The endocrine system3

By: Kenderik Gage Davidson
The Endocrine System
and Associated Hormones

Overview of Endocrine System
The endocrine system is one of the
body’s main systems for
communicating, controlling and
coordinating the body’s work. It
works with the nervous system,
reproductive system, kidneys, gut,
liver, pancreas and fat to help
maintain and control the following:
• body energy levels
• reproduction
• growth and development
• internal balance of body
systems, called homeostasis
• responses to surroundings,
stress and injury
The endocrine system
accomplishes these tasks via a
network of glands and organs
that produce, store, and secrete
certain types of hormones.
Hormones are special chemicals
that move into body fluid after
they are made by one cell or a
group of cells. Different types of
hormones cause different effects
on other cells or tissues of the
body.
http://www.hormone.org/endo101/

Endocrine System Organs
Pineal
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Kidney
Thymus
Pancreas
Ovary
Testes
Click on an organ to learn about it.

Diseases of the Endocrine System
Diabetes
Growth Disorders
Osteoporosis
Pituitary Disorders
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Thyroid Conditions/Disorders
Other Conditions
Click on a Disease to learn about it.

Ovary
• The female gonad, one of a pair of reproductive glands in women. The
ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. Each
ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. The ovaries produce eggs
(ova) and female hormones. During each monthly menstrual cycle, an egg
is released from one ovary. The egg travels from the ovary through a
fallopian tube to the uterus. The ovaries are the main source of female
hormones, which control the development of female body characteristics,
such as the breasts, body shape, and body hair. They also regulate the
menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
www.tumblr.com http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4705

Pituitary Gland
• The main endocrine gland. It is a small structure in
the head. It is called the master gland because it
produces hormones that control other glands and
many body functions including growth. The
pituitary consists of the anterior and posterior
pituitary.
http://emedicalppt.blogspot.com/2011/07/anterior-pituitary-masses-and.html
http://www.neurosurgery.medsch.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=1123&ref=86&action=detai
Prolactinoma

Thyroid
• Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in your
neck, just above your collarbone. It is one of
your endocrine glands, which make hormones.
The thyroid helps set your metabolism - how
your body gets energy from the foods you eat.
http://emedicalppt.blogspot.com/2011/07/anterior-pituitary-masses-and.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroiddiseases.html

Pancreas
• the pancreas is an oblong flattened gland located
deep in the abdomen. Most people don't know as
much about the pancreas as they do about other
parts of their bodies. In fact, this gland is an integral
part of the digestive system that often goes
unnoticed until problems occur.
http://www.lbah.com/word/ferret-adrenal-disease/
http://pathology.jhu.edu/pancreas/BasicOverview1.php?area=ba
www.graphicpulse.com

Thymus Gland
• An organ that is located in the upper chest
behind the breastbone and in front of the lower
neck in which the immune cells called T
lymphocytes mature and multiply in early life.
The thymus begins to shrink after puberty.
http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5775
http://www.tbeeb.net/album/articles.php?id=161

Kidneys
• Filtering the blood is the responsibility of about one million nephrons located
in each kidney. These serve as the primary tool behind your kidney function.
Nephrons use a glomerulus and a tubule to conduct the filtering process.
What this system determines as waste gets flushed out of the kidneys in the
form of urine along with extra water that the body does not need. Waste
products are produced from food and fluid intake as well as normal tissue
breakdown after the body has used what it needs for nutritional
balance, energy, and self-repair. This process of food and tissue breakdown
is known as your metabolism.
http://www.kidneystonestreatment.co/kidney-functions.html
www.allkidney.com

Adrenal Gland
• One of a pair of small glands, each of which sits on top of one of the kidneys. The adrenal
is made up of an outer wall (the cortex) and an inner portion (the medulla).
• The adrenal glands produce hormones that help control the heart rate, blood pressure, the
way the body uses food, and other vital functions. The adrenal cortex secretes steroid
(cortisone-related) hormones and the mineralocortoids that regulate the levels of minerals
such as sodium and potassium in the blood.
http://coachfong.wordpress.com/2010/03/
http://www.ajronline.org/content/181/5/1433/F2.expansion.html

Pineal Gland
• A small gland that is located near the center of
the brain. This gland secretes melatonin, and it
may therefore be part of the body's sleep-
regulation apparatus. Also known as pineal
body.
http://www.celtoslavica.de/bibliothek/electricity.html
radiographics.rsna.org

Parathyroid Gland
• A gland that regulates calcium, located behind the thyroid gland in
the neck. The parathyroid gland secretes a hormone called
parathormone (or parathyrin) that is critical to calcium and
phosphorus metabolism. Although the number of parathyroid glands
can vary, most people have four, one above the other on each side.
They are plastered against the back of the thyroid and therefore at
risk for being accidentally removed during thyroidectomy.
http://www.beliefnet.com/healthandhealing/getcontent.aspx?cid=96738
http://drugline.org/ail/pathography/725/

Hypothalamus Gland
• The area of the brain that secretes substances
that influence pituitary and other gland function
and is involved in the control of body
temperature, hunger, thirst, and other processes
that regulate body equilibrium.
http://brainmadesimple.com/hypothalamus.html
http://www.hdsa.org/research/hdbuzz/hypothalmus.html

Testes
• The male sex gland, located behind the penis in a pouch of
skin called the scrotum. The testes produce and store sperm
and are also the body's main source of male hormones, such
as testosterone. These hormones control the development of
the reproductive organs and other male characteristics, such
as body and facial hair, low voice, and wide shoulders. Also
known as testicle.
http://www.gfmer.ch/selected_images_v2/detail_list.php?cat1=15&cat2=95&cat3=0&c
at4=11&stype=n http://quizlet.com/14950582/general-sono-review-abd-flash-cards/

Diseases: Diabetes
• Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic
diseases characterized by high blood sugar
(glucose) levels that result from defects in
insulin secretion, or its action, or both.
Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as
diabetes (as it will be in this article) was first
identified as a disease associated with
"sweet urine," and excessive muscle loss in
the ancient world. Elevated levels of blood
glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of
glucose into the urine, hence the term sweet
urine.
http://www.hormone.org/endocrine_system_diseases.
cfm

Diseases: Growth Disorders
• Given that the endocrine system regulates
growth processes, endocrine system
diseases often result in growth disorders.
If the body produces too much growth
hormone (GH), gigantism or acromegaly
(gigantism in adults) can occur; too little
growth hormone results a condition called
growth hormone deficiency, or GHD,
which can cause children to grow more
slowly than normal.
cfm

Diseases: Osteoporosis
• Osteoporosis, which occurs in both women and
men (although the former are four times more
likely to develop the disease), is a condition in
which bones become fragile and more likely to
break. This can be the result of many factors
including a decrease in the hormone estrogen
occurring during menopause in women, or a
decrease in testosterone occurring in men as they
age. Because osteoporosis often has no obvious
symptoms, it is often left undiagnosed until the
person affected suffers a broken or fractured bone
during a minor fall.
cfm

Diseases: Pituitary Gland
• A prolactinoma is a benign tumor (called an
adenoma) of the pituitary gland. A prolactinoma
produces an excessive amount of the hormone
prolactin. Prolactin is a natural hormone which
supports a woman's normal lactation
(breastfeeding). Prolactinomas are the most
common type of pituitary tumor. Symptoms of
prolactinoma are caused by pressure of the tumor
on surrounding tissues or by excessive release of
prolactin from the tumor into the blood (causing a
condition known as hyperprolactinemia).
http://www.medicinenet.com/prolactinoma/article.htm#
what_is_a_prolactinoma_pituitary_tumor

Diseases: Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome
• Also referred to as PCOS, polycystic ovary
syndrome is one of the more common endocrine
system diseases, affecting between 7% to 10% of
women aged 15 to 45. PCOS is a condition
associated with symptoms of infrequent or
irregular menstruation, male hormone excess
symptoms like hirsutism (increased and unwanted
hair growth) and acne and difficulty to conceive.
Patients with PCOS can also have multiple egg-
containing cysts on the ovaries. They are higher
risk for metabolic complications like diabetes and
hypertension.
cfm

Diseases: Thyroid Disorders
• Thyroid hormones, hormones produced by
the thyroid gland, influence nearly all of
the body's symptoms. Thyroid problems
include hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid
hormone), hypothyroidism (too little thyroid
hormone), thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer,
and more.
cfm

Diseases: Hypothalamic
Disease
• is a disorder presenting primarily in the
hypothalamus, which may be caused by
damage resulting from malnutrition,
including anorexia and bulimia eating
disorders,[1][2] genetic disorders,
radiation, surgery, head trauma,[3]
lesion,[1] tumour or other physical injury to
the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is
the control center for several endocrine
functions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic_disease

Diseases: Other
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic_disease

Vasopressin
• Created by the hypothalamus, vasopressin
prompts the pituitary gland to release a
hormone that helps maintain blood
pressure and water and electrolyte
balance.
http://www.hormone.org/endocrine_system.cfm

Growth Hormone
• Growth hormone, or GH, is one of the
types of hormones produced by the
pituitary gland (one of the most important
glands in the endocrine system); GH
stimulates growth during childhood and
also stimulates cell reproduction, which
helps adults maintain muscle and bone
mass.

Calcitonin
• Calcitonin, produced by the thyroid
gland, aids in bone construction

Insulin
• Insulin regulates glucose, or sugar
intake, by helping it move from the blood
into cells. It is one of the types of
hormones produced by the pancreas.

Adrenaline
• Produced within the adrenal glands (small
glands located at the top of each kidney),
adrenaline works with noradrenaline to
produce the "fight or flight" response by
increasing the supply of oxygen to the
brain and muscles, dilating the pupils, and
suppressing bodily functions not useful in
an emergency situation (such as
digestion).

Noradrenaline
• Produced within the adrenal glands
(small glands located at the top of each
kidney), adrenaline works with
noradrenaline to produce the "fight or
flight" response by increasing the supply of
oxygen to the brain and muscles, dilating
the pupils, and suppressing bodily
functions not useful in an emergency
situation (such as digestion).

By: Kenderik Gage Davidson
The Endocrine System
and Associated Hormones
THE
END

The endocrine system3

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