![4 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Internet of things (IoT) relates to the next stage of the internet, containing
hundreds of billions of nodes covering different elements from tiny ubiq
uitous sensor systems and portable equipments to big web servers and
supercomputer clusters [1]. IoT operates with linking the entire world’s stuff
via the internet [2]. IoT incorporates fresh computing and communications
systems (wireless communications systems, radio frequency identification
(RFID) technologies, actuators, and sensors) and develops the next genera
tion of internet [3]. Several scientists who work in multiple areas such as
scholars, institutes, and departments of government gave a lot of importance
in changing the today’s internet by developing multiple technologies such as
smart city, smart transportation, smart healthcare [4], smart home, and smart
agriculture. IoT gets and stores a lot of information from sensors, wearables,
smartphones, and other devices that are activated on the internet. In order
to convert information into implementable information, it must be assessed
utilizing suitable data mining techniques. Sensor information from a smart
home, for example, is used for safety surveillance or home automation for
elderly or disabled individuals, or traffic data is evaluated to determine an
optimal ambulance path. The information gathered from IoT systems is
being utilized for comprehend and supervise complicated environments
within us, providing better decision-making, higher accuracy, effectiveness,
and productivity. Analysis of the produced information must be recorded
effectively in order to make this choice more precise and processing the
same needs techniques. Data mining is among the most helpful techniques.
Datasets store the information produced from IoT devices. The big volume
of information processed using data mining technique estimates the model,
generalizing it to fresh information as well. Data mining is therefore the
method of finding precious data from bulk quantities of information stored
in databases (DB) and data warehouses.
1.2 DATA MINING FOR IOT
Data mining in IoT is used to handle the big volume of information that IoT
devices collect. Data mining includes discovering and analyzing informa
tion from the huge information set. Data mining’s primary aim is to explore
helpful patterns from big knowledge set obtained from machines, sensors,
IoT devices [5]. Discovery of knowledge, analysis of patterns and collection](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19113989-250516113627-0d4207a8/85/The-Role-Of-Iot-And-Blockchain-Techniques-And-Applications-Sanjay-K-Kuanar-35-320.jpg)
![5
Data Mining Algorithms for IoT: A Succinct Study
of data are the words used in the IoT for data mining. Data mining’s main
goal is to create an effective and concise framework that is suited to the
knowledge set. Thus, a number of researches focus on the use or develop
ment of efficient IoT data mining techniques. The findings outlined in [6]
indicate that it is possible to utilize data mining algorithms to create IoT
smarter which could provide better services. Based on prior information, a
DM method could also be used to create a choice that let us tell the sale of a
specific product, as example, cold drink sales higher in summer as compared
to winter [7].
Data mining converts a set of data into a comprehensible framework and
incorporates significant information that helps to gain insight into the raw
data gathered from different IoT apps. IoT thus forms a network of devices
that implanted with sensor, electronics, and network connectivity through
which devices can gather and exchange information. The ideal combination
of IoT and data mining leads to an innovative technology that benefits every
part of the population. We were inspired to evaluate a data mining structure
for IoT apps by the enormous quantity of data produced by IoT apps and
knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). The IoT data mining framework
is shown below by considering data mining for IoT.
Data mining is primarily divided into two procedures. First procedure
is descriptive and the second procedure is predictive. Data mining is repre
sented in a short and aggregated manner called descriptive data mining and
it provides important overall information. In predictive information mining,
information is evaluated in a series to build one or more information frame
works to estimate the actions of freshly created information sets [8] utilizing
methods such as classification, clustering, regression, and trend analysis. In
the course of knowledge discovery, data mining can be seen as an important
technique. The stages which are required for this method depicted as below:
• Stage 1: Cleaning of Data: Noise and inconsistent information will
be deleted in this process.
• Stage 2: Data Integration: It brings various sources of information.
• Stage 3: Selection of Data: In this level important information is
recovered that is important to the method of evaluation.
• Stage 4: Data Transformation of Data: Aggregation activities is
conducted in this stage in order to convert or enhance information
into adequate knowledge for data extraction.
• Stage 5: Data Mining: Using smart techniques, the required infor
mation and patterns are obtained in this phase.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19113989-250516113627-0d4207a8/85/The-Role-Of-Iot-And-Blockchain-Techniques-And-Applications-Sanjay-K-Kuanar-36-320.jpg)
![6 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications
• Stage 6: Evaluation of Patterns: Exploration of interesting patterns
which depict expertise based on certain pleasant procedures.
• Stage 7: Knowledge Presentation: Using visualization and informa
tion depiction methods, information is provided to the customer in
this phase (Figure 1.1).
FIGURE 1.1 Data mining framework for IoT.
1.2.1 DATA MINING FUNCTIONALITIES
1. Classification allocates objects to target types or classes in a set. Its
objective is to forecast the target class correctly in the information
for each situation.
2. Clustering identifies clusters of comparable information objects and
forms a cluster group.
3. Association assessment is the identification of membership rules that
exhibit circumstances of object-value that often happen in a specified
set of information.
4. Time series assessment includes techniques and tools for the assess
ment of time series data to obtain reliable data and other information
features.
5. Outer assessment defines and models conceptual frameworks or
patterns for objects whose conduct evolves over time.
1.2.2 IOT APPLICATIONS BASED ON DATA MINING [9]
1. Health Care: The development of the healthcare sector is apparent
owing to the use and advances of IoT technologies. IoT technolo
gies provide countless facilities to their consumers regarding their
health like weight monitoring equipment, blood sugar levels, heart
rate, and blood pressure information and stored it on a cloud-based
system. To incorporate the above diverse information and provide
precise patient information, a smart system must be evolved. The](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19113989-250516113627-0d4207a8/85/The-Role-Of-Iot-And-Blockchain-Techniques-And-Applications-Sanjay-K-Kuanar-37-320.jpg)
![8 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications
1.3 DATA MINING ALGORITHMS
1. Support Vector Machines (SVMs): It is a supervised learning para
digm focused on the concept of statistical learning. It is also related
with learning algorithms that analyze information and acknowledge
patterns. Usage of SVM is expanded from classification to regres
sion. In market basket analysis, text classification [10] and acknowl
edgment of patterns in detecting diseases SVM method is used. This
method is also suitable for complicated and noisy domains. Initially,
SVM was intended to tackle the tradeoff, overfitting, and capability
regulation of bias fluctuation.
2. K-Nearest-Neighbor (KNN): It is a voting algorithm as it uses sample
points in terms of a given distance, measure to persuade the categories
of information points being considered. KNN is also used efficiently
for the identification of intrusion for multiple activities in wireless
sensor networks (WSN) and IoT domains [11]. KNN is robust to noisy
training data and is efficient when there are big training data.
3. Naïve Bayes Classifier: Purpose of Naïve Bayes is to build a policy
that adds new items to the class. It provides Bayesian networks
which are aligned with acyclic graphs and the nodes serve arbitrary
variables. Edges are conditional dependencies; unconnected nodes
are variables that are conditionally isolated from one another. These
classifiers have a lot of power based on Bayesian networks, such as
model interpretability and fitting to complicated contexts of infor
mation and classification issues. NB is a straightforward and robust
classifier such as KNN. It derives the probability.
4. C5.0: It provides more precise and effective results among all these
classifiers. C5 is a classifier that compares information to other
classifiers with less time. Memory utilization is minimal in order
to generate a decision tree and it also improves the precision. C5.0
algorithm offers selection of features, cross validation and decreased
equipment for trimming errors. Quinlan subsequently created C5.0
which is the updated version of C4.5. C5.0 version is used to handle
boosting and weighting [12].
5. Artificial Neural Network (ANN): These are focused on the imitation
of the human brain neural system. These are highly effective in solving
data mining duties with higher accuracy. ANNs are complicated and
a large quantity of information processing is needed to solve a greater
accuracy issue. Revolutionary learning algorithms which are focused
on deep learning are further extensions of ANNs [13].
](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19113989-250516113627-0d4207a8/85/The-Role-Of-Iot-And-Blockchain-Techniques-And-Applications-Sanjay-K-Kuanar-39-320.jpg)
![9
Data Mining Algorithms for IoT: A Succinct Study
6. Deep Learning Artificial Neural Networks (DLANNs): These
have an excessive capacity to learn and process huge data and
deliver highly precise findings that other traditional machine and
data mining algorithms cannot achieve. Deep learning can provide
us with innovative ideas on IoT information that other data mining
algorithms do not allow [14].
1.4 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT DATA MINING ALGORITHMS
All the mentioned data mining algorithms are implemented in the R language.
We use machine learning (ML) repository dataset [15]. We preprocess the
data at first and make it appropriate for the classifier. We can understand the
complete amount of instances correctly and incorrectly categorized with the
aid of confusion matrix [16]. Comparisons of different data mining algo
rithms are depicted in Figure 1.2.
FIGURE 1.2 Classification accuracy and elapsed time for different algorithms (KNN,
SVM, NB, ANN, C5.0, and DLANN).
ANN, C5.0, and DLANNs are having higher accuracy as compared to
other algorithms. By rising the ages, hidden layers and neurons, classifica
tion accuracy could be accomplished. Because of complicated design, the
DLANN algorithm has the largest runtime. A great deal of system resources
are needed for DLANNs.
1.5 SUGGESTED BIG DATA FRAMEWORK FOR IOT
We recommend five layers of IoT and big data mining architecture which is
illustrated in Figure 1.3:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19113989-250516113627-0d4207a8/85/The-Role-Of-Iot-And-Blockchain-Techniques-And-Applications-Sanjay-K-Kuanar-40-320.jpg)
![14 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications
that one can purchase in a store or online is produced in some other place.
Today, innovation is making the nation’s economy move towards offering
administrations rather than creating merchandise. Nonetheless, it is ending
up clear to financial experts that a solid assembling industry is one of the
trademark pointers of a sound, flourishing economy.
Producers’ supply chains are modern, complex associations with various
subtleties that can make straightforwardness and responsibility testing,
particularly with regards to the co-ordinations of structure and sending new
hardware and administration parts.
In an industry that computerizes things to help mankind, IT makes the
assembling procedure not so much bulky but rather more mechanized. IT
helps radically in conveying in the nick of time experiences, quick perceiv
ability and consistent advancement for executing new age arrangements.
Makers need to push their industry further and more distant as far as intricate
schedules particularly, specially make and make-to-stock procedures so they
can convey items on a design to-arrange necessity advertise.
Countering supply chain multifaceted nature is significant since the
conventional production system is presently not being used. The profoundly
mind-boggling supply chains are consequently loaded with issues, which
provoked the requirement for effective administration and enhancement.
The fourth industrial revolution will be established on trusted networks
that remove the need for middlemen. Simple processes that are currently
tackled manually or in a segregated manner will be undertaken in an inte
grated way using digital, autonomous systems, underpinned in many cases
by blockchain technology.
Extended number of model ventures with shorter between times drive
the necessities for generation. The ability to reproduce manufacture growth
thusly ends up being logically notable [1]. Potential zones for usage of IoT,
Industry 4.0 in modern mechanization segment to satisfy the worldwide
need is accessible in different businesses. The impact and the system of
improvement is examined and proposed different strategies for the fourth era
industrial revolution [2]. IoT based system can be best implemented and the
data can be well assessed by user whereas the technology behind the block-
chain can be implemented to provide the security and to keep away from
the centralized system which avoids a common data sharing with others and
improves security [3]. The applied structure takes into consideration multi
move activity dependent on security encryption and information obtaining
that gives a security certification, various activity, unwavering quality, and
classification for execution upgrade in a framework [4]. Technological](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19113989-250516113627-0d4207a8/85/The-Role-Of-Iot-And-Blockchain-Techniques-And-Applications-Sanjay-K-Kuanar-45-320.jpg)
![15
Information Technology Evolutions in the Manufacturing Sectors
methodology supported by the horticultural and agricultural division on
finding the issue, giving feasible, moderate, security, and adequate nourish
ment, feed, fiber, and fuel to purchasers, it is basic to guarantee these worth
chains running easily and effectively by applying propelled web advances
[5]. Multi-criteria examination is utilized by the blockchain innovation to
assess and control the conceptual information for a synthetic industry and
the models are altered for the business integrated with industry 4.0 [6].
Blockchains guarantee straightforward companion investigated works and
activities in the vitality part in recognizing the specialized difficulties can
illuminate for that application just as its potential downsides, and mechanical
undertakings and new companies that are right now applying blockchain
innovation to that zone [7].
Fundamental executions in assembling have likewise developed with
regards to decentralizing 3D printing asset accessibility and in rethinking
how information combination crosswise over assembling supply chains are
actualized [8].
The expansion of IoT and selection of industrial internet undertakings has
allowed security experts the chance to assess the new dangers and vulner
abilities that are being brought into associations around the globe. IoT and
cybersecurity cross with various existing security disciplines. These orders
include: (1) information technology (IT security) for ensuring data frame
works; (2) physical security to secure structures, workplaces, offices, and
so forth; and (3) operational technology (OT) security to ensure operational
frameworks for plant computerization and natural observing frameworks.
Verifying IoT conditions will require drawing from every one of these three
orders. The mix of the components can be depicted as computerized security.
The internet of things (IoT), particularly the modern IoT (IIoT), has
quickly created and is getting a great deal of consideration in scholastic
regions and industry, yet IoT protection dangers and security vulnerabilities
are rising up out of absence of central security innovation. The blockchain
procedure, because of its decentralization and data acknowledgment, was
proposed as a decentralized and disseminated way to deal with assurance
security prerequisites and rouse the improvement of the IoT and IIoT.
IoT based industrial research work is a hot cake in the research field.
Cyber manufacturing is a challengeable area for software engineers and IT
sectors to provide a challengeable security with smooth function of industry
to put the customer satisfaction in an excellent manner.
This chapter provides a prologue to Industry 4.0 with the assistance of
cyber manufacturing system in relationship with IoT and blockchain.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19113989-250516113627-0d4207a8/85/The-Role-Of-Iot-And-Blockchain-Techniques-And-Applications-Sanjay-K-Kuanar-46-320.jpg)
The Role Of Iot And Blockchain Techniques And Applications Sanjay K Kuanar
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- 6. THE ROLE OF IoT AND BLOCKCHAIN Techniques and Applications
- 8. THE ROLE OF IoT AND BLOCKCHAIN Techniques and Applications Edited by Sanjay K. Kuanar, PhD Brojo Kishore Mishra, PhD Sheng-Lung Peng, PhD Daniel D. Dasig, Jr., PhD
- 9. First edition published 2022 Apple Academic Press Inc. 1265 Goldenrod Circle, NE, Palm Bay, FL 32905 USA 4164 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7L 1A4 Canada CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 USA 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN UK © 2022 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Apple Academic Press exclusively co-publishes with CRC Press, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermissions@tandf.co.uk Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: The role of IoT and blockchain : techniques and applications / edited by Sanjay K. Kuanar, PhD, Brojo Kishore Mishra, PhD, Sheng-Lung Peng, PhD, Daniel D. Dasig, Jr., PhD. Names: Kuanar, Sanjay Kumar, editor. | Mishra, Brojo Kishore, 1979- editor. | Peng, Sheng-Lung, editor. | Dasig, Daniel D., Jr., editor. Description: First edition. | The chapters are selected papers from the International Conference on Recent Trends in IoT and Blockchain, held at the GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India, 19-20 October 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20210340142 | Canadiana (ebook) 20210340290 | ISBN 9781771889148 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781774638101 (softcover) | ISBN 9781003048367 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Blockchains (Databases)—Congresses. | LCSH: Internet of things—Congresses. | LCGFT: Conference papers and proceedings. Classification: LCC QA76.9.B56 R65 2022 | DDC 005.74—dc23 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP data on file with US Library of Congress ISBN: 978-1-77188-914-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-77463-810-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-00304-836-7 (ebk)
- 10. About the Editors Sanjay K. Kuanar, PhD Professor and Head, Computer Science and Engineering Department, GIET University, Odisha, India Sanjay K. Kuanar, PhD, is Professor and Head of Computer Science and Engineering Department of GIET University, Odisha, India. He has (co)authored several publications in refereed SCI journals, including IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, IEEE Transac tions on Cybernetics, and Elsevier’s Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, for which he has also acted as a reviewer. He has also participated in many international conferences. His research interests include computer vision, pattern recognition, machine learning, and multi media computing. His primary research is focused on exploring different machine learning techniques for solving several challenging problems in summarizing and segmenting videos. Dr. Kuanar earned his PhD from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, his ME (Computer Engineering) degree from Jadavpur University, and his BTech in Computer Science and Engineering from Utkal University. Brojo Kishore Mishra, PhD Professor, Computer Science and Engineering Department, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India Brojo Kishore Mishra, PhD, is a Professor in the Computer Science and Engineering Department at the GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India. He has published more than 32 research papers in national and international conference proceedings, over 27 research papers in peer- reviewed journals, over 24 book chapters, two authored books, and four edited books. His research interests include data mining and big data analysis, machine learning, and security. He received his PhD degree in Computer Science from the Berhampur University.
- 11. vi About the Editors Sheng-Lung Peng, PhD Professor, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Dong Hwa University (NDHU), Taiwan Sheng-Lung Peng, PhD, is a Professor in the Depart ment of Computer Science and Information Engi neering at National Dong Hwa University (NDHU), Taiwan. Dr. Peng has edited several special issues for journals, such as Soft Computing, Journal of Internet Technology, Journal of Computers, and MDPI Algorithms. He is also a reviewer for many journals. He published more than 100 papers in international journals and confer ences. Dr. Peng is now the Dean of the Library and Information Services Office of NDHU, an honorary Professor of the Beijing Information Science and Technology University of China, and a visiting Professor at the Ningxia Institute of Science and Technology of China. He is also the regional director of the ACM-ICPC Contest Council for Taiwan, a director of the Institute of Information and Computing Machinery (IICM), and a director of the Information Service Association of the Chinese Colleges and of the Taiwan Association of Cloud Computing (TACC). He is also a supervisor of the Chinese Information Literacy Association, the Association of Algorithms and Computation Theory (AACT), and the Interlibrary Cooperation Asso ciation in Taiwan. He has also served as secretary-general of TACC, AACT, IICM. His research interests are in designing and analyzing algorithms for bioinformatics, combinatorics, data mining, and networks. Daniel D. Dasig, Jr., PhD Associate Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, De La Salle University, Dasmariñas, Philippines Daniel D. Dasig, Jr., PhD, is a Professorial Lecturer in electrical engineering, environmental engineering, information technology, computer science, and educa tion in the Philippines and abroad. He is an Associate Professor 6 of the Graduate Studies of College of Science and Computer Studies of De La Salle University Dasmarinas, Philippines, and a Professo rial Lecturer at the College of Continuing andAdvanced Professional Studies
- 12. vii About the Editors of the University of Makati, where he also served as Research Coordinator in the College of Computer Science. He served as Chair of Computer Engi neering Department of Jose Rizal University, Philippines. He also works as part of the Change Management and software development teams of TELUS, a Canadian telecommunication company. He is a Lean Six Sigma Certified, ITIL V3 Certified, and Certified Project Management Expert. Dr. Dasig has authored and co-authored more than 100 academic and technical papers extending over a wide spectrum of research areas, such as in engineering, information technology, education, computer science, and social sciences. He has authored and co-authored books for higher education and senior high school programs. He has organized and co-organized local and international conferences and was a recipient of several awards and fellowships. He has held executive roles and active membership in more than 40 profes sional, research, and policymaking organizations, such as ICANN-NCSG, Internet Society, ICpEP, and PSITE. He has received numerous global and international awards, including the World Class Filipino for Engineering and Information Technology. He is an IEEE member of the Republic of the Philippines Section. He received his BSc in Computer Engineering, MSc in Engineering in Computer Engineering, and PhD in Electrical and Computer Engineering degrees.
- 14. Contributors.....................................................................................................................................xiii Abbreviations................................................................................................................................... xix Preface............................................................................................................................................... xxv PART I: IOT TECHNIQUES AND METHODOLOGIES ................................ 1 1. Data Mining Algorithms for IoT: A Succinct Study.................................... 3 Chandrakanta Mahanty, Brojo Kishore Mishra, and Raghvendra Kumar 2. Information Technology Evolutions in the Manufacturing Sectors: Indus try 4.0, IoT, and Blockchain........................................................................ 13 Kali Charan Rath, Rakesh Sahu, and Tapas Chhualsingh 3. The Future of Smart Communication: IoT and Augmented Reality: A Review ....................................................................................................... 29 Debabrata Dansana, S. Gopal Krishna Patro, and Brojo Kishore Mishra 4. Heart Rate Monitoring Using IoT and AI for Aged Person: A Survey... 39 Sibo Prasad Patro, Neelamadhab Padhy, and Rahul Deo Sah 5. BADS-MANET: Black Hole Attack Detection System in Mobile Networks Using Data Routing Information (DRI) and Cross-Check Mechanism............................................................................. 61 Chetana Khetmal, Nilesh Bhosale, Umashankar Ghugar, and Bikash Ranjan Bag 6. A Study of Computation Offloading Techniques Used by Mobile Edge Computing in an IoT Environment ..................................... 73 Devpriya Panda, Brojo Kishore Mishra, and Chhabi Rani Panigrahi 7. AquaTalk: An Intensification of System Influence in Aquaculture......... 87 P. Sudheer Babu and Sanjay Kumar Kuanar 8. A Comprehensive Survey on Mitigation of Challenging Issues in Green IoT.................................................................................................... 101 Geetanjali Nayak, Neelamadhab Padhy, and Tusar Kanti Mishra 9. Shortest Route Analysis for High-Level Slotting Using Peer-to-Peer ....113 Dileep Kumar Kadali and R. N. V. Jagan Mohan Contents
- 15. 10. Internet of Things (IoT) Based on User Command Analysis and Regulator System ....................................................................................... 123 Harsh Pratap Singh, R. P. Singh, Rashmi Singh, and Bhaskar Singh 11. IoT System with Heterogeneous Servers: Steady-State Solution and Performance Evaluation............................................................................ 135 P. K. Swain and P. K. Panda 12. IoT-Based Unified Approach to Predict Particulate Matter Pollution in Thailand...................................................................................................... 145 Ferdin Joe John Joseph 13. An Internet of Things-Based Novel Approach to Rescue Children from Borewells..................................................................................................... 153 Vikram Puri, Bhuvan Puri, Raghvendra Kumar, and Chung Van Le PART II: BLOCKCHAIN TECHNIQUES AND METHODOLOGIES ...... 163 14. Blockchain: A New Way to Revolutionize CRM Systems ...................... 165 Tanay Kulkarni, Purnima Mokadam, and Kailas Devadkar 15. Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized Traceability in the Automotive Supply Chain......................................................................... 177 Sonali Shirish Patwe 16. Understanding the Concept of Blockchain and Its Security.................. 187 Mrinal, Anjana Mishra, and Brojo Kishore Mishra 17. Sentiment Analysis for Prediction of Bitcoin Response.......................... 193 Sudhansu Bala Das and Dipak Das 18. Blockchain Makes Certain Truthfulness of Supervised Predictive Clinical Trial Data Analysis ...................................................................... 207 D. Anand Kumar and R. N. V. Jagan Mohan 19. Blockchain Can Strengthen the Trustworthiness of Meta-Analysis...... 219 Yugandhar Bokka and R. N. V. Jagan Mohan 20. Query Response Time in Blockchain Using Big Query Optimization .. 229 M. Srikanth and R. N. V. Jagan Mohan 21. Transformative Blockchain Knacks for Bitcoin Cryptocurrency and Its Impacts .................................................................................................. 237 Bhavani Sankar Panda and Chandan Kumar Giri 22. Blockchain-Based Smart Contract for Transportation of Blood Bank System .................................................................................... 253 Nihar Ranjan Pradhan, D. Anil Kumar, and Akhilendra Pratap Singh x Contents
- 16. 23. Blockchain Traversal: Its Working Aspects and a Brief Discussion on Its Security.................................................................................................. 267 Anand Kumar Jha, Ritika Raj, Anjana Mishra, and Brojo Kishore Mishra 24. Improved Framework for E-Healthcare Based on Blockchain and Fog Computing........................................................................................... 275 K. Lakshmi Narayana, S. Priyanga, and K. Sathiyamurthy 25. An IoT and Blockchain-Based System for Acute Security Check and Analysis....................................................................................................... 285 Adarsh Pratik, Abhishek Bhattacharjee, Rojalina Priyadarshini, and Subham Divakar 26. Limitations of Facial Emotion Recognition Using Deep Learning for Intelligent Human-Machine Interfaces.................................................... 295 Sabyasachi Tribedi and Ranjit Kumar Barai PART III: APPLICATION AND CASE STUDIES .........................................311 27. State of the Art of Machine Learning Techniques: A Case Study on Voting Prediction........................................................................................ 313 Gouri Sankar Nayak, Rasmita Panigrahi, and Neelamadhab Padhy 28. Climate Prediction by Using a Machine Learning Approach: A Case Study............................................................................................... 325 K. Siva Krishna and Neelamadhab Padhy 29. Data Transmission in Multi-Hop Cluster Using Blockchain in a Clustered Wireless Sensor Network (CWSN)........................................................... 335 Bandita Sahu, Ranjeet Kumar Panigrahi, and Jemarani Jaypuria 30. An Open-Source Web-Based OWL Ontology Editing and Browsing Tool: Swoop ................................................................................................ 349 V. B. Narasimha, B. Sujatha, and S. Nagaprasad 31. A Real-World Application Based on Blockchain..................................... 357 Auropremi Aspruha 32. Modified Design of Conformal Circular Patch for 15GHz Application...363 Ribhu Abhusan Panda and Debasis Mishra 33. Cloud-Based Data Analytics: Applications, Security Issues, and Challenges................................................................................................... 373 Murali Krishna Senapaty, Gitanjali Mishra, and Abhishek Ray 34. ROBIARM: Vision-Based Object Detection System .............................. 391 Vikram Puri, Sandeep Singh Jagdev, Chung Van Le, and Bhuvan Puri xi Contents
- 17. 35. Security Analysis and Fraud Prevention in Cloud Computing ............. 401 Md. Iman Ali, Pranay Jha, Ashok Sharma, and Sukhkirandeep Kaur 36. Prediction of Diseases Through Data Mining.......................................... 419 A. V. S. Pavan Kumar, Venkata Naresh Mandhala, and Debrup Banerjee 37. Naïve Bayes Full-Spectral Image Analytics Using K-Nearest Based Parzen Window .......................................................................................... 431 R. Rajasekhar and R. N. V. Jagan Mohan 38. Mental Health Disorders and Privacy-Preserving Data Mining: A Survey...................................................................................................... 441 Vijaya Pinjarkar, Amit Jain, and Anand Bhaskar 39. Industry 4.0 with Big Data Analysis: A Review....................................... 451 K. Murali Gopal Index.................................................................................................................... 463 xii Contents
- 18. Contributors Md. Iman Ali Research Scholar, School of Computer Application, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, E-mail: mdimanali@gmail.com Auropremi Aspruha Integrated Test Range, Defence Research Development Organization (DRDO), Chandipur, Odisha – 756025, India P. Sudheer Babu Department of Computer Science, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: sudheerpunuri@giet.edu Bikash Ranjan Bag Department of Computer Science, Berhampur University, Berhampur – 761006, India, E-mail: bikashbag@gmail.com Debrup Banerjee Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India Ranjit Kumar Barai Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, E-mail: ranjit.k.barai@gmail.com Anand Bhaskar Assistant Professor, Sir Padampat Singhania University, Rajasthan, India, E-mail: anand.bhaskar@spsu.ac.in Abhishek Bhattacharjee Department of IT, C.V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar, India, E-mail: abhishekb496@gmail.com Nilesh Bhosale Principal Software Engineer, Credit Vidya, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, E-mail: nileshxbhosle@gmail.com Yugandhar Bokka Research Scholar, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: yug.599@gmail.com Tapas Chhualsingh Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, GIETU, Gunupur – 765022, Odisha, India Debabrata Dansana Department of Computer Science and Engineering GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: debabratadansana07@gmail.com Dipak Das Integrated Test Range, Defence Research Development Organization (DRDO), Chandipur, Odisha – 756025, India
- 19. xiv Contributors Sudhansu Bala Das Integrated Test Range, Defence Research Development Organization (DRDO), Chandipur, Odisha – 756025, India Kailas Devadkar Department of Information Technology, Sardar Patel Institute of Technology, Mumbai – 400058, Maharashtra, India Subham Divakar Department of ETC, C.V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar, India, E-mail: shubham.divakar@gmail.com Umashankar Ghugar Department of Computer Science, Berhampur University, Berhampur – 761006, India, E-mail: ughugar@gmail.com Chandan Kumar Giri Associate Professor, Computer Science and Engineering, CUTM, Paralakhemundi, Odisha, India, E-mail: chandankumargiri@gmail.com K. Murali Gopal Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, GIET University, Gunupur – 765022, Odisha, India, E-mail: kmgopal@giet.edu Sandeep Singh Jagdev Ellen Technology (P), LTD, Jalandhar, Punjab, India Amit Jain Assistant Professor, Sir Padampat Singhania University, Rajasthan, India, E-mail: amit.jain@spsu.ac.in Jemarani Jaypuria Department of Computer Science, GIET, University, Gunupur, Odisha, India Anand Kumar Jha Department of Information Technology, CVRCE, CVRCE, Bhubaneswar, India Pranay Jha Research Scholar, School of Computer Application, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, E-mail: pranay1988jha@gmail.com Ferdin Joe John Joseph Faculty of Information Technology, Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mail: ferdin@tni.ac.th Dileep Kumar Kadali Research Scholar, Department of CSE, GIET University, GIET University, Gunupur – 765022, Odisha, India, E-mail: dileepkumarkadali@gmail.com Sukhkirandeep Kaur Assistant Professor, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, E-mail: sukhkirandeep.23328@lpu.co.in Chetana Khetmal Department of Computer Science, K.C College of Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: khetmalchetna@gmail.com K. Siva Krishna Research Scholar, School of Computer Engineering (CSE), GIET University Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: ksivakrishna@giet.edu
- 20. xv Contributors Sanjay Kumar Kuanar Department of Computer Science, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: sanjay.kuanar@giet.edu Tanay Kulkarni Department of Information Technology, Sardar Patel Institute of Technology, Mumbai – 400058, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: tanaykulkarni06@gmail.com A. V. S. Pavan Kumar Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GIET University, Gunpur, Odisha, India, E-mail: avspavankumar@giet.edu D. Anand Kumar Research Scholar, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: anand.k.deva@gmail.com D. Anil Kumar GIET University, Gunpur, Rayagada, Odisha, India Raghvendra Kumar Department of Computer Science and Engineering, LNCT Group of College, Jabalpur, India Chung Van Le Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam Chandrakanta Mahanty Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India Venkata Naresh Mandhala Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, E-mail: mvnaresh.mca@gmail.com Anjana Mishra Department of Information Technology, CVRCE, CVRCE, Bhubaneswar, India, E-mail: anjanamishra2184@gmail.com Brojo Kishore Mishra Department of Computer Science and Engineering GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: brojomishra@gmail.com Debasis Mishra Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Odisha – 768018, India Gitanjali Mishra Assistant Professor, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India Tusar Kanti Mishra Department of CSE, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, E-mail: tusar.k.mishra@gvpcew.ac.in R. N. V. Jagan Mohan Assistant Professor, Department of CSE, Swarnandhra College of Engineering and Technology, Narasapur – 534280, Andhra Pradesh, India, E-mail: mohanrnvj@gmail.com Purnima Mokadam Department of Information Technology, Sardar Patel Institute of Technology, Mumbai – 400058, Maharashtra, India Mrinal Department of Information Technology, CVRCE, CVRCE, Bhubaneswar, India
- 21. xvi Contributors S. Nagaprasad Osmania University, Amberpet, Hyderabad, Telangana – 500007, India V. B. Narasimha Osmania University, Amberpet, Hyderabad, Telangana – 500007, India K. Lakshmi Narayana PhD Scholar, Department of CSE, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry, India, E-mail: kodavali.lakshmi@gmail.com Geetanjali Nayak Department of CSE, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, E-mail: geetanjalinayak2019vizag Gouri Sankar Nayak MTech Research Scholar, School of Computer Engineering (CSE), GIET University Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: mr.gouri4u@gmail.com Neelamadhab Padhy Associate Professor, School of Computer Engineering (CSE), GIET University Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mails: dr.neelamadhab@giet.edu; dr.neelamadhab@gmail.com Bhavani Sankar Panda Assistant Professor, Computer Science and Engineering, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: chintupanda@gmail.com Devpriya Panda Department of CSE and IT, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India P. K. Panda Department of Computer Application, North Orissa University, Baripada – 757003, Odisha, India, E-mail: panda3k32003@gmail.com Ribhu Abhusan Panda Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Odisha – 768018, India, E-mail: ribhupanda@gmail.com Chhabi Rani Panigrahi Rama Devi Women’s University, Bhubaneswar, India Ranjeet Kumar Panigrahi Department of Computer Science, GIET, University, Gunupur, Odisha, India Rasmita Panigrahi PhD Research Scholar, School of Computer Engineering (CSE), GIET University Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: rasmita@giet.edu S. Gopal Krishna Patro Department of Computer Science and Engineering GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: sgkpatro2008@gmail.com Sibo Prasad Patro Research Scholar, School of Computer Engineering (CSE), GIET University Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: sibofromgiet@giet.edu Sonali Shirish Patwe PhD Research Scholar, Symbiosis International University, Lavale, Pune, India
- 22. Contributors xvii Vijaya Pinjarkar PhD Scholar, Sir Padampat Singhania University, Rajasthan, India, E-mail: vijaya.pinjarkar@spsu.ac.in Nihar Ranjan Pradhan Department of Computer Science, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong – 793003, Meghalaya, India, E-mail: niharpradhan@nitm.ac.in Adarsh Pratik Department of IT, C.V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar, India, E-mail: adarshpratik.2010@gmail.com Rojalina Priyadarshini Department of IT, C.V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar, India, E-mail: priyadarhini.rojalina@gmail.com S. Priyanga MTech, Department of CSE, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry, India Bhuvan Puri D.A.V Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India, E-mail: bhuvanpuri239@gmail.com Vikram Puri Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam Ritika Raj Department of Information Technology, CVRCE, CVRCE, Bhubaneswar, India R. Rajasekhar Assistant Professor, Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: rrajasekhar@giet.edu Kali Charan Rath Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GIETU Gunupur – 765022, Odisha, India, E-mail: kalimtech@gmail.com Abhishek Ray Professor, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India Rahul Deo Sah Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University Ranchi, India, E-mail: rahuldeosah@gmail.com Bandita Sahu Department of Computer Science, GIET, University, Gunupur, Odisha, India Rakesh Sahu Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, GIETU, Gunupur – 765022, Odisha, India K. Sathiyamurthy Associate Professor, Department of CSE, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry, India Murali Krishna Senapaty Assistant Professor, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India Ashok Sharma Associate Professor, School of Computer Application, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, E-mail: drashoksharma@hotmail.co.in
- 23. xviii Contributors Akhilendra Pratap Singh Department of Computer Science, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong – 793003, Meghalaya, India Bhaskar Singh Radharaman Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India Harsh Pratap Singh Sri Satya Sai University of Technology and Medical Sciences, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India, E-mail: singhharshpratap@gmail.com R. P. Singh Sri Satya Sai University of Technology and Medical Sciences, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India Rashmi Singh Radharaman Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India M. Srikanth Research Scholar, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India, E-mail: srikanth.mandela@gmail.com B. Sujatha Osmania University, Amberpet, Hyderabad, Telangana – 500007, India P. K. Swain Department of Computer Application, North Orissa University, Baripada – 757003, Odisha, India, E-mail: prasantanou@gmail.com Sabyasachi Tribedi Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, E-mail: stribedi15@gmail.com
- 24. Abbreviations ABE attribute-based-encryption ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder AI artificial intelligence ANFIS adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system ANN artificial neural network ARM architecture reference model AWS Amazon web services BAN body area network BCG ballistocardiogram BDA big data analytics BETaaS building the environment for the things as a service BN belief network BPM body pulse rate BS base station BVS beneath video system CAD coronary artery disease CAMI Caribbean agro meteorological initiative CC climate change CC cloud computing CCI cloud computing infrastructure CCTV closed camera television CdS cadmium sulfide CH cluster head CHD coronary heart disorder CHMM canny house monitor and manager CII critical information infrastructure CNN convolutional neural network CO2 carbon dioxide CO3 2– carbonates CP-ABE ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption CPS cyber-physical systems CRM customer relationship management CSP cloud service provider
- 25. xx Abbreviations DA data analysis DAaaS data analytics-as-a-service DAIaaS data analytics infrastructure as a service DAPaaS data analytics platform as a service DASaaS data analytics software as a service DB database DC data center DC-RBAC data-centric RBAC DDD data-driven decision DML data manipulation language DO dissolved oxygen DOB date of birth DPAE demographic profiles based attribute encryption DPBSV dynamic prime number based security verification DRI data routing information DRLO deep, reinforcement, learning, and offloading DT DRI table DTMF dual tone multi frequency EC electrical conductivity EDs electronic devices EESCDE energy efficient SNR-based clustering in UWSN with data encryption EH energy harvesting EHRs electronic health records EPs emotional profiles FCFS first come first serve FCL fully connected layer FER facial emotion recognition FTMH fault tolerant multi-hop clustering GAHA green IoT agriculture and healthcare applications GCP Google cloud platform GFLOPS Giga FLOPS GHQ general health questionnaire GIG grayscale Image generation GPIO general-purpose input-output GPS global positioning system GPUs graphical processor units HAN home area network HDFS Hadoop distributed file system
- 26. xxi Abbreviations HFSS high frequency structure simulator HGPCA hierarchical GA and PSO-based computation algorithm HMS health monitoring system HR humanoid robots IaaS infrastructure as a service IHD ischemic heart disease IIG integral image generation IIoE industry internet of everything IN inspector node IoT internet of things IP interest points IPD interest point detection IR infra-red ISP internet service provider KDD knowledge discovery in databases KNX Konnex LANs local area networks LDL low density lipoprotein LDR light dependent resistor M2M machine to machine MANET mobile ad-hoc network MBS macro base station MCC mobile cloud computing MCC multi-class classifier MDDSS medical diagnostic choice aid structures MEC mobile edge computing MECO mobile edge computation offloading MIC many integrated core MK master-secret key ML machine learning MLP multi-layer perceptron MVC model-view-controller NAN neighborhood area network NBDT Naïve Bayesian and decision tree NCH non cluster head NLP natural language processing NN neural network NO2 nitrates NRL normalized routing load
- 27. xxii Abbreviations NS2 network simulator 2 OCR optical character recognition OFDMA orthogonal frequency-division multiple access OKBC open knowledge base connectivity OpenCV open source computer vision OS operating system OT operational technology P2P peer to peer PaaS platform as a service PAN personal area network PCA major component analysis PCI peripheral communication interface PDD pervasive developmental disorder PDPR packet dropping ratio PDR packet delivery ratio PF final prediction PHM prognostic health monitoring PICO population, intervention, comparison, and outcome PIR passive infra-red PK public-key PM particulate matter PPDM privacy preserving data mining PWM pulse width modulation QoE quality of experience QoS quality of service RBAC role-based access control RCPSP resource-constrained project scheduling problem RDD resilient distributed datasets RF random forest RFID radio frequency identification RGM response generation matrix RL reinforcement learning RLO reinforcement learning optimization RMSE root mean square error RREP route reply RREQ route request RT response time SaaS software as a service SCH sub cluster head
- 28. Abbreviations xxiