![The Role of Immunity in Chemotherapy-Resistant Patient with
Pembrolizumab: A Case Report
Xiaojuan Shi1,2
, Yongjun Guo3
, Yi Zhang2
, Yan Yan1
and Liping Wang1*
1
Department of Oncology, Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
2
Department of Biotherapy, Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
3
Department of Molecular Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
Volume 1 Issue 1 - 2018
Received Date: 20 May 2018
Accepted Date: 05 June 2018
Published Date: 12 June 2018
1. Abstract
1.1. Aims: Approaches are limited for treating advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
with multidrug resistance but without ALK and EGFR mutations. Pembrolizumab (KEYTRU-
DA) brings on unprecedented clinical benefit in various cancer types.
1.2. Results: Here we present a case report of a NSCLC patient had not benefited from Pem-
brolizumab therapy following chemotherapy. We reviewed the treatment and clinical examina-
tion profiles, especially the Immunological indicators. In the ending stage, the patient appeared
pneumonia, respiratory failure, septicemia, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and hypoproteinemia.
The percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell in peripheral blood were decreased companion the
expression of PD-1. However, the percentage of MDSC (myeloid-derived suppressor cells) was
increased continuously. We also detected the expression of PD-1 on T cell in pleural effusion
that was under the average value of 24 cases and in the tumor site that was the same with the
pleural effusion. Besides the detected CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration was very low. The overall
survival was 6 mouths.
1.3. Conclusion: The detection of Immunological indicators may be an effective strategy for
predicting the therapeutic efficacy of PD-1 molecular antibody.
3. Introduction
At late stage NSCLC has greater ability of invasion and
develops rapidly [1]. Few therapeutic choices are available for
some advanced NSCLC patients, such as those having not ALK and
EGFR mutations but multidrug-resistance [1,2]. PD-1 blockade
confers NSCLC patients’ survival advantage. Although responses
are seen in 70% patients after receiving PD-1 antibody, a large part
hasn’t benefited from such therapy [3]. Herein we present a case
of a multidrug-resistant NSCLC patient failed to respond to PD-1
antibody therapy. We describe the clinical examination and the
Immunological indicators, indicating the therapeutic efficacy of
PD-1 molecular antibody.
Clinics of Oncology
Citation: Shi X, Yongjun G, Zhang Y, Yan Y, Wang Y. The Role of Immunity in Chemotherapy-Resistant
Patient with Pembrolizumab: A Case Report. Clinics of Oncology. 2018; 1(1): 1-4
united Prime Publications: http://unitedprimepub.com
4. Method
This study was a case report based on clinical and experi-
mental results. And we also collected 24 cases of malignant pleural
effusion to analysis the immune-related indicators.
5. Case Report
A 59-year-old male presented to the First Affiliated Hos-
pital of Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, Henan, China) in
February 2015 with a 4-month history of continued dull pain of
left thorax. No cough, sputum, chest tightness, difficulty breath-
ing, hemoptysis, fever or other symptoms was found. A Comput-
ed Tomography (CT) scan of the chest showed a solid mediastina
mass with a maximum diameter of 4 cm (Figure 1a).
2. Keywords
Pembrolizumab; Immunity; Non-
small-cell lung cancer
*Corresponding Author (s): Liping Wang, Department of Oncology, Hospital of Zheng-
zhou University, China, Tel: (86)-371-66964536; Fax: (86)-371-66970906; Email:
wlp@zzu.edu.cn
Case Report](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/coo-v1-1005-240227084136-cef80707/85/The-Role-of-Immunity-in-Chemotherapy-Resistant-Patient-with-Pembrolizumab-A-Case-Report-1-320.jpg)
![6. Conclusion
In summary, in this case, patient with chemotherapy resis-
tant without ALK or EGFR mutations, to take immune check point
antibody therapy, did not benefited from the therapy. We considered
the tumor lack of infiltrated lymphocytes, or no therapeutic targets
[4]. The proportion of immune-activated cells in peripheral blood
remained in low level, and the sustained increasing of the propor-
tion of immunosuppressive cells indicated the ineffectiveness and
poor prognosis of the treatment. Therefore, the detection of immu-
nological indicators may be an effective strategy for predicting the
therapeutic efficacy of PD-1 molecular antibody.
7. Discussion
Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide [5],
early stage lung cancer can be treated with curative intent, largely
surgery (National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN guide-
lines: NSCLC (Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer), V4;2014<http://www.
nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/nscl.pdf> (Accessed 10
June 2014). However, the majority of patients present with incur-
able advanced NSCLC stage IIIB or IV, which reflects the aggressive
nature of the disease and poor prognosis(National Cancer Institute.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment – for health professionals:
general information about non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC);
2014 <http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/non-
small-cell-lung/health professional> (Accessed 10 June 2014)). The
incidence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations is
approximately 10%, and it is lower in smokers [6] .The EML4-ALK
fusion gene is present in approximately 4% of lung cancers and is en-
countered more occasionally in smokers [7]. Thus, only a small pro-
portion of the total populations of patients with advanced NSCLC
are presently candidates for molecular-targeted therapies [8]. At
present, one of the main reasons for the treatment of patients with
advanced cancer is resistance to chemotherapy [8]. For the patients
with multidrug resistance and the absence of gene mutations, the
objective response rate of PD-1 monoclonal antibody for the treat-
ment of non-small cell lung cancer patients was 19.4%, and there is
still a large part of the patient’s condition has not been effectively
controlled [3,9].
Here we presented a case of non-small cell lung cancer patient in
which two cycles of chemotherapy have been ineffective, followed
by two cycles of PD-1 monoclonal antibody therapy, but with rapid
progression. We found that the percentage of CD4+
and CD8+
T lym-
phocytes during the PD-1 monoclonal antibody treatment segment
continued to decrease, and the expression of PD-1 after a cycle of
treatment maintained at a low level, suggesting that monoclonal
antibody treatment is invalid[10]. At the same time, we found that
the proportion of two groups of MDSC cells (monocytic MDSC
and granulocytic MDSC) continued to rise may be closely related to
poor prognosis [11]. In addition, we examined the PD-1 expression
of CD4+ and CD8+T lymphocytes in the pleural effusion, which
was much lower than the average in 24 cases of malignant pleural
effusion, suggesting that PD-1 monoclonal antibody therapy could
not be performed in this patient’s immune microenvironment in an
effective role [12]. In addition to our immunofluorescence detection
of tumor tissue, we found that tumor infiltration of CD8 T lympho-
cytes rarely, and the PD-1 expression is lower, suggesting that pa-
tients with shorter survival time [13-15].
8. Conflict of Interest
Authors do not declare any financial support or relation-
ships that may pose a conflict of interest.
References
1. Novello S, Barlesi F, Califano R, Cufer T, Ekman S, Levra MG, et al. Meta-
static non-small-cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for
diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(suppl 5):v1-v27.
2. Peters S, Kerr KM, Stahel R. PD-1 blockade in advanced NSCLC: A focus
on pembrolizumab. Cancer Treat Rev. 2018;62:39-49.
3. Garon EB, Rizvi NA, Hui R, Leighl N, Balmanoukian AS, Eder JP, et al.
Pembrolizumab for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J
Med. 2015;372(21):2018-28.
4. Hui R, Garon EB, Goldman JW, Leighl NB, Hellmann MD, Patnaik A,
et al. Pembrolizumab as first-line therapy for patients with PD-L1-pos-
itive advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase 1 trial. Ann Oncol.
2017;28(4):874-81.
5. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer
statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2011;61:69-90.
6. Reck M, Popat S, Reinmuth N, De Ruysscher D, Kerr KM, Peters S, et al.
Ann Oncol. 2014;25 Suppl 3:iii27-39.
7. Shi JY, Yang LX, Wang ZC, Wang LY, Zhou J, Wang XY, et al. CC chemo-
kine receptor-like 1 functions as a tumour suppressor by impairing CCR7-
related chemotaxis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pathol. 2015;235(4):546-
58.
8. Hirsch FR, Suda K, Wiens J, Bunn PA, Jr. New and emerging tar-
geted treatments in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet.
2016;388(10048):1012-24.
9. Mountzios G, Linardou H, Kosmidis P. Immunotherapy in non-small cell
lung cancer: the clinical impact of immune response and targeting. Ann
united Prime Publications: http://unitedprimepub.com 3
volume 1 Issue 1-2018 Case Report](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/coo-v1-1005-240227084136-cef80707/85/The-Role-of-Immunity-in-Chemotherapy-Resistant-Patient-with-Pembrolizumab-A-Case-Report-3-320.jpg)
The Role of Immunity in Chemotherapy-Resistant Patient with Pembrolizumab: A Case Report
- 1. The Role of Immunity in Chemotherapy-Resistant Patient with Pembrolizumab: A Case Report Xiaojuan Shi1,2 , Yongjun Guo3 , Yi Zhang2 , Yan Yan1 and Liping Wang1* 1 Department of Oncology, Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China 2 Department of Biotherapy, Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China 3 Department of Molecular Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China Volume 1 Issue 1 - 2018 Received Date: 20 May 2018 Accepted Date: 05 June 2018 Published Date: 12 June 2018 1. Abstract 1.1. Aims: Approaches are limited for treating advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) with multidrug resistance but without ALK and EGFR mutations. Pembrolizumab (KEYTRU- DA) brings on unprecedented clinical benefit in various cancer types. 1.2. Results: Here we present a case report of a NSCLC patient had not benefited from Pem- brolizumab therapy following chemotherapy. We reviewed the treatment and clinical examina- tion profiles, especially the Immunological indicators. In the ending stage, the patient appeared pneumonia, respiratory failure, septicemia, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and hypoproteinemia. The percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell in peripheral blood were decreased companion the expression of PD-1. However, the percentage of MDSC (myeloid-derived suppressor cells) was increased continuously. We also detected the expression of PD-1 on T cell in pleural effusion that was under the average value of 24 cases and in the tumor site that was the same with the pleural effusion. Besides the detected CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration was very low. The overall survival was 6 mouths. 1.3. Conclusion: The detection of Immunological indicators may be an effective strategy for predicting the therapeutic efficacy of PD-1 molecular antibody. 3. Introduction At late stage NSCLC has greater ability of invasion and develops rapidly [1]. Few therapeutic choices are available for some advanced NSCLC patients, such as those having not ALK and EGFR mutations but multidrug-resistance [1,2]. PD-1 blockade confers NSCLC patients’ survival advantage. Although responses are seen in 70% patients after receiving PD-1 antibody, a large part hasn’t benefited from such therapy [3]. Herein we present a case of a multidrug-resistant NSCLC patient failed to respond to PD-1 antibody therapy. We describe the clinical examination and the Immunological indicators, indicating the therapeutic efficacy of PD-1 molecular antibody. Clinics of Oncology Citation: Shi X, Yongjun G, Zhang Y, Yan Y, Wang Y. The Role of Immunity in Chemotherapy-Resistant Patient with Pembrolizumab: A Case Report. Clinics of Oncology. 2018; 1(1): 1-4 united Prime Publications: http://unitedprimepub.com 4. Method This study was a case report based on clinical and experi- mental results. And we also collected 24 cases of malignant pleural effusion to analysis the immune-related indicators. 5. Case Report A 59-year-old male presented to the First Affiliated Hos- pital of Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, Henan, China) in February 2015 with a 4-month history of continued dull pain of left thorax. No cough, sputum, chest tightness, difficulty breath- ing, hemoptysis, fever or other symptoms was found. A Comput- ed Tomography (CT) scan of the chest showed a solid mediastina mass with a maximum diameter of 4 cm (Figure 1a). 2. Keywords Pembrolizumab; Immunity; Non- small-cell lung cancer *Corresponding Author (s): Liping Wang, Department of Oncology, Hospital of Zheng- zhou University, China, Tel: (86)-371-66964536; Fax: (86)-371-66970906; Email: wlp@zzu.edu.cn Case Report
- 2. A hypermetabolic appearance was noted on Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and the right side of the ninth ribs showed abnormal metabolic activity. Thus, lung cancer was seriously con- sidered. Confirmed by biopsy, this patient was diagnosed with low-differentiation adenocarcinoma having no ALK and EGFR mutations. Initially this patient received 4 cycles of combined chemotherapy including Pemetrexed and Cisplatin, and the disease status kept developing. Hence PD-1 antibody (marked as day 0) was adopted at doses of 2mg/kg for every 3 weeks in following course. During PD-1 blockade therapy, this patient characterized with abnormal liver function (AST > 40 U/L) but intact kidney function. Moreo- ver, it was observed that pleural effusion, liver metastases, severe pneumonia (Invasive mechanical ventilation), respiratory failure (PaO2 = 63.8 mmHg < 80 mmHg and PaCO2 = 37.3 < 45 mmHg), septicemia (Candida albicans was positive), gastrointestinal Copyright ©2018 Liping Wang et al.. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. 2 bleeding (fecal occult blood weakly positive), hypoalbuminemia (albumin = 26.9 g/L < 35 g/L). Notably, lymphocytes maintained at very low levels although the total number of peripheral white blood cells kept rising (Figure 1b). Consistently, the proportion of CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes and PD-1 expression on T cells in peripheral blood was continuously decreased during therapy course. MDSC ratio stably increased, which may contribute to the increase of white blood cells. Furthermore, the percentage of CD4+T and CD8+T in the pleural effusion from this patient was under the average value, when compared with 24 disease state- matched subjects (Figure 2a). Immunofluorescence assay on tu- mor tissue indicated rare CD8+Tinfiltration and PD-1 expression (Figure 2b). After 2 cycles of PD-1 monoclonal antibody treat- ment, this patient died of respiratory failure with survival time of 6 months. Figure 1: (a) Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the chest showed a solid mediastina mass with a maximum diameter of 42 mm. (b) White Blood Cells continued to rise higher than the normal level (dotted line), whereas the lymphocytes kept in under the low level (dotted line). Figure 2: (a) The proportion of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes and the percentage of PD-1 in peripheral blood were continuously decreased but the ratio of MDSC was increased. The percentages of CD4 and CD8 in the pleural effusion (red point) were under the average value of 24 cases. (b) Immunofluorescence showed low levels of CD8+T infiltration and low PD-1 expression in tumor tissues. volume 1 Issue 1-2018 Case Report
- 3. 6. Conclusion In summary, in this case, patient with chemotherapy resis- tant without ALK or EGFR mutations, to take immune check point antibody therapy, did not benefited from the therapy. We considered the tumor lack of infiltrated lymphocytes, or no therapeutic targets [4]. The proportion of immune-activated cells in peripheral blood remained in low level, and the sustained increasing of the propor- tion of immunosuppressive cells indicated the ineffectiveness and poor prognosis of the treatment. Therefore, the detection of immu- nological indicators may be an effective strategy for predicting the therapeutic efficacy of PD-1 molecular antibody. 7. Discussion Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide [5], early stage lung cancer can be treated with curative intent, largely surgery (National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN guide- lines: NSCLC (Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer), V4;2014<http://www. nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/nscl.pdf> (Accessed 10 June 2014). However, the majority of patients present with incur- able advanced NSCLC stage IIIB or IV, which reflects the aggressive nature of the disease and poor prognosis(National Cancer Institute. Non-small cell lung cancer treatment – for health professionals: general information about non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); 2014 <http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/non- small-cell-lung/health professional> (Accessed 10 June 2014)). The incidence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations is approximately 10%, and it is lower in smokers [6] .The EML4-ALK fusion gene is present in approximately 4% of lung cancers and is en- countered more occasionally in smokers [7]. Thus, only a small pro- portion of the total populations of patients with advanced NSCLC are presently candidates for molecular-targeted therapies [8]. At present, one of the main reasons for the treatment of patients with advanced cancer is resistance to chemotherapy [8]. For the patients with multidrug resistance and the absence of gene mutations, the objective response rate of PD-1 monoclonal antibody for the treat- ment of non-small cell lung cancer patients was 19.4%, and there is still a large part of the patient’s condition has not been effectively controlled [3,9]. Here we presented a case of non-small cell lung cancer patient in which two cycles of chemotherapy have been ineffective, followed by two cycles of PD-1 monoclonal antibody therapy, but with rapid progression. We found that the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lym- phocytes during the PD-1 monoclonal antibody treatment segment continued to decrease, and the expression of PD-1 after a cycle of treatment maintained at a low level, suggesting that monoclonal antibody treatment is invalid[10]. At the same time, we found that the proportion of two groups of MDSC cells (monocytic MDSC and granulocytic MDSC) continued to rise may be closely related to poor prognosis [11]. In addition, we examined the PD-1 expression of CD4+ and CD8+T lymphocytes in the pleural effusion, which was much lower than the average in 24 cases of malignant pleural effusion, suggesting that PD-1 monoclonal antibody therapy could not be performed in this patient’s immune microenvironment in an effective role [12]. In addition to our immunofluorescence detection of tumor tissue, we found that tumor infiltration of CD8 T lympho- cytes rarely, and the PD-1 expression is lower, suggesting that pa- tients with shorter survival time [13-15]. 8. Conflict of Interest Authors do not declare any financial support or relation- ships that may pose a conflict of interest. References 1. Novello S, Barlesi F, Califano R, Cufer T, Ekman S, Levra MG, et al. Meta- static non-small-cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(suppl 5):v1-v27. 2. Peters S, Kerr KM, Stahel R. PD-1 blockade in advanced NSCLC: A focus on pembrolizumab. Cancer Treat Rev. 2018;62:39-49. 3. Garon EB, Rizvi NA, Hui R, Leighl N, Balmanoukian AS, Eder JP, et al. Pembrolizumab for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(21):2018-28. 4. Hui R, Garon EB, Goldman JW, Leighl NB, Hellmann MD, Patnaik A, et al. Pembrolizumab as first-line therapy for patients with PD-L1-pos- itive advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase 1 trial. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(4):874-81. 5. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2011;61:69-90. 6. Reck M, Popat S, Reinmuth N, De Ruysscher D, Kerr KM, Peters S, et al. Ann Oncol. 2014;25 Suppl 3:iii27-39. 7. Shi JY, Yang LX, Wang ZC, Wang LY, Zhou J, Wang XY, et al. CC chemo- kine receptor-like 1 functions as a tumour suppressor by impairing CCR7- related chemotaxis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pathol. 2015;235(4):546- 58. 8. Hirsch FR, Suda K, Wiens J, Bunn PA, Jr. New and emerging tar- geted treatments in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet. 2016;388(10048):1012-24. 9. Mountzios G, Linardou H, Kosmidis P. Immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: the clinical impact of immune response and targeting. Ann united Prime Publications: http://unitedprimepub.com 3 volume 1 Issue 1-2018 Case Report
- 4. Transl Med. 2016;4(14):268. 10. Zhang T, Xie J, Arai S, Wang L, Shi X, Shi N, et al. The efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies for treatment of advanced or refrac- tory cancers: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2016;7(45):73068-73079. 11. Pyzer AR, Cole L, Rosenblatt J, Avigan DE. Myeloid-derived sup- pressor cells as effectors of immune suppression in cancer. Int J Cancer. 2016;139(9):1915-26. 12. Marvel D, Gabrilovich DI. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment: expect the unexpected. J Clin Invest. 2015;125(9):3356-64. 13. Ottensmeier CH, Perry KL, Harden EL, Stasakova J, Jenei V, Fleming J, et al. Upregulated Glucose Metabolism Correlates Inversely with CD8+ T-cell Infiltration and Survival in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2016 Jul 15;76(14):4136-48. 14. Oguejiofor K, Hall J, Slater C, Betts G, Hall G, Slevin N, et al. Stromal infiltration of CD8 T cells is associated with improved clinical outcome in HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2015 Sep 15;113(6):886-93. 15. Sivan A, Corrales L, Hubert N, Williams JB, Aquino-Michaels K, Ear- ley ZM, et al. Commensal Bifidobacterium promotes antitumor immunity and facilitates anti-PD-L1 efficacy. Science. 2015;350(6264):1084-9. united Prime Publications: http://unitedprimepub.com 4 volume 1 Issue 1-2018 Case Report