The common challenges of mobile internet for up coming generation

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 01 Issue: 02 | Oct-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 98
THE COMMON CHALLENGES OF MOBILE INTERNET FOR UP-
COMING GENERATION
A.Siles Balasingh
1
, N.Surenth
2
1,2
Lecturer, Department of Computer science and Engineering, St.Joseph University in Tanzania, East Africa
singh_bala@yahoo.co.in, suren.zin1@gmail.com
Abstract
In this survey we concentrate on the mobile internet. Our main focus on mobile internet in two different cases of fixed connection
which is provided by the telecommunication network provider and the second one is the wireless network which is getting from
internet access point can be home network, Education campus .etc; in this case we also would like to discuss about network layer
(protocols and Transport layer protocols).
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INTRODUCTION
There are lots of researches and modifications are going on to
make shape the internet spans across the wide range on
protocols, devices and standards to solve the existing problems
and introducing new idea. Here we attempt to categorize some
major challenges for themobile internet of upcoming
generation, let‘s enter into a brief discussion on the recent
advances and future directions. We have categorized the three-
tire perspective.
1. The application perspective, which is very important
on existing mobile applications and recent development
applications.
2. The service Software perspective, which helps to run
the applications with mobile operatingsystems.
3. The Protocols and Networks, which helps to grow the
uniformity of internet speed from low speed to high speed
in both wired to wireless network.
MOBILE APPLICATION SOFT WARES
A lot of existing and new applications in the market with
sufficient for users but after investigating of all application are
called context-ware applications, which take into account the
position of the user her interest, and the capabilities of her
mobile device. Some applications only used in common places
and common for every one like ―face-book, Twitter‖, which can
be called location-aware because the user can expose their ideas
and other can view and response their opinion
(Publically).There are some consumers are let through the shop
by a mobile device attached to the shopping cart, these
applications are built on top of WLAN/ Internet. Our team
members has investigated the most of the applications are quite
narrow and misunderstanding of the service offered.
Especially in the face-book & Twitter services the users tried to
set-up peer-to-peer [1,2]communication whereas the service
offered was more like a public blackboard
In recent approach was the integration of sensor
networks [6] into the Internet. A dominant application here
is the combination of body area networks and medical
sensors; a very interesting field in which a lot of open
questions concerning reliability, energy consumption, security
and privacy have to be addressed. In order to simplify the
development of the above Mentioned applications, new
platforms are needed. The new platforms should carry an
abstraction of the hybrid network and Non-uniform devices,
in order to assist the application Programmers to not get
swamped with all details. An issue here is to find the
‗golden rule‘ of the abstraction: it should also allow
programmers to explicitly take into account the specific
architecture of their networks, the constraints of their
environments and the requirements of their applications.
Such an engineering flexibility can be used to tune
up applications according to their special needs.
MOBILE MIDDLEWARE APPROACHES
The development of distributed applications is a tedious task
even in homogenous networks. However, in Non- uniform
networks with a wide variety of devices, the complexity
of future distributed applications may increase by
several orders of magnitude. Existing middleware
approaches such as CORBA, DCOM and Java RMI did not
manage to meet the requirements for Developing context-
aware services [4] in hybrid networks. They do not
provide the technology to efficiently integrate networks,
positioning systems, user and device profiles. That said, it
should not be surprising that middleware platforms, which
are tailored for the development of location-aware services,
have attracted a lot of attention during the recent years.
Some major issues such as adapting content to current location
of and to the preferences of the users have been

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investigated thoroughly. The same holds true for the adaptation
of the presentation of this content to the capabilities of the
actually used mobile device: Selection of content
according to the current location and the interests of the user.
In the approaches investigated in the selection of the content
to be displayed on the mobile device is done according to the
current position of the mobile. Here, the content is known
beforehand and a mapping between the content and a certain
position is provided by the service provider. The latter uses
information retrieval services to get content based on the
current location and user preferences, whereas the
former uses metadata to compile content that corresponds
to the user‘s current position. An advanced version of what
can be done with user profiles is presented. The Shark
approach allows information exchange between mobile
devices, Based on the personal profiles of their users.
