstPLfs;> gFjpfs; njhlu;ghd tptuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw Kiwikahff; ifahs;tjd; %yk; mbg;gilahd mbj;jsj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. • 1. glg; ghu;it (Pictorial View) • 2. nghwpKiw tiujy;fs; (Technical Drawing) • (Pictorial Views) • 1. rupTg; glg;ghu;it (Oblique Pictorial View) • 2. ,U msT glg;ghu;it (Dimetric Pictorial View) • 3. rktsTg; glg;ghu;it (Isometric Pictorial View) • 4. xU Gs;spj; Njhw;wg; ghu;it (One Point Perspective View) • 5. ,U Gs;sp Njhw;wg;ghu;it (Two Point Perspective View) • nghUnshd;wpd; cz;ikg; ghu;itia Kd;itg;gjw;F nghUk;ghYk; rktsntwpag; KiwNa gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
  • 39. Njhw;wf; fhl;rp Kiw (Perspective method) • ,k;KiwNa ngUk;ghYk; tiugl El;gtpayhsu;fspdhy; gad;gLj;jg; gLtJld;> tPl;Lj;jpl;lEl;gtpayhsu;fs; jkJ Mf;fj;jpd; gy;jF jd;ikapid Vidatu;fSf;F fhl;Ltjw;Fk; ,k;Kiwapidg; gad;gLj;Jtu;. • ,k;Kiwapy; tiuag;gLfpd;w fhl;rpfis> %d;W Kiwfspy; tiua KbAk;. mjhtJ> • xU Gs;spAldhd gluPjpahd fhl;rp (1- Point Perspective view) • ,U Gs;spfSldhd gluPjpahd fhl;rp (2- Points Perspective view) • Kd;W Gs;spfSldhd gluPjpahd fhl;rp (3 - Points Perspective view)
  • 40. Njhw;wf; fhl;rp Kiw (Perspective method)
  • 41. 41
  • 46. diametric 46 denoting or incorporating a method of showing projection or perspective using a set of three geometrical axes of which two are of the same scale or dimension but the third is of another. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BaEBFxgaIQ
  • 50. 50
  • 51. 50MM * 50MM * 50MM 40MM * 70MM * 20MM 25MM * 80MM * 100MM 60MM * 10MM * 20MM A B C 51
  • 52. Fw;Wj;jhaj; jhSk; rktsTj; Njhw;wj;ij epUkhzpj;jYk;
  • 53. epkpu;tiungwpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs; • Kjw;Nfhzk; • Kd;dpiyj; Njhw;wk; • gf;fj; Njhw;wk; • jpl;lg;glk;
  • 54. 54
  • 55. 55
  • 57. Kjw;Nfhz>%d;whk;Nfhz FwpaPL FwpaPL  Kjw;Nfhzk; ghh;itapd; vjph; jpir  %d;whk;Nfhzk; ghh;itapd; mNj jpir 57
  • 58. 58
  • 59. 59
  • 60. Kjw; NfhzKiwapy; mike;j epkph; tiu vwpak; 60
  • 62. rkstsTj; Njhw;wq;fis tiuAk; epkpu;tiungwpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs • %d;whq;Nfhzk; • Kd;dpiyj; Njhw;wk • gf;fj; Njhw;wk; • jpl;lg;glk;
  • 63. gjhu;j;jq;fis tifg;gLj;jy; • ,aw;ifahd • nguR • nguR my;yhj • nraw;ifahd • ntg;gkpsf;Fk; gpshj;jpf;F • ntg;gk;kpWf;Fk; gpshj;jpf;F • gjhu;j;jq;fspd; elj;ijfSk; ,ay;GfSk;
  • 65. gjhu;j;jq;fis tifg;gLj;jy • nraw;ifahd • ntg;gkpsf;Fk; gpshj;jpf;F • ntg;gk;kpWf;Fk; gpshj;jpf;F
  • 66. fUtpfs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs; • mstPl;L cgfuzq;fis ,dq;fhzy; • milahskpLk; cgfuzq;fs; • ntl;Lk; cgfuzq;fs; • JisapLk; cgfuzq;fs; • tbtikf;Fk; cgfuzq;fs; • ,izf;Fk; cgfuzq;fs; • nghUj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs; • Kbg;Gr; nra;Ak; cgfuzq;fs; • njhopDl;g eltbf;iffspw;F mika fUtpfs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs; fUtpfisr; rupahff; ifahsy; • R+oy;Neag; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy; • vspa jpl;llk; • KbTg;nghUs;
  • 79. jpl;lg;glq;fis tiuAk;nghOJ Neu;NfhL • Nfj;jpufzpj js cUtq;fs; kw;Wk; jpz;kg; nghUl;fis epUkhzpg;Gf;Fupa jpl;lg;glq;fis tiuAk;nghOJ Neu;NfhL> nrq;Fj;J> fpil kw;Wk; rha;Tf;NfhL. tisNfhL Nghd;W NfhLfisAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;b tuyhk;. • ,f;NfhlhdJ rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; rkkhd ghfq;fshf my;yJ tpfpjq;fSf;F Vw;g gpupj;jy;> gpujp nra;jy; my;yJ gy;NtW gf;fq;fspid cila gy; Nfhzpfis tiujYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fSk; Vw;gLk;.
  • 80. Neu;NfhL> tisNfhL> Nfhz tiffs; • Neu;NfhL • Neu;Nfhnlhd;iwr; rkkhd gFjpfSf;Fg; (7 mstpy;) gpupf;Fk; Kiw • Neu;Nfhnlhd;iwr; rkkhd vz;zpf;iff;Fk; (7 mstpy;) • Neu; Nfhl;il ve;jnthU tpfpjj;Jf;Fk; (cjhuzkhf> 3:2 Nghd;W) • tisNfhL • Neu;Nfhl;L tif my;yhj tiyNfhLfisf; fhl;b tisNfhl;il ,dq;fhzr; nra;f. • tpy;iy ,ul;il vz;zpf;if Vw;g rk gFjpfshfg; gpupf;Fk; Kiwia tpsf;fp tpy;iy 2> 4> 6 gFjpfSf;Fg; gpupg;gjw;F <LgLj;jTk; • Neu;NfhL kw;Wk; tisNfhL njhLif Kiwia mikf;fr; nra;aTk;.