病歷們的寫法
李翰泓
• 醫院常⾒見見的病歷,包含了了以下幾種:

• Admission note

• Progress note

• Weekly summary

• Discharge note
如何寫好病歷?
• ⾸首先,要有好的範本...
The method of note taking
The method of note taking
• 就可以看到MGH的醫師們提供的精采病歷了了ˊˇˋ

• 除此之外,也可以使⽤用Filter功能,找尋相關科別的案例例

• 站在巨⼈人的肩膀上,才能看得更更⾼高更更遠...
The method of note taking
Admission Note
• 所有Note裡的基礎課題,寫法⼤大抵和NEJM的case
presentation差不多

• 包含了了病⼈人的基本資料、主述、系統性重⼤大疾病、過去疾
病史、就診史以及這次的理理學檢查、評估等等
第⼀一段
• 病⼈人的基本資料、過去的重要疾病史、主述

• 有時可以加上病⼈人的過敏史
• This 55-year-old male, with DM for 10 years, under
regular control with OHA and OPD follow-up, came to our
hospital due to progressive shortness of breath for 2
days. He denied previous allergic event to medications or
food.
• 病患基本資料:This 55-year-old male,

• 年年齡,成⼈人精確到年年,若若是⼩小孩⼦子要精確到⽉月份,新⽣生
兒到天數

• 有時候可以加上⼈人種,如:Asian, African American, etc.

• 性別,當然也可以有比較政治正確的描述,不過在此以
⽣生理理性別為主
• 過去重⼤大疾病史:with DM 10 years, under regular control
with OHA and OPD follow-up

• 重⼤大的系統性疾病為主,如三⾼高、腎臟病、⼼心臟病、肝
病及其他的系統性疾病

• 除了了標明疾病外,要標明診斷時間,有無就醫,有無使
⽤用藥物控制以及控制的情形

• 如果族繁不及備載,可以考慮留留下與本次疾病最有相關
的部份
• 主述:came to our hospital due to progressive shortness
of breath for 2 days.

• 就是前⾯面會提到的Chief complaint

• 包含了了病患的不適及持續的時間

• 可以⽤用⼝口語的⽅方法來來描述
• 過敏史:He denied previous allergic event to medications
or food.

• 這部份可以加或不加

• 如果有問,記得要寫上發現的時間和反應的種類
第⼆二段
• 是整段病歷的重點。包含病⼈人這次病發的狀狀態、及醫師們
對病⼈人的評估和簡要的檢查結果

• 簡單記載病⼈人的住院原因和診療計畫
• This patient used to be generally well. 2 weeks ago,
sudden onset of chest tightness occurred when he was
sleeping, which woke him up at night. The condition
subsided spontaneously after he rest for a while.
However, the same symptom happened again 5 days
later, and he went to Lee’s cardiologist clinic for help,
where medication was given, and the symptoms subsided.
• 病⼈人⼀一開始的狀狀態:The patient used to be generally well.

• 在疾病相關的症狀狀開始以前,病⼈人的基本狀狀態

• 主要是以和這次疾病有關的狀狀態為主,例例如:

• 腹痛的病⼈人,可以描述三年年內有接受過腹部⼿手術的時
間和復原情形

• 因腎臟疾病相關症狀狀入院的病⼈人,可以描述之前洗腎
的狀狀況
• 病⼈人的疾病Episodes:

• 2 weeks ago, sudden onset of chest tightness occurred
when he was sleeping, which woke him up at night. The
condition subsided spontaneously after he rest for a
while. However, the same symptom happened again 5
days later, and he went to Lee’s cardiologist clinic for
help, where medication was given, and the symptoms
subsided.
• ⼈人只要不舒服,⼀一定會想辦法處理理。處理理⽅方法不限於看醫
⽣生,可以是⾃自⼰己休息、買藥、另類療法等等

• 從⼀一次的不適開始,經過中間的處理理過後,到⼀一次的症狀狀
解除,可以稱為⼀一個episode

• 提供的範例例中,就有兩兩個episodes
• 依照時間順序謄寫,⼀一直寫到來來本院就診之前。

• 通常會有兩兩到三個不等的episodes

• 發⽣生的時間,不適的情形,處理理的⽅方式(藥物或是治療的
⽅方式)以及處理理完的情形

• 多重抗藥性菌種的risk facter是90天內使⽤用過靜脈抗⽣生素,所以
外院若若有partial treatment的情形⼀一定務必要詳實記載

• 如果可以的話,和病⼈人、家屬拿到外院的處⽅方籤並記錄
第⼆二段 - 續
• 2 days ago, the patient began to have progressive
dyspnea when he was working, and his family brought
him to our ER for help. At our ER, his vital sign was BP
170/90 mmHg, RR 25/min, HR 130/min, BT 36.7 degree.
The auscultation showed rales at bilateral lower lungs,
and 1+ pitting edema was noted at bilateral lower limbs.
The chest radiograph disclosed increased pulmonary
infiltration, and the lab data showed no elevated cardiac
enzyme but with increased NT-proBNP level (5000). The
EKG showed mild LV hypertrophy with Af. After
medication with furosemide and beta-blocker, the patient
was sent to ordinary ward for further evaluation.
• 病⼈人來來到醫院,通常經由兩兩個途徑:⾨門診、急診

• 但對於規則於⾨門診追蹤的病⼈人,有時候會因為特殊的檢
驗數值異異常,⽽而被我們叫來來住院

• 只要病⼈人來來到醫院,第⼀一線的醫師⼀一定會做基本的處理理、
評估,並且給予住院的理理由

• 這是廢話XD因為如果第⼀一線就處理理完了了,哪會落落到我們
⼿手上ㄎㄎ
• 來來到本院的Episode:2 days ago, the patient began to
have progressive dyspnea when he was working, and his
family brought him to our ER for help.

• 時間、症狀狀:就如同前⾯面的CC的寫法

• 來來院的⽅方式:可能是⾃自⼰己來來的,也有可能是被外⾯面的醫
療院所轉診來來的,也可以是被救護⾞車車送過來來的

• 不同的疾病嚴重程度會影響病⼈人到院的⽅方式,若若能記
載是最好的
• 第⼀一線的處理理情形:

• At our ER, his vital sign was BP 170/90 mmHg, RR 25/
min, HR 130/min, BT 36.7 degree. The auscultation
showed rales at bilateral lower lungs, and 1+ pitting
edema was noted at bilateral lower limbs. The chest
radiograph disclosed increased pulmonary infiltration and
cardiomegaly, and the lab data showed no elevated
cardiac enzyme but with increased NT-proBNP level
(5000). The EKG showed mild LV hypertrophy with Af.
After medication with furosemide and beta-blocker, the
patient was sent to ordinary ward for further evaluation.
• 這部份通常可以在急診的交班單上⾯面看到

• ⼀一般來來說可以直接照抄XD,但是要改成⽂文章形式的

• 病⼈人從步入醫院掛號檢傷的那⼀一瞬間,醫療⾏行行為就已經開
始了了

• 在那之後產⽣生的所有檢查結果都和我們的治療有關
• ⼀一般會先從Vital sign開始

• 如果有低⾎血壓、發燒、喘、⼼心跳快等要特別註記

• 急診的PE以及檢查結果

• 通常急診的學長姊不⼀一定會寫的特別詳細ㄏㄏ,有多少寫多少
• 重要的PE結果和檢驗報告數值記得標明!

• 病⼈人發燒要把重要的Fever survey結果寫下來來

• 影像檢查無正式報告,可以記載初步的判讀結論

• 初步的處理理以及住院的原因

• 藥物、侵入性檢查、複雜的影像學檢查等

• 後續的處理理:轉⼀一般病房、加護病房、緊急⼿手術等
第⼆二段 - 再續
• Upon visiting, the patient complained of dyspnea on
exertion for 2 days. The symptom happened accidentally
without previous cough or fever, and exaggerated rapidly
with hyperpnea around 30/min. The patient also showed
orthopnea with mild chest tightness, and couldn’t be
relieved by sitting or lying down, and might exaggerate
when walk or climbing stairs. He also complained of
frequent thirst with oliguria when the symptom onset.
• 耶,終於輪輪到我們看病⼈人了了!

• 此段重點無他,惟LQQOPERA⽽而已

• 為什什麼要寫?前⾯面的⼈人不⼀一定記載的詳細,病患的回憶
不⼀一定鉅細靡遺。所以⾃自⼰己從頭問⼀一次,總會比較有邏
輯

• 如果對問診很熟練,這邊就是⾃自⼰己能好好發揮的地⽅方!
第⼆二段 - 三續
• He complained of general malaise with productive cough
in these days, and his sputum were whitish, non-purulent.
Patient complained of frequent palpitation, but no loss of
consciousness was told. Mild headache without general
weakness were complained. Physical examination
disclosed jugular vein engorgement with accessory
muscle usage. Chest auscultation showed mild systolic
murmur at RUSB, which also radiate to carotid artery.
Rales at bilateral lower lung were noticed, and chest
palpation demonstrated obvious apical impulse. 1+ pitting
edema at bilateral lower limb was observed.
• No conjunctiva paleness or icteric sclera, no lymph-
adenopathy was noted. No neck stiffness or throat
injection, no sharp pain during inhalation or absent
breathing sound at ipsilateral chest wall was told.
Abdominal examination yielded no C-P angle knocking
tenderness, no abdominal tenderness or rebounding
tenderness, no hepatomegaly or splenomegaly, no
shifting dullness. Weak pulsation of dorsalis pedis artery
and posterior tibial artery was found.
• 此段重點就是記載Review of system以及Physical
examination

• 你問病⼈人答(有或沒有、症狀狀描述)的就叫做Review of
system

• 透過各種⾝身體檢查(視、聽、扣、觸等)得到的結果叫
做Physical examination

• Could be very, very focused

• 時間多就多做⼀一點,時間少就做必要、相關的部份
• ⼀一般來來說可依特定順序:從頭到腳、依照系統順序、視聽
扣觸等

• 建議思考⾃自⼰己⼀一定會問的問題,養成習慣

• 記載要有順序,不要到處跳來來跳去

• 可以補寫第⼀一線處理理者已做的檢查,⽽而實際看到病⼈人後才
發佈的檢驗結果
• 重點:Primitive negativity

• 不是只有異異常的部份才需要記載!

• 疾病的鑒別診斷包含了了inclusion和exclusion,如何排除
其他的診斷也是非常重要的
• 連同前⾯面的RoS, PE, Primitive negativity,可以發現:

• 這部份取決於醫師對病⼈人的想法和經驗

• 有想到才會問、會做、會鑒別、會排除!!

• 讓沒有實際接觸到病⼈人的後線處理理者,在看到這份病歷
的瞬間,也能夠參參與你的鑒別診斷,甚⾄至衍伸出⾃自⼰己的
鑒別診斷
第三段
• Under the impression of diastolic heart failure with aortic
stenosis, the patient would be admitted for further
management, including echocardiography, CT
angiography and medication treatment.
• 評估assessment: Under the impression of diastolic heart
failure with aortic stenosis,

• 問診、評估、檢查總會帶來來⼀一個初步的診斷(tentative
diagnosis)

• 不⼀一定要是最終的結果,可以⽤用suspect, impression等

• 既然是可能的結果,當然可以多寫幾個

• r/o (rule out)字⾯面上的意思是排除,寫下來來的意思是我覺
得要排除這個的可能性(needed to be ruled out),⼩小⼼心
別誤⽤用!
• 最後,就是病⼈人住院後的⼤大概計畫:the patient would be
admitted for further management, including
echocardiography, CT angiography and medication
treatment.

• 想要進⾏行行的藥物、⼿手術治療

• 為了了確診所需的其他檢查

• 後續收治、轉送的情形
• 第三段的部份多半是以⾃自⼰己知道的為主,所以如果對疾病
了了解比較深入,就多寫⼀一點

• 如果完全搞不清楚該怎麼辦,也可以簡單帶過

• 綜觀整個第⼆二段和第三段,其實就是⼀一個臨臨床醫師該有的
臨臨床思維。如果每個病⼈人都能夠依照這個順序來來思考、問
診、評估,就能對⼀一個病⼈人有很深的理理解,問診完的瞬間
病歷也寫完了了ˊˇˋ
第四段
• By the way, the patient also complained of lower back
pain for more than 1 week. According to the patient, the
pain was right side dominant, which might radiate to his
right big toe. The pain exaggerated when sitting for while,
and subsided by lying on bed and medication with pain
reliever (diclofenac, bought from the pharmacy). No stool
or urinary retention or incontinence, no lower limb
weakness was noted.
• 這⼀一段可加可不加

• 內容記載的是:非本次住院的主要原因,但是在問診的過
程或是⾝身體檢查的途中不⼩小⼼心發現且可能需要處理理的問題

• 也有可能是第⼀一線檢查的結果異異常,但是跟這次住院原
因沒有顯著關係

• 相信我,這不少⾒見見

• 順序就和前⾯面主要的疾病差不多
Weekly Summary
• 總結上禮拜,綜觀這禮拜,開啟下禮拜

• 統整⼀一個禮拜以來來的檢查、治療結果,濃縮出⼀一個明確
的診斷和治療的⽅方向,為下禮拜做準備

• 可作為交班使⽤用

• 為出院、轉院病摘做準備
Time-oriented
• ⼀一般⽽而⾔言可依事件順序或時間順序記載。在此以時間順序
為例例:

• A:上禮拜(W1則為入院後)發⽣生了了什什麼

• B:這禮拜我們做了了什什麼

• C:下禮拜我們打算做什什麼
三明治構造
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 …
A
B A
C B A
C B A
C B
…
• 時間的連續性:對W2⽽而⾔言,W1的B就是W2的A,W1的C
就是W2的B

• 總結上禮拜的時候,可以簡短扼要的帶過

• W1已做的檢查⽽而W2才發佈的結果,就可以寫在B

• 有了了前⾯面的A和B,就會帶到對這個病⼈人的評估和下週的
計畫C
Discharge Note
• ____的時光過的特別快,⼜又到了了時間說掰掰

• 病⼈人可能因為各種原因⽽而不繼續住院,可能是轉院、轉
科、治癒出院或是死亡

• 總結這次住院以來來的所有結果,得到病⼈人不繼續治療的
原因
蜈蚣結構
Discharge Note
A
B
B
B
…
C
• A, B, C和Weekly summary⼀一樣

• 可以把之前所有的Weekly summary依照上⾯面的順序,把所
有的B全部拼在⼀一起...

• 但要改成事件導向!

• 例例如:病⼈人入院後打抗⽣生素,中間會因為敏感報告或是
療效⽽而升階、降階。此時整個施打抗⽣生素的Course就是
⼀一個完整的故事

• ⼀一個病⼈人入院後會有好多故事可以說...Orz
• 最後要列列上病⼈人的出院計畫,如定時⾨門診追蹤、藥物控制、
傷⼝口或引流管照護,轉他院接受治療等等

• Weekly summary寫的好,Discharge note免煩惱!

• 看你平時還敢不敢偷懶懶ㄎㄎ
Practice makes
perfect!

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The method of note taking