Adapting content to the capabilities of the actually used
mobile device. Authors describe architecture that allows
protocols to adapt the presentation of given content
to the capabilities, e.g. size of the display, of the device
on which the content is going to be displayed. The content
adaptation is realized using XML/XSL, I.e. the content itself
is described using XML and its representation on a certain
mobile device is defined in XSL. The
aforementioned approaches focus primarily on how to
enable application programmers to exploit the new
features of the wired/wireless Internet [5]. However, they
Ignore or at least neglect the different
characteristics of the end devices and the reliability of the
transport media in the fixed and the wireless part of the
Internet. † In contrast to handheld devices, PCs and
Workstations that are usually used in the fixed Internet have
indeed sufficient resources, i.e. energy and processing
power to run complex algorithms. The different
capabilities of the end devices are very important with
respect to security issues. On one hand in wireless networks
eavesdropping is trivial due to the medium‘s ease of
accessibility. On the other hand exhaustive use of security
means, i.e. cipher mechanisms, is not possible due to the
limited resources of the handheld devices. Here the user is
always forced to decide between secure communication and
convenience of his mobile device. † The deployment of
wireless data networks has only extended partially the
traditional Internet. For example, there are still places where
connectivity cannot be guaranteed. This might be caused by the
error rates of the wireless link, which are several orders of
magnitude higher than the corresponding rates in wired
networks, or by the fact that no access points or base stations
are deployed in some regions. In parallel, the capabilities of
mobile devices are increasing constantly. For example the
‗high-end-class‘ of mobile devices is equipped with processors
that run at 400 MHz. Nevertheless, the question that calls for an
urgent answer is what platform developers can do tounify
the system behavior from the applicationperspective
and to allow programmers to take advantage of specific
performance improvements of the underlying technology. Such
platforms, which are designed with the hybrid network and the
high variety of devices in mind, are definitely needed.
A vertical approach, that takes into account the limitations of
the mobile devices, the special characteristics of the underlying
networks and protocols as well as hardware/software co-design
for platform components, will hopefully lead to better results.
To justify the expectation, we can consider that up to now most
middleware platforms did not differentiate between mobile
devices during run time. They considered mobile devices to be
thin or fat clients, but they did not provide means to configure
the platform to the current needs of the mobile and its user.
There is some work towards a more flexible approach, which
allows to support disconnected operations [21] and to configure
the platform in order to reduce power consumption [22].The
better a platform can adapt to the measured network
parameters, the better the application performance, and the
longer the duty cycles of the mobile devices. Very interesting
topics here are energy management and load balancing.
Optimizing the energy consumption and optimizing the
performance of the whole system are contradicting goals, at
least in certain situations. Authors in Ref. [23] discuss an
approach in which the security component of the platform
enables mobile devices to shift the computational intensive
operations of public key algorithms into the
infrastructure. From the Viewpoint of each single mobile
device this approach may be very appealing. But, the
performance of the whole system may be degraded. The
infrastructure servers are now taking an additional burden,
which may, for example, increase their response times, etc. If
the performance of the whole system is the major optimization
goal, it might be desirable to shift Workload to the mobile
devices. At least for the 400 MHz devices it seems feasible
to run parts of the platform locally, e.g. the selection of content
to the current location could be done at the mobile device.
Flexible concepts that allow the realization of different
optimization goals should be integrated into platforms within
the next years. These concepts should enable application
programmers and users to adapt the behavior of the platform
to their needs. From the energy viewpoint it may be
interesting to think about hardware/software co-design on the
platform level. In the protocol area this is done quite
successfully [24,25].In the middleware area the integration of
energy awareness is rather new. The integration of hardware
accelerators for cipher mechanisms into a location-aware
middleware is discussed in Ref. [26]. The interesting point
in this architecture is that the integration of the accelerators is
completely transparent to applications and even to the
platform. In Ref. [27] a broker-based approach towards an
energy-aware middleware is presented. Here it is proposed to
make operating system services energy-aware and to enable
applications to monitor and control parameters such as voltage
and task scheduling. Privacy is a crucial issue when it comes
to the acceptance of new services. A significant proportion of
the users of the fixed Internet are already concerned about their
privacy [28,29]. By using mobile devices to access the Internet,

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it becomes possible to connect the real- and cyber-world
behavior of Internet users. So, privacy becomes more and more
important. There are approaches [30–32] in which the user gets
the possibility to decide how much information she is willing to
reveal. In Ref. [33] the middleware intentionally reduces
the accuracy of the position information. This helps to
protect privacy but it cannot be used in systems that need an
accurate position to work properly. Ensuring privacy can only
be achieved by applying security mechanisms, i.e.
authentication, authorization, de-/encryption and digital
signatures. Especially the public key algorithms used for
authentication and digital signatures are computationally
expensive. So, here the limited resources of the wireless
devices have to be taken into account. An open point still, is
privacy enforcement, i.e. what can be done to ensure that
service providers adhere to what they promise in accordance
with their privacy policies.
CONVERGENCEOFNON-UNIFORM
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
There is a lot of ongoing research on issues of convergence
of wired and wireless networks.
The research spans across a variety of subtopics from the
architectural aspects, which deal with the question ‗where
is the right place to achieve convergence‘ to protocol
design issues, which address the questions of best dealing
with the assumptions of wired networks or even with issues of
defining new metrics and methodologies for the evaluation of
protocol behavior. In the architectural arena, the end-to-end
argument was once again evaluated and criticized. The real
issue here is to provide means that enable error detection and
classification [34]. The informative source can be the local base
station, the protocol sender, or even the protocol receiver.
Given the nature of wireless networks, a local source may
play a very informative role in the protocol engineering
strategy and it may proxy the communication. The proxy
can actually locally correct the detected problems, buffer un-
acknowledged packets, preserve the transmission order, and
leave the transport layer unchanged, at least theoretically Issues
of concern here are plenty: Shall we add a burden to the base
station for managing the inefficiencies of TCP? 910 P.
Langendo¨rfer, V. Tsaousidis / Computer Communications 27
(2004) 908–913 shall we end up with sophisticated base
stations instead of sophisticated transport protocols? Can
we really resolve all the operational conflicts between TCP
and local protocols, such as the timers? Can we expect that
device heterogeneity—in terms of Functionality and
sophistication—will eclipse in the near future? Since some
level of heterogeneity in terms of protocol version or device
functionality is inevitable, the real question here is whether
it is more appropriate to deal with issues of heterogeneity at the
proxy level or at the transport level. And finally and more
generally, † when we detect an inefficiency at the transport
protocol, such as TCP‘s inefficiency to detect the nature of the
error (i.e. congestion or not), shall we change the network to
deal with the problem or shall we change the protocol itself?
The other category of proposals discusses modifications to
existing protocols, esp. TCP. Some proposals deal with
very specific problems, such as the handoff‘s impact on
TCP‘s performance. A reasonable proposal here is TCP
Freeze. However, there are several proposals that attempt
to deal with a wider range of problems. For example, TCP-
Probing deals with the error Classification prior to recovery
and hence it targets efficiency beyond the handoff procedure.
Similarly, TCP Real attempts to improve the impact of wireless
errors on smoothness, competing with TCP-Westwood. The
desirable behavior of TCP-Real is precisely to
demonstrate efficiency in Non-uniform environments with
wired or wireless networks and delay-sensitive or – tolerant
applications. Receiver-oriented error control incarnates the
property of the receiver to determine with better accuracy the
data delivery rate and the potential level of data loss. This
abrogates the impact of false assessments at the sender due to
lost or delayed acknowledgements. TCP-Real estimates the
level of contention allowing for early measures towards
congestion avoidance, which, in turn, reduces the damaging
transmission gaps. TCP-Westwood relies on bandwidth
estimation to set the slow start threshold and the congestion
window upon three duplicate acknowledgments or timeout. No
specific mechanism exists to support error classification and the
corresponding recovery tactics for wired/wireless networks,
albeit the proposed mechanism appears to be relatively
effective over symmetric wireless links due to its efficient
congestion control. In summary, the framework for potential
improvements is circumscribed by the application requirements
and the Limitations of TCP‘s congestion control. We identify
four distinct subtopics of protocol engineering related with the
convergence of wired/wireless networks.
Additive increase is not efficient when the network dynamics
encompass rapid changes of bandwidth availability. For
example, when short flows that cause congestion complete their
task, bandwidth becomes available. Similarly, when a handoff
is completed in a cellular network, the entire channel‘s
bandwidth becomes available.
Multiplicative decrease causes transmission gaps that hurt the
performance of real-time applications that experience jitter
and degraded good put. Furthermore, multiplicative
decrease with a factor of 1/2 or a window adjustment to
two packets characterizes a rather conservative strategy
Note that multiplicative increase applies also in cases of
wireless errors. Departing from AIMD show that, by
removing a—what can be characterized as a minor technical
flaw, both smoothness and responsiveness of the
algorithm can be improved.
Error detection lacks an appropriate classification module that
would permit a responsive strategy, oriented by the nature of
potential errors. That is, when errors appear to be transient due

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to short-lived flows or random wireless interference,
congestion control mechanisms (i.e. timeout extension and
multiplicative window adjustment) are triggered unduly. The
insufficient error detection/classification may also lead to
unfair bandwidth allocation in mixed wired/wireless networks.
By default, flows that experience wireless errors do not balance
their bandwidth loss with a more aggressive recovery although
such behavior could be justified: flows that experienced no
losses have occupied extra bandwidth at the router temporarily,
when the wireless errors forced some senders to back off. This
situation is discussed as an open issue in Ref. [34].
Source-based decision on the transmission rate, based on the
pace of the acknowledgements, necessarily incorporates the
potentially asymmetric characteristics (e.g. ack delays and/or
losses) of the reverse path, which is common in wireless and
satellite networks. Hence, the sender‘s transmission rate does
not always reflect the capacity of the forward path. This
situation has a direct impact on efficiency since available
bandwidth remains unexploited. In addition to the
wired/wireless convergence, heterogeneity exists also at the
level of bandwidth and capacity. Being designed with persistent
congestion in mind, traditional TCP does not scale well to G-bit
networks and beyond. Congestion itself exhibits different
properties in such networks (i.e. more transient), the amount of
transported data increases rapidly and consequently the amount
of lost data can be in the order of hundreds or P. Langendo¨rfer,
V. Tsaoussidis / Computer Communications 27 (2004) 908–
913 911 thousands of packets, the timeout and RTT-based
transmission does not allow for efficient bandwidth
exploitation, and the ack–clock limits further the
transmission rate. Some mechanisms have been proposed to
improve the performance of the protocol over high-speed
links. Fast TCP attempts to predict the highest data at
which data can be transmitted without losses. XCP appears to
be a promising approach but requires router level assistance.
AIMD-FC on the other hand, relies on‗fixing‘ the details of
original AIMD in order for it to reach an equilibrium faster
and achieve much higher efficiency. The above three
approaches correspond to different fixes but they all
improve the enhancements of TCP to allow communication at
higher rates. We note that it is important to reach a standard
that does not only allow TCP to work well in high-speed
networks but also in low-speed ones. Else, the solution will not
bridge the gap but instead, it may make it worse. New TCPs
therefore, including Fast TCP, should be evaluated from this
perspective as well.
CONCLUSIONS
There is a lot of research going on in different fields with the
aim to diminish the differences between the wired and the
wireless part of the Internet. People are looking at the limited
resources of the wireless devices from the operating systems
viewpoint, from the protocol viewpoint and from the
middleware viewpoint. This clearly indicates that the
integration of the mobile and the fixed Internet is a very
complex task. In addition the question of how protocol and
platform functionality is realized is crucial to what can be
achieved. For example, the use of hardware accelerators
helps to reduce the power consumption dramatically.
The achievements so far are very promising. Despite the
complexity of the task, there already applications available,
which work well, even with the hybrid architecture of the
Wireless Internet. We expect that the number of successful
mobile applications will significantly increase as soon as
handheld devices become more common and a better
coverage with WLAN and 3G networks is provided. From the
technical point of view, there are still several problems to be
solved. On one hand, it appears a natural approach to isolate
these problems and to try to tackle them independently;
applying layer-specific methods. On the other hand, an
integrated approach in which a problem is considered from a
global perspective may lead to a better solution. There are
several groups that follow this approach. In the end, both
methodologies may provide complementary results.
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
BIOGRAPHIES:
A.Siles Balasingh .M.Tech (I.T) .He is
currently working as Lecturer in
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering in St. Joseph College of
Engineering and Technology, Dar Es
Salaam, Tanzania, East Africa. He has 4
publications to his credit. He has guided
more than 20 projects to final year
B.E/B.Tech students with good industry
and teaching experience. His areas of
interest in Computer Networks, Computer
Networks and security, Neural networks
and sBioinformatics Computer Architecture
and Ethical hacking.
N.Surenth M.Tech (I.T) He is currently
working as Lecturer in of Department in
Computer Science and Engineering in St.
Joseph College of Engineering and
Technology, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania,
East Africa. He has guided more than 15
projects to final year B.E/B.Tech students
and his area of interest in Computer
Networks and Artificial Intelligence.

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