The Input Learner Learners Forward Throughout...

The Input Learner Learners Forward Throughout...
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
Input is what drives language acquisition ... Without input, language acquisition cannot happen
because it contains the linguistic information, or data, needed for a learner's second language system
to develop over time (p. 627). ... In order to acquire a language successfully, learners must connect
(or map) a wide range of linguistic forms to their meanings (Barcroft & Wong, p. 635).
The Research Problem The question of what in the input guides learners forward throughout
interlanguage development (Young–Scholten & Piske, 2009) has fueled empirical investigations in
Second Language Acquisition (SLA) for decades. Such interest over the strength of second language
(L2) input gets transpired into a variety of research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ellis, 2002). In contrast, the extent to which input exposure may qualify as "meaningful" has
remained somewhat an under–explored territory until recently . Despite the surge of theoretical (e.g.,
Andersen, 1983) and empirical (e.g., Shirai & Andersen, 1991) research on how meaning gets
encoded through learners' use of L2 forms on the output end, there exist significantly fewer such
studies on the input end. One plausible explanation for this discrepancy is: L2 input is often
assumed to mirror the target language in every way by default, including the discourse contexts and
distributional patterns involved. Whether this holds true empirically, and if so, to what degree, is still
an open question. How does meaning get encoded through L2 forms in the input, and where does
frequency of occurrence come into the picture? More importantly, how might meaning
(in)consistencies in the input and the corresponding frequency effects be gauged collectively? Given
the weight of meaning in determining L2 input strength, I will first review how conception over the
role of meaning in L2 acquisition has evolved over the years, focusing on how it relates to L2 forms
in the input where appropriate. Ultimately, it will be shown that meaning impacts the use of L2
forms at both the local level of morphosyntax, as well as the more global level of discourse
functions. An adequate account
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Definitions Of Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a field of study appeared in the late sixties and early seventies. It is the branch of
linguistics concerned with language use, which deal with the form and meaning of sentences
respectively (Ninio and Snow, 1996, p.9). Hence, pragmatics is usually associated with utterance
and speaker meaning. Some definitions of pragmatics stress different views and perspectives will
help us to understand this field.
Mey (2001), pragmatics is the use of language in human communication as determined by the
conditions of society (p.6). Blum–Kulka and Kasper (1993) are defined that as the study of people's
comprehension and production of linguistic action in context. As for Leech (1983), described
pragmatics as the study of how utterances have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The continental view would also covers broader cognitive notions as the knowledge of situations,
social institutions and cultures among others would be influenced by language. Culpeper and Haugh
(2014) indicated that some issue such as "politeness" can be addressed in both Anglo–American and
the continental views hence it purposes of describing not only some aspects of linguistic structure
but also some aspects of social function and context. Moreover, many of the topics addressed in
both views extracted of three major pragmatic theories: speech acts (Austin, 1962, Searle, 1969–
1975), conversational implicatures (Grice, 1975), and politeness (Brown & Levinson,

Clinician Weaknesses
The purpose of this article is to indicate the important tasks of a clinician and the challenges that
continue in depicting a language disorder compared to a language due to linguistic factors that exist
in a speaker of African American English. One of the biggest issues is differentiating this deficit.
One of the most significant strengths identified in this article is on how many clinicians are skilled
in that they identify language delays or language in children. However, it continues to be
incomprehensible the language differences as compared to the language pathology in children who
do speak AAE. As strength, research says that there has been an increase of AAE features with ages
3 and 5 years old. One of the weaknesses is how clinicians

Bilingual Development : A Perspective From First Language...
Starting Article Summary
The starting point article I chose to focus on for this comparison was 'The Debate on Maturational
Constraints in Bilingual Development: A Perspective from First–Language Attrition' by Monika S.
Schmid. In her study and subsequent article, she wanted to see if there was a correlation between
Second Language Learners (and their age of acquisition) and Native Fluency – in detail, whether or
not they have a maturational constraint in reaching native fluency in grammar, morphology, and the
like.The study compared 20 (German L1) long–term users of their second language (English), 20
advanced immersed second language users (German L2, English L1), and 20 monolingual, native
German speaking controls. The bilingual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Summary of Second Article
The second article I chose to use for this paper was 'Phonological Similarity Judgements in ASL:
Evidence for Maturational Constraints on Phonetic Perception in Sign.'. It was published in Sign
Language & Linguistics, Volume 15, Issue 1 in 2012. The study and article was completed by
Matthew L. Hall, Victor S. Ferreira, and Rachel L. Mayberry. The purpose of this study and its
subsequent article was to look at phonological processing in sign language and how the Age of
Acquisition affects said processing. They looked at previous studies done on how signers (of
American Sign Language) overdiscriminate – overdiscrimination is the ability to realise differences
between two tokens drawn from the same side of the category boundary – and found that the amount
they overdiscriminate depends on their Age of Acquisition.These studies also found that native
signers were less sensitive to 'within–category variation' and that non–native signers and non–
signing participants (now referred to as naive participants) tended to make more within–category
discriminations. These results shows that an earlier Age of Acquisition is linked to the learning of
phonetic categories in sign phonology – something similar to phonetic learning in early spoken
language acquisition. This in turn affects sign recognition and shows that non–native signers and
naive participants usually tend to lean the same way

Basic Models Of Word Retrieval
during treatment caused in the capability to perform parallel semantic judgments on original
semantic tasks.
Theoretical models of naming
Why does training more complex, atypical category items result in generalization to typical items,
while the reverse training procedure which is training less complex an typical items does not affect
production of atypical items?. To clarify the potential mechanisms underlying the effect of typicality
treatment, it is useful to concisely review theoretical models of word retrieval. Majority theoretical
models of naming agree that lexical access can be generally divided into two processes, specifically,
semantic and phonological processes. These models, on the other hand fall along a range when
addressing the details concerning to the relative timing of lexical access. One observation of naming
suggests two chronological components to lexical access, namely lexical selection followed by
phonological encoding (Butterworth, 1989, 1992; Levelt, 1989; Levelt, Roelofs,&Meyer, 1999). A
different observation of naming conjectures that lexical access can have two levels but not certainly
two stages (Dell, 1986; Humphreys, Riddoch, & Quinlan, 1988). Hence, activation of a word during
naming consists of at least two closely interacting levels which are activation of the semantic
representation as well as activation of the phonological form of the target word. Some views also
assume that perhaps an intermediate is activated, namely, lexeme level.

How Language Change Overtime The Human Language
All humans use a language to communicate with other humans. Overtime the human bodies have
been modified to accommodate language. The human body uses 6 organs to accomplish language.
The 6 organs are the lungs, vocal cords, tongue, teeth, lips and nose. Although these 6 organs main
functions are eating and breathing, they have been modified over time to help exercise humans
control during speech production. Linguistics is the study of how language works. Language
changes over time to fit the current population. Creativity is a must in language because it gives us
the freedom to produce and understand new words and sentences as the need arises. However, there
are boundaries within which innovation can occur. The human language is very complex

SLPAnalysis Essay
Cumulative Final
Section 1
An analysis of Aaron's language sample reveals that he may suffer from a language disorder.
According to the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association also known as, ASHA, a
language disorder is defined as "impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written and/or other
symbol systems. The disorder may involve (1) the form of language (phonology, morphology, and
syntax), (2) the content of language (semantics), and/or (3) the function of language in
communication (pragmatics) in any combination (ASHA, 2013)". Aaron appears to have difficulty
elaborating the content of language used as well as his functional use of language in a socially
appropriate manner. "Deficiencies in language can have a profound ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"Phonological disorders in children can result from physical or organic causes or may be functional
in nature ("Phonological disorders in," 2013)". Children with a phonological disorder may
experience a higher risk for reading and writing disabilities. "If left unresolved, phonological
disorders have long–term consequences that may interfere with an individual's future social,
academic, and vocational well–being, largely resulting from persistent, reduced intelligibility of
speech ("Phonological disorders in," 2013)."
Morphological awareness supports a variety of literacy skills, including word identification, reading
fluency, reading comprehension, and spelling. "Increased morphological awareness enables children
to analyze the internal structure of words and decode them more quickly and accurately
("Morphological awareness: Implications," 2013)." Aaron exhibited problems with his
morphological awareness in various spots throughout the language sample. For example Aaron said
"And she felled in the thing", "And the lady sawed her". In these two utterances Aaron has shown a
failure to meet and use the correct past tense morphology. Through intervention the SLP can
influence the use of and knowledge of phonology and morphology on word recognition and
spelling, ultimately increasing one's morphological awareness.
Syntax refers to the rules of word order and word combinations in order to

Importance Of Learning English As A Foreign Language In...
Starting learning English as a foreign language in Vietnam, I was aware of the importance of
acquiring and applying a new language in modern lives. When mastering a new language, especially
a popular one, we can gradually narrow the gaps between people from many nations. However, how
to maximize the effectiveness of language teaching and learning is a simple task. Accordingly, I
wish to learn linguistics, the major that has made me understand learners can successfully acquire a
new language using scientific and social methods.
My first major in Vietnam was English pedagogy, so I had many opportunities to study English from
many Vietnamese teachers. Like other language learners, I struggled with English pronunciation
until the time I experienced linguistic programs in the second year. I began to learn Phonology, the
subject motivated me to do research about pronunciation correction for Vietnamese learners. At that
time, I knew the definitions of voiced and voiceless sounds, which assisted me to recognize the
reason why Vietnamese learners had a lot of difficulties in pronouncing voiceless sounds. In
Vietnamese, most of the phonemes are voiced, even they look the same as in written forms of
English, so we articulate the English voiceless sounds in a way of voiced sounds like in Vietnamese.
This is the reason why we make this mistake very often. Thanks to the time of learning this
subcategory of linguistics, I knew how to correct it consciously and have been improving

The Characteristics Of Grammar And Grammar In The Arabic...
PHONOLOGY AND SYLLABLE
The syllable and grammar for the second era are subject to be studied in commensuration with the
phonology of the Arabic language in a multi–linguistic scenario of community. This is due to the
fact that most of the communications at the regional level are oral by nature. Thus, the features of
grammar and syllable cannot be ignored. It has been identified by Kahn (1976) that a mere
hypothetical word "atkin" is not used and identified in English but without a syllable. The
arrangements of the letters neither assumed later and former use of letters. But, there is a central
place exists in few words; such as, "Caltex". Because of this, such types of words are not found
easily in the English literature because of the placement and arrangements of the letters in the word.
The next matter of consideration is the segmental phonology rules; assimilation, length,
neutralization, affrication, use of consonant and vowels. These rules are considered in alignment
with the syllables of the word. A Syllable can use the segmental phonology rules; thus, the element
of pharyngealization is observed rather than the use of other rules and practices. Moreover, the
elements of rules are determined through the use of various functions; hence, there is obstruent exist
in English which are the factors talk about the placement of the letter or the word. Lastly, the
element of oral use and breaks of words is assumed as the innate centrifugal phenomenon of Arabic
language in

Importance Of Foreign Language Essay
Knowledge of foreign language has recently turned into necessary to people to feel comfortable in
the increasingly diverse global community. Also, while studying another language people study the
culture of that country that makes the view of the person wider and gives additional development to
the person. Because to study another language and culture gives one the powerful key to successful
communication: knowing how, when, and why to say what to whom. Now every country tries to
provide studying second language at schools. So, there are many reasons for studying a foreign
language including academic, professional, and personal. As for academic studying a foreign
language can improve cognitive and critical thinking abilities. Knowledge of a foreign language
gives an advantage in every career. Foreign language study provides the ability to gain an
understanding of the country's trading partners. Many multinational corporations and
nongovernmental organizations need people with foreign language abilities. Learning a language is
not just learning about its pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, it is learning to see the world as
the other culture sees it. To study a language well, the teacher must have professional skills and have
perfect knowledge in language. Also, it is important to involve students in studying and to make the
subject interesting. For language teacher is obligatory to be a good trainer in speaking and writing
and know how to make his lessons easy for

Stylistics By Robert Frost
STYLISTIC ANALYSIS IN POEM ENTITLED
"STOPPING BY WOODS ON A SNOWY EVENING"
BY ROBERT
I. Introduction
The word stylistics is derived from style. Stylistics is a branch of Linguistics which deals
with different styles. It refers to the study of appropriate use of words or language in a sentence
or writing. Widdowson (1975, p 3) defines stylistics as the study of literary discourse from a
linguistic orientation‖. He added by saying that stylistics is the link between literary criticism and
linguistics. And has (as yet at least) no independent branch of its own. He also says that stylistics
involves both literary criticism and linguistics, as its morphological construction suggests: the
'style' is relating it to the former or shape and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The writer's style
affects the manners how it is interpreted. Style also depicts writer's personality. The style of
Robert Frost in his poem is being observed in this study.
Materials and Methods
I.1 Materials
The material was taken in Robert Frost's poem entitled "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy
Evening". Robert Frost (1874–1964) Robert Frost, an American poet, was born in San Francisco,

California. He is a well–known modern poet. He is generally regarded as a poet, teacher, and a
man of wisdom. He had a profound knowledge of literature, history, science and philosophy.
Frost is a philosophical poet from the start.
His aim was not writing poems for charming rustic but philosophical anxiety, stoical sadness
which were obvious in his later work. Philosophical poetry deals with questions about life, death
and man's destiny in the universe. Frost also raises such questions though his answers are
vague
and often equivocal (Khan, Raffique and Saddique, 2014). "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy
Evening" is a poem written in 1922 by Robert Frost, and published in 1923 in his

Language Essay In English
Language is the way humans communicate with eachother. Most of us use it verbally, many use it in
writing and other use sign language in order to communicate. Language is part of almost everything
amongst us, we read it or hear it on a daily basis. If we are driving we read signs on the road, when
we buy stuff we read labels and we could not read without knowing the language, and when we
speak we also use language. But language does not stand alone, linguistics is a huge part of it. In my
opinion, linguistics is by far one of the most intriguing subjects and classes I have ever taken before.
I believe it is a subject everyone seems to be familiar with, yet not really aware of how and why we
know the gist of it. Linguistics is the scientific study of human language and its structure, we study
language because it teaches us how to communicate with others. Language is everywhere and part
of our everyday lives, we use language to communicate with everyone around us. For many
communication is vital as part of our jobs and for others it is a form of expression. Language is
something that can make us feel wonderful and happy, if someone compliments you, it makes you
feel good, but it is also something that can be used to hurt and make people cry, it is a powerful tool
humans have. Language whether it be verbal or not has meaning and we must know the basics in
order to communicate effectively. In linguistics we learn about the different perspective of language
and the different

Difference Between Language And Linguistics
INTRODUCTION
Although language and linguistics have differences, they interact with each other via significance,
influence and implications shared through language teaching.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language which is composed of sound and speech sound, and is
concerned with how language is structured, how language is changed, how people use the language
and what they must know in order to do so. In the 19th century, the focus of linguistics was more
about writing than speaking, however in the 20th century, the focus was initially on the primary
sound, and furthermore on the superficial nature of writing. Many features are related to modern
linguistics, which range from physical properties of sound waves in utterances, to the intentions
speaker have towards conversation with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Language is as it is because of the functions in which it has evolved in the human species" (Halliday
& Matthiessen, 2004)
5. Communicative competence
Communicative competence is described as grammatical understanding of the perfect language, and
does not relate to the authentic use of language in actual circumstances. Communicative competence
emphasises the context in which utterance transpires, and the skill to accomplish a range of speech
acts. Four main components include:
5.1. Possibility – ability to produce grammatical sentences; related to whether something is officially
possible or not. An open, knowledgeable and experienced speaker understands the sentence me go
sleep now contravenes the grammatical rules, while I am going to sleep now does not (Cook, 2003)
5.2. Feasibility – ability to produce sentences which can be decoded by human brain; related to
whether something is achievable or not. Feasibility refers to "a psychological concept concerned
with limitation to what can be processed by the

A Brief Introduction to Methods of Word Formation in English
A Brief Introduction to Methods of Word Formation in English
I. Introduction Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly
broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language
in context. The earliest known activities in descriptive linguistics have been attributed to Panini
around 500 BCE, with his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi. The first subfield of linguistics is the
study of language structure, or grammar. This focuses on the system of ruled followed by the users
of a language. It includes the study of morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax
(the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words), and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many other examples of back–formation in the English language.
3. Acronym An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial components in a phrase or a
word. These components may be individual letters (as in CEO) or parts of words (as in Benelux and
Ameslan). There is no universal agreement on the precise definition of various names for such
abbreviations nor on written usage. In English and most other languages, such abbreviations
historically had limited use, but they became much more common in the 20th century. Acronyms are
a type of word formation process, and they are viewed as a subtype of blending. There are many
different types of the word–formation process acronym. Here are several pairs of them.
(1) Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters, like the followings.
AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Scuba: self–contained underwater breathing apparatus
Laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
(2) Pronounced as a word, containing non–initial letters
Amphetamine: alpha–mehyl–phenethylamine
Interpol: International Criminal Police Organization
Nabisco: National Biscuit Company
(3)Pronounced as a word, containing a mixture of initial and non–initial letters
Necco: New England Confectionery Company
Radar: radio detection and ranging
4. Clipping In linguistics, clipping is the

Great Gatsby Dialectical Journal
1. Augmented– "becoming larger in size or value." ...."and my small earnings from the flocked were
only a little augmented by my mornings' work at the rectory and occasional service at the Hall,
when they needed extra hands. 2. Vexation– "being annoyed, frustrated, or worried." "I felt my face
flush, and my vexation at blushing just made my cheeks and throat burn all the hotter." 3. Ague–
"fever or shivering fit." "All this day I have felt a grudging of ague, and now it rises and my head
pounds, and I do feel a most dreadful ache probing at my bones." 4. Loamy– "soil composed of a
mixture of sand, clay, slit, and organic matter. "Our village has a fair prospect, and that morn the air
was rich with summer's loamy fragrance." 5. Clough– "a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I do not blame the Bradfords for leaving at all. The Bradford family was clearly "above" everyone
else in town in their station, and could do whatever they felt like they wanted to do . If a plague like
this broke out today, where there was no cure, I would be hard–pressed to stay in my own home and
not try everything I could to keep my family safe. 5. I don't really think that he could have
persuaded the whole town to quarantine if his basis was self–loathing. Because the fact that he got
the ex–minister to help him convince the people that it was the right way to go. I do think he was
acting in everyone's best interests, it was the grave–digging and bedside sitting and not stopping for
rest that was his self–loathing taking over. 6. The men in the novel, other than Michael and young
Brand, really came across as undesirable. We heard how they worked, drank, and got their wives
pregnant, and that was about it. However, I think that a lot of that strength that the women had was
realistic, because they got their strength from the things that they went through. However, if I was in
that time and place, I would not be able to marry any of those men because of all their bad qualities.
Anna becomes so strong and independent when she realizes that men come and go, but her strength
is what will last a life

Textual Analysis Of The Movie Arrival
In Denis Villeneuve's science fiction movie Arrival, twelve extraterrestrials ships descend upon
earth and spread–out among various locations with unclear intentions, causing worldwide panic.
This film's theme was much more than your average space alien invasion, it depicts the importance
of properly understanding a language and how it can be influenced by cultural, political and even
personal differences. Without considering the culture behind the language, people will often project
their own biases. The linguist Louise Banks, played by actress Amy Adams, demonstrations how
easily misunderstandings can happen if a translation is made incorrectly and no cultural influence is
considered.
Most people think of linguists as polyglots or someone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Linguistics has been broken down into several sub–categories including phonetics, phonology,
morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
Diplomacy has always involved communication with other nations, we would anticipate that it
would work the same with an alien species. Arrival's aliens are massive seven–legged creatures that
humans named heptapods. In the film, the linguist Louise learns that heptapods use non–linear
orthography. "Their written language is circular, time does not have a direction. Many human
cultures conceive time differently. The Chinese tend to think of time running from top to bottom, as
opposed Western cultures that tend to think of time running left to right" (Hooper).
Communication is vital in today's society. Language and culture are referred to regularly on a day to
day basis. America is the melting pot of the world and being able to recognize the significance
cross–cultural dialogue is imperative to our growth as a civilization and in world diplomacy.
"Learning a language without the cultural framework in which it exists is like cooking ethnic food
without the spices of the region. You simply will remove all of the flavor from the language" (The
Importance of Culture Language). When comparing mankind's encounter with another species to the
personal interactions of different ethnicities and cultures shows how easily discussions can be
misinterpreted, potentially leading to hostile

Use Of Linguistics In Linguistics
Use of Linguistics in ELT
Linguistics is a scientific study of language, because it shares with other sciences a concern to be
objective, systematic, consistent and explicit in its account of language. Like other sciences it aims
to collect data, test hypotheses, subject matter, however, is unique. At one extreme it overlaps with
such hand sciences as physics and anatomy, at the other, it involves such traditional arts subjects as
philosophy and literary criticism.
The field of linguistics includes both science and the humanities, and offers a breadth of coverage
that for many aspiring students of the subject is the primary source its appeal. Linguistics is the
science of a language system. It is a modern science which deals with the mechanism of languages.
A language teacher has to teach his students how to use language. If he gets an insight into the
mechanism of the language that he is teaching, he can do his duty with confidence and efficiency.
He will do his duty better than one who does not know its mechanism.
Applied linguistics is a branch of linguistics where the primary concern is the application of
linguistic theories, methods and findings to the elucidation of language problems, ... Show more
Language was studied on a systematic basis in ancient India and other countries also. These studies
established the foundation for subsequent developments. Some of the ideas and methods of these
traditional schools are discussed briefly, as this will help us understand the growth of modern
linguistics. There were many significant developments in the nineteenth century which prepared the
way for the growth of modern linguistics in the twentieth century. As a result of exposure to other
linguistic traditions during the colonial era, there was a great deal of interest in historical and
comparative study of

The Acquisition Of Language And The Critical Period
The Acquisition of Language and the Critical Period What is a critical period? It is a period in which
a certain skill is believed to be most easily acquired, but is there one for the acquisition of language?
The case study, "The Linguistic Development of Genie" (Curtiss, et al 1974) and paper
"Maturational Constraints on Language Learning"(Newport, 1990) implicates that the theory of the
critical period can apply for acquisition of language. The case study of Genie demonstrates an
unfortunate but unique in which the hypothesized critical period for language acquisition was
missed. It was hypothesized that Genie would not be able to acquire language at the age of 13
having grown past the critical period for language acquisition. The knowledge of Genie's linguistic
input is not known, it is only known that her father was intolerant of any noise made by her. This
case studies Genie and how she progresses in terms of linguistic development. In the case of
maturational constraints on language development, American Sign Language (ASL) users were used
to study maturational constraints to explain the acquisition of language. The paper argues that the
age of first exposure is vital to the development of language. The experiments test American Sign
Language users with varying ages of first exposure but with equal amounts of experience,
specifically 30 or more years of experience. The tests dealt with basic word order, the agreement
between subject, object, and verb, use of verbal

No Need For The Lex Syn Parameter
No Need for the Lex–Syn Parameter: The Case of Reflexivization
Reinhart and Siloni (2005; R&S hereafter) claim that two distinct patterns are observed across
languages regarding reflexivization; and this crosslinguistic variation, according to R&S, can be
attributed to the setting of the Lex(icon)–Syn(tax) Parameter in each language, which determines
whether arity operations like reflexivization should apply in the lexicon or in the syntax.
Specifically, according to R&S, in languages like English where the parameter is set to "lexicon",
reflexivization of ECM verbs or of a dative argument is prohibited while nominalization of reflexive
verbs is allowed. This is shown in (1), (2), and (3), respectively.
(1) *John considers intelligent. (Intended: 'John considers himself intelligent.')
(2) *John sent a letter. (Intended: 'John sent a letter to himself.')
(3) She dresses slowly because she is an elegant dresser. (R&S, 410, (48a))
On the other hand, in languages like French where the parameter is set to "syntax", the reverse
patterns may be observed as shown in (4), (5), and (6).
(4) Jean
Jean
se
SE
considère considers intelligent. intelligent (R&S, 394, (9b))
'Jean considers himself intelligent.'
(5) Jean
Jean
s'est
SE is envoyé sent une a lettre. letter
(R&S, 411, (51b))
'Jean sent a letter to himself.'
(6) Jean
Jean
est is un an excellent excellent habilleur/maquilleur. (R&S, 410, (48b)) dresser/"makeup–er" (of
others only)
In short, R&S's claim is that reflexivization is a

Saussure's System For Evaluating Linguistics Essay
In "Course in General Linguistics", Saussure does two things to develop his system for evaluating
linguistics: he chooses language as his linguistic object and he only incorporates factors into his
model that can be said to be true of all languages over all time. The net result is a very high level
and flexible classification structure, which is more intent on making a developmental framework for
evaluating linguistics than necessarily providing tremendous insight into it's more concrete aspects:
rudiments like structure, meaning, morphology, syntax, or phonology.
Others, including Levi– Strauss in "Structural Anthropology", have used
Saussure's methodology to develop their own models for study in different aspects of human society.
But ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But I feel he still needed to explicitly say it: 'that despite all the differences between languages, I
have identified these invariants to be true over all time, and I believe this is because of certain
specific commonalities between all humans, particularly the human desire to create and maintain an
effective and convenient system for communicating ideas with one another.' Levi–Strauss' additional
step provides a sense of completeness to the process; that is to say that the last step provides the
'why' and 'what' while Saussure's method provides the 'how'.
Incorporating the Levi–Strauss step gives us a new line of thought to ponder: engineering and
design. Going through the steps: "Structural Anthropology" first hypothesizes that myths exist to
provide people with anecdotes to help explain the unanswerable questions of their society such as
life versus death or love, etc. Then Levi–
Strauss applies Saussure's method, designating a mythological object, in this case the myth itself,
and then determining a set of invariants true to all myths. The most interesting of these invariants is
the use of categories to deconstruct the events of a story into specific event types, which are
common across all myths. And finally, Levi– Strauss uses his myth decomposition to draw
conclusions about the myth's moral and, by extension, the society that uses this myth.
This

Rap Language Analysis
In terms of the rap song, language is said to be productive because every time you open your mouth
to speak, it's a new set of things. Kanye West's rap song is not simply a repetition of what's already
been said, rather, he created his own way to express what he wanted to say. This being said,
productivity in terms of the learning theory of language does not necessarily apply in terms of rules.
One must follow the rules of language while expressing themselves so that other people are able to
understand and get their message. While Kanye West is creating his own words, he does so in a way
that follows the rules for his audience's enjoyment. 2. List the FOUR (not the fifth excluded one)
components of language and briefly describe each component. [On an exam I may ask for only
TWO specific components] The four components of language are semantics, phonology,
morphology and syntax. Semantics refers to the fact that words are meaningful, symbolizing
something in the real world. Phonology, morphology and syntax, however, refers to the rules of
language; phonology being the rules for combining sounds, morphology being the rules for
combining sounds to form words and syntax being the rules for combining words to form sentences.
Having all four components enables communication to exist. 3. Explain what is meant by children
being able to discriminate their own native language early in life. [Tip: relate to the 'universe of
humanly producible sounds' as presented in class.] Children

The Problem Of English Language Learners
Due to the ESOL population rapidly increasing within the public school population, teachers will
encounter children speaking a home language other than English in nearly every classroom and we,
as teachers must be adequately prepared to assist them in reaching their fullest potential. "Many
students today struggle to meet high academic standards, but ELLs have the added complexity of
having to learn and use high–level academic English as they study challenging content in a new
language (Echevarria, 2008)." English Language Learners come from diverse backgrounds and enter
our classrooms speaking numerous languages. In order to become well prepared to educate these
students, the following domains must be concentrated on: Culture (Cross–Cultural
Communications), Language and Literacy (Applied Linguistics), Methods of Teaching English to
Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL), ESOL Curriculum and Materials Development, and
Assessment (ESOL Testing and Evaluation). Putting these topics at the forefront is sure to assist all
English Language Learners in reaching academic success.
Domain 1: Culture (Cross–Cultural Communications)
Becoming knowledgeable about an English Language Learners' language and cultural norms along
with building partnerships with families is the utmost importance. When a young child is submerged
into a new school environment and culture, the worst that can happen is the child losing sense of self
and identity of their own culture. For this reason, I have

English Language Learners Paper
Introduction
This paper will describe my learning experiences working with English Language Learners (ELL)
who were in the first grade; the students' age ranges were from 6 to 8 years old. The students
attended an elementary school that provided a curriculum specifically to fit their learning needs; the
school develops lessons from an English only model. Restrepo & Gray (2007) suggested that
English only models allow ELL students to learn lessons only in English with teacher's aids or
paraprofessionals offering occasional support to them in their native language. During my learning
experience, I will note that the classroom teacher selected various materials to demonstrate the
learning activities to students. I will create lesson plans visible ... Show more content on
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I will discuss the day's learning objectives and with the students. According to Seifert (2017), when
teachers have aims in mind, they are able to write more detailed lesson plans with variations to the
lesson. I will also discuss with students the next learning experience, which will be Science. The
activity will include the life cycle of flying bats. I will initially use a flip chart to write down words
the students sang during their "brain break." I will write down bat, dip, pad, and tub. Then, I will ask
students to look at my mouth as I sound out each word. After that, students will be asked to raise
their hands and come to the flip chart to point out the word once I call them. I will make anecdotal
notes of students who participated or not; students who will not participate I will make observation
if the students failed to participate because of lack of understanding or disengaged. Further, I will
prompt and reassure to make model sounds to pronounce the words. I will orally model sounds of
the words with deep expression on the beginning and ending sounds. Teachers who work with ELL
students must receive in–depth training in attempt to understand the significance of modeling tasks
for students (Goldenberg,

Importance And Importance Of Linguistics
What is linguistics ? Linguistics known as the study of language and its structure .also it is include
the study of syntax, grammar, and phonetics. linguistics division to sociolinguistics, dialectology,
psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, structural linguistics and comparative linguistics,.
Linguistics have many elements such as  phonetics: it is the study of the speech sound  syntax: it
is the study of grammatical sentences in a language.  morphology : it is the study of the words
formation  semantics: it is the study of meaning words meaning  Pragmatics: it is the study of
language use. In this research I will talk about phonetics , morphology and syntax but first,
phoneticsis a system of symbols that present all the sounds in ... Show more content on
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Auditory phonetics: the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds(Brogan 1570–1980.
Baltimore, 1981.) by the listener or (the study of hearing and the perception of speech sounds)
Phonetics deals with production ,transmission and received of all human speech sounds in general
with no particular reference to any one language. why is the phonetics is important because it give a
true description of English sounds and how they are made also it is point the mistakes in learners
pronunciation and help them learn the correct pronunciation. On the other hand; there are many
sounds of English from those of the mother tongue. The English language sounds divided into two
main streams, first, consonants it is a sound that is articulate with complete closure of the air steam
by constructional of speech organs . there are 24 consonants in English language. There are six
plosive consonants in English language these are the sounds formed by means of a complete closure
of the air passage, which is afterwards released suddenly these are given as followed p in pen b in
bet, t in tea, d in dress, k in kind, g in

Ambiguistic Role Of Semantics
MODE OF INDISTINCTNESS IN SEMANTICS Abstract Language is a mode of communication
which helps us to converse with each other. Linguistics is the base to scientifically learn the
language. Grammar also has main role in learning a language. Semantics is one of the types of
Linguistics that deals with the study of words and its meaning. By using a word having same
structure it causes Ambiguity (indistinctness) in some place. If a word gives more than one meaning
it is called Ambiguous. This manuscript deals with the types of Ambiguities in Semantics.
Introduction
"A Scientific analysis of Language is carried out systematically ... Show more content on
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M.Breal is credited with coining the word semantics in his "Essai de Semantique" (1897) 'as a name
for Philosophical enquires'. In 1894, the English word "semantics" occurred in a paper presented to
the American Philosophical Association: " Reflected Meaning: a point in Semantics". In 1996
A.J.Greimas produced "Structural Semantics" which viewed semantics as an exploration of
signification anchored in the world, perceived through senses. Halliday nevertheless feels that "A
Language is a system for making meanings, a semantic system, with other systems for encoding the
meanings it produces. The term 'semantics' doesn't merely refer to the gist of words; it is the intact
practice of meaning of a language, uttered by Grammar as well as by Vocabulary. Semantics as a
branch of Linguistics is mainly concerned with how the "meaning" is conveyed by the Linguistic
system consisting of different units and structure like Sentences, Phrases, Words, and Morphemes
etc. Philosopher study Semantics to understand 'good' 'evil' 'right' 'wrong' etc. In term the approach
of the Philosophers is also made use of by Linguistics. Anthropologists study semantics to
understand the cultural and behavioral patterns reflected in Language. The Psychologists look at
semantics from the point of view stimulus and response, signs and signified

Differences Between Formalist And Functionalist Stylistics
The Comparison and Contrast between Formalist and Functionalist Stylistics There are several
differences way how formalist and functionalist analyze a text. The formalists consist of Roman
Jakobson's poetic function of language, Viktor Shklovsky's defamiliarisation and Vladimir Propp's
the morphology of the folktale. Besides, the functionalist consists of Halliday with his tripartite
functions (ideational, interpersonal, and textual). Both differences will explain below. The first part
will flesh out about formalist stylistics. Russian Formalism is known at the beginning of the
twentieth century as the great impact on the contemporary stylistics. There are two famous schools
which claim founding the Russian formalism movement. They are ... Show more content on
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Functionalist is not only concerning the text, but it is also interested in the role that context play in
the process of meaning making. So, there are gradual movements from text to context, from form to
function, from semantics to pragmatics and from logic to rhetoric. In Halliday in Routledge
(2014:46), Halliday observes that language has tripartite function which can be broken down into
three interconnecting 'metafunctions'. They are ideational (to express ideas and experience (clause as
representation)), interpersonal (to mediate in the establishment of social relationship(clause as
exchange)), textual (to provide the formal properties of language(clause as message)). These three
metafunctions are good when these are used all of the in any study of text. Cohesion is the part of
textual metafunction which refers to the way in which sentences are linked together in order to make
sense. There are several cohesion devices which are able to tie together semantically such as
conjunction, ellipsis, substitution and reference. These features of cohesion have function to cohere
between the message and the language so that the readers are not

Huckleberry Finn Context
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain has been my primary source in order to
analyze its form and context as we processed phonology, morphology, semantics, and
syntax/pragmatics. While we were focusing on these topics, there was also research being performed
on a language partner. As stated before in earlier submissions, each of these topics focus on a
specific aspects that are constantly used as readers are reading and/or completing written works. It is
essential that each and every reader is correctly performing each aspect in order to properly speak
and comprehend the standard form of English. This is especially important since we were working
with an English Language Learner (ELL) and determining whether they too are successfully ...
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Also, it is important to note the difference of formal (rhetorical) versus informal (discourse) which
can also change the meaning of the context between the characters within the text. An example of
this can be when focusing on a situational pragmatics in which relationships are being made
prominent by the words being used. Within the text, Huck does not have the best relationship with
the widow's sister Miss Watson. When Huck describes the environment as he is working with Miss
Watson, this is a distinct change in the way in which the text is written, allowing the reader to
understand that Huck is not comfortable with the old

Characteristics Of Lingustics
Lingustics is by far one of the most intriguing subjects and classes I have ever taken before. In my
opinion, it is a subject everyone seems to be familiar with, yet not really aware of how and why we
know the gist of it. Lingustics is the scientific study of human language and its structure, we study
language because it teaches us how to communicate with others. Language is everywhere and part
of our everyday lives, we use language to communicate with everyone around us. For many
communication is vital as part of our jobs and for others it is a form of expression. Language is
something that can make us feel good and happy, if someone compliments you, it makes you feel
good, but it is also something that can be used to hurt and make people cry, it is a powerful tool
humans have. Language whether it be verbal or not has meaning and we must know the basics in
order to communicate effectively. In lingustics we learn about the different perspective of language
and the different aspects that language is made up of, including phonetics, phonology morphology,
and syntax. Morphology and morphemes are what we know as the sounds of language, morphology
are what we know as words and synatx are the sentences that compose our language. There is a lot
more to language than what the common person knows, language and the way we speak it all has
meaning behind it. I believe that to know and be able to speak any language is a privilege and for
those who are bilingual and get to experience it

Stylistics And Sttylistics In The Hunger Games By Thomas...
1. Introduction
Linguistics according to Merriam Webster dictionary," is the study of human speech including the
units, nature, structure and modification of language". (Merriam–Webster dictionary, 1828)
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with studying the style used in a text
especially in literary works. Stylistics which also called literary linguistics and it is a branch of
applied linguistics. The aim of stylistics is to show the functional significance for the interpretation
of the text or to show that these literary effects used are related to linguistics causes. ( Nordquist,
2016, para.1)
And according to Oxford Living Dictionaries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
... is the common theme between the two novels, the study purpose here is to show how both writers
define the heroines through the adjectives, nouns and verbs used.
In "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" by Thomas Hardy and "The Hunger Games" by Suzanne Collins both
writers represent the heroines in different ways and this will appear through the adjectives, nouns
and verbs used by using qualitative and quantitative study by using corpus.
1.2 Objective of the study
The objective of the study is to know how Suzanne Collins in "The Hunger Games" and Thomas
Hardy in "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" are describing their heroines. Through stylistics which is the
study of the style and through the corpus linguistics which gives frequencies proving that the two
writers are not using the same adjectives, nouns and verbs to describe their protagonists, although
the two protagonists are poor suffering women but Suzanne describes her heroine using adjectives,
nouns and verbs showing its strong personality unlike Thomas who used adjective, nouns and verbs
describing his weak and naive heroine.
1.3 Review of Literature
1.4 Theoretical

Language Sample Analysis Child 's Name
Rebecca Mirakova Language Sample Analysis Child's Name:
N (female) Child's Date of Birth: June 12, 2009 Child's Date of Evaluation: 09/12/2014 Child's
Chronological Age/Sex: 63 months Child's Primary Language: Russian Language of Evaluation:
English Name of Student Evaluator: Rebecca Mirakova
PERTINENT BACKGROUND INFORMATION N is my neighbor, who is 63 months old. She has
two older siblings, Rachel and David. N 's parents are from Russia, so she has been exposed to both
the Russian and the English languages. She communicates with her parents in Russian, and speaks
in English with everyone else. Even though her parents speak English, they want N to learn Russian.
As a result they speak to her only in Russian. She is currently attending ... Show more content on
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TESTS ADMINISTERED Language Sample MLU development chart by Brown (1973) Speech and
Language Milestone Chart by PRO–ED Inc. (1999) Phonological processes by Puccini (2001)
Articulation development chart. Sanders, J. (1972).
INFORMAL TEST RESULTS Morphology Morphology discusses the rules that govern the use of
morphemes. N 's MLU came out to be 5.3, this MLU signifies a typical developing child. According
to Brown (1973) Language Sample Development, she falls under the stage V+, which is the average
level for a child within 47 months and above. N has good use in both bound and free morphemes.
She particularly utilized a substantial amount of bound morphemes such as the"ing"and third person
regular "s". For example in utterance number three, I asked N what animals she enjoyed seeing at
the zoo, she responded "da seal show was the best /deI/ woe jumping in the water. From that
sentence we see how N used the "ing" in jumping. In utterance number forty two we see how N
correctly used the third person regular "s" when I asked N if her brother David plays with her she
responded "no, no he plays with his fwends". In that response we see how N used the correct
grammatical marker, the third person regular "s". "She was also able to produce plural words such as
"books" and "friends" She was able to differentiate between past and present tense for example, in
utterance number three N said

The Complexity Of Language Acquisition Analyzed By...
Title: Linguistics, the complexity of language acquisition analyzed by contrasting theories.
Question: How does Linguistic methodologies try to explain the grasp of language by age range,
slips of tongue and the classic debate of nature vs. nurture.
Language is the number one universal way of communication. There are about 5000 to 7000
languages currently in use in the world. Humans learn to communicate to survive and exist with
other humans, but how does this process occur? Is a child predisposed to learn any form of
language, or must a child be taught through reinforcements? These questions reflect the theory of
nature vs. nurture or how linguistics might view this as Chomsky vs. Skinner. Linguists observe
language and explain the nature ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the age range of basic language acquisition is around 0–5 years old, it is essential for a child to
learn at these stages. A child's brain in the early stages is like sponges, ready to soak up information
about language. They are still learning grammatical concepts so at the age of 2 years old, a child is
still in the flat way of speaking. Language is still a extensive cognitive demand on the brain so a
child's brain still needs time and guidance to develop. This was learned through Berko's experiment,
which was conducted by Jean Berko a linguistic from Harvard. Prior to this experiment, studies on
child language acquisition was not studied on a huge scale as it is now, so Berko opened the door to
language acquisition with her Wug test in which Wug is [[Wugs]], X= X. With her experiment she
was able to prove that children understand morphology rather than just adding words onto an
extensive vocabulary list. This experiment took place in 1958 at Harvard and she tested children
within the age range of four and seven. This test was created to see if children really understood the
rules of morphemes and English grammatical rules. She wanted to see if the kids could apply rules
of the English language upon words they never heard before. The

Ashlyfive point linguistic star Essay examples
Five–Point Linguistic Star: A Linguistic Approach Ashly Paul
Grand Canyon University: ESL–533
Wednesday 17th September 2014
Five–Point Linguistic Star: A Linguistic Approach We've allowed a natural approach to language
instruction to dominate our schools, hoping our English learners "will just figure it out." (SCOE,
2009) This approach suggested by Kevin Clark proposes that teachers explicitly teach ELL by
giving them a set of skills. Teacher will have to teach students not just vocabulary, but the sound
system of language, the words and their word parts and meanings, and also rules for structuring
sentences grammatically. Teaching students from this perspective can support a deeper
understanding of the language. When the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If teachers have prior knowledge of the subparts of the English language, as well as knowledge of
the diverse cultures he/she is instructing can help the teacher create and blend a comprehensive and
student–inclusive lesson plan and curriculum. Prior knowledge influences how the teacher and
students interact with the learning materials as both individuals and a group. (Kujawa and Huske,
1995) Prior knowledge assists in segue of appropriate instruction and retention, because it is a
foundation from which to build from and facilitates the idea of making sense of the educational
experience.
As the students are learning from the linguistic perspective, especially under syntax and semantics,
students would be primed for grammatical instruction, also. As they learn how, where and when to
use appropriate vocabulary, I will insert instruction on main grammatical principles and rules and
branch off into further instruction where applicable. I would try to make sound non–confusing
connections with the native language grammatical principles, so there is a prior knowledge
foundation established in that arena as well. I would also have a grammar day in the middle of the
week to review prior concepts and morph new grammar lessons into the lesson plan and utilize
formative assessment

What Is The Difference Between Phonetics And Phonology
English linguistics has many specialties. Whereas semantics about sentence interpretation and
syntax is about sentence formation, phonetics and phonology cover the field of sentence utterance.
Phonetics is concerned with how the sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived whereas
phonology is concerned with how sounds function in relation to each other in a language. In what
follows we will discuss the meaning of both phonetics and phonology and show the difference
between them in detail. Phonetics can be describe as the study of the minimal units that make up a
language, and it is also a branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of speech and their
combination, production, description, and representation by written symbols– ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The similarity between them is that they are both a branches of linguistics and the two is dealing
with the sounds structure and human speech sounds. Moreover, they are used in language
development, mostly in development of transcription and orthography, and it also said that
phonology begins from where phonetics ends which means that phonology is a continuation of
phonetics. Therefore, without one the other cannot exist. So when we move to the difference
between them what will be found is that Phonetics is the term that for the description and
classification of speech sounds whereas Phonology is the term used for the study of the speech
sounds that is used in a particular

The Hollow Men Stylistics
1. Introduction This paper deals with a stylistic analysis of Eliot's poem 'The Hollow Men'. What are
the stylistic featuresexploited by Eliot to make his poem more expressive is the main problem that
this study tries to investigate. It aims to explore ways in which language use has been integrated in
the selected poems. It is also aimed at analyzing some of the distinctive features that give the
selected poem their identity. To fulfill the aim of the study, it hypothesizes that Eliot exploits certain
linguistic deviations as an essential way to make his poem more expressive. So as to examine the
proposed hypothesis, certain representative examples have been chosen from the poem for the sake
of analysis. Some stylistic features are investigated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We normally study style because we want to explain something, and in general, literary stylistics has
the goal of explaining the relation between language and artistic function (Leech and Short, 1981:
13).Short and Candlin (1989: 183) view stylistics as a linguistic approach to the study of the literary
texts. It thus embodies one essential part of the general course; that of combining language and
literary study. Stylistics, the study of the devices in languages such as rhetorical figures and
syntactical patterns that are considered to produce expressive or literary style. Haynes (1989: 3)
refers to style as the manner of expression which is different in various contexts. It is defined
depending on one's field of study.Style as deviation from the norm, Language is a behavior
governed by rules and norms. When something is done in a quite different way from how it is
usually done, then that is said to be a deviation from the norm. This is achieved by reconstruction
from the structural resource of language to extend the frontiers of current usages.This concept is
most common at both the lexical and the syntactic level and used mostly for effective

Grammar, History, Development And Prescriptive Grammar
Introduction Do you think grammar is important? Do you know the function of grammar? Can you
imagine living a life without grammar? Grammar is a set of rules for language. In this chapter, we
will cover general ideas of grammar, including the definition, history, development, syntax, and how
learners learn grammar. 3.1 Definition of Grammar Grammar is certainly a common word, it may be
a boring subject to you or an explorative subject that you want to probe for. No matter what,
grammar has been a long–established academic term and it is an imperative part of language. First,
get to know the word 'grammar'. The term grammar is derived from the Greek word grammatikē,
where gram meant something written. The part tikē is derived from technē and ... Show more
Its content is rich and complex. It includes: 1) Syntax(how words are ordered to form sentences;
study of different sentence types); 2) Morphology(how letters/sounds combine to make meaningful
units); 3) Phonology(study of sounds/significant sounds (phonemes)); 4) Semantics(the study of
meaning) and Pragmatics(how to understand other speakers' intended meaning) 3.1.1 Descriptive
grammar and Prescriptive grammar One basic distinction of grammar is between Descriptive
grammar and Prescriptive grammar. Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it is
actually used by speakers and writers, it is from living language and up–to–date. The language in
descriptive grammar is constantly changing, fluid and organic, it also describes reality from
authentic data. Prescriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as certain people (usually
learned scholars) think it should be used, it emphasis on correctness. It is the unchanging set of
rules, which is seen as the idealised 'perfection'. 3.1.2 Different Types of Grammar There are
different varieties of grammar, which is the different ways of describing and analyzing the structures
and functions of language. Apart from the basic distinction of grammar between descriptive
grammar and prescriptive grammar, there are ten more types of

Vladimir Propp's The Morphology Of The Folktale
"Please play chess with me", was the first message I sent her, pretending to be tame by requesting
permission. Later, I moved on to trying to boost her ego, deploying a strategy similar to that of
Odysseus when he tells Antinous, "you're hardly the worst Achaean here, it seems. The noblest one,
in fact. You look like a king to me." (XVII, 458–460) I told her, "everyone who goes to your school
is smart" and "I know that you are great at chess". My plan was to uplift her confidence so that she
gives the information that I desire. However, Alice caught on to what I was planning to do and
retaliated. "You're so adorable! And pretty too! You are like the most beautiful person ever!", she
replied. This was funny until she spoiled my plan when she ... Show more content on
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The friendship I had with Alice was like what Joseph Campbell refers to in his Hero's Journey as
"The Belly of the Whale". I felt like I was isolated from everybody else and when I finally escaped
the belly, I noticed a change in my world. Between the time of my defeat and the time of analysis, I
always thought that Alice was the one to blame for everything that happened in the finale of our
friendship, but the truth is, it was all my fault for being such an ignorant fool. I had always wished
that Alice had not said what she said, but after seeing how I was wrong, I'm actually glad that she
said it. Even though her last words felt like they "tore my genitals out for the dogs to eat raw"
(XXII, 503), I eventually grew newer, stronger genitals that would hopefully be more difficult to
tear

How Does Discours Discours Computational Linguistics
Language is a universal method of communication, it consist of multiple units. According to
ethnologue.com 7099 languages are spoken today, but only 23 account for more than half the
world's population. Language is more than just a way of communicating, it is a culture of a specific
group of people consisting of their values, moral expressions and how they conduct themselves. A
linguist studies language scientifically and focuses on all facets, the structure, the use and the history
of language which leads to the knowledge and understanding of language and all its elements that
forms part of how language is perceived.
Discourse
According to the Merriam–Webster dictionary discourse means the use of words to exchange
thoughts and ideas. It can also be described as a mode of organizing knowledge, ideas or
experiences that are rooted in language and its concrete context. It is the branch of linguistics that
focuses on language above and beyond the sentence. The words ''above'' and ''beyond'' capture
different features of the discourse mission. It is by examining units larger than the sentence, that
discourse analyst go ''above'' the sentence. And it is by examining aspects of the word in which
language is used that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Computational linguistics seeks to develop the computational machinery needed for an agent to
exhibit various forms of linguist behavior. By "agent" is meant that both human beings and artificial
agents such as computer programs. By "machinery" we mean computer programs as well as the
linguistic knowledge that they contain. If computational linguistics is viewed as an Artificial
Intelligence (AI) it has the goal of modeling human language as a cognitive system. Computational
linguistics can be studied as a science, because it involves complexity in unfolding language
influence on

Essay On Second Language Learning
Second Language Acquiring Second Language learning process will start after learning the first
language or native language. It involves a special purpose or some cause. For example in India
people acquire English after the native language as it involves day to day communication also. And
some people learn French or Latin in order to survive France or Latin American Countries. Second
language learning may or may not involve class room instructions. Both are not one and same.
Learning of second language process is different from learning Foreign Language. Second language
learning process involves the learning of non–native language by the aid of non–native language
speakers. In contrast, learning of Foreign Language learning involves the learning process in the
environment of native language. The learning of First Language differs from others as a child is
exposed to language rich environment over the many years. The richness of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Syntax is the rules that govern the word order in sentences. Knowing the syntax will allow the
individual to produce infinite number of sentences with correctness and comprehensibility.
Morphology studies the word formation. Morphemes represent the minimal meaning of a word.
Semantics is the meaning of words. It includes word formation, meanings and combination of
words.
Pragmatics is the way of language used in the context.
The skills of above varies from a mature speaker to novice speaker.
Models for acquiring Second Language Learning
a. Universal Grammar Model
b. Competition Model and
c. Monitor Model
Universal Grammar Model: Principles, conditions and properties of all human languages. Second
Language Learners will base their language learning through the elements common to all languages.
Different languages have various set of rules. Second language learners will base their second
language acquisition on universal Grammar

The School Age Population Is Classified As Having A Speech...
Define Communication Disorders (S/L). What percent of the school age population is classified as
having a speech–language disability? ___19%____ Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA) defines a speech or language impairment as a "communication disorder such as stuttering,
impaired articulation, oral motor disorders, a language impairment, or a voice impairment, that
adversely affects a child's educational performance." A speech impairment involves a person 's
physical ability to correctly produce the sounds needed in speech. A language impairment involves
an inability to process language receptively or expressively. 3. Describe the characteristics of a
communication disorder in each of the following areas: A. development: a physical deformity or
disability such as hearing loss that may impair or hinder speech. B. speech disorders: trouble making
sounds and may have an altered voice C. language disorders: difficulty understanding information
presented and being able to translate that into their own ideas. D. receptive language disorders:
disability affecting the ability to understand spoken, and sometimes written, language. E. expressive
language disorders: trouble expressing oneself through written or verbal expression 4. List the five
components of the English language system with brief parenthetical descriptions of each. The first
letter is given as a hint. Phonology – use of sounds and how sounds are organized and used in
natural languages. The

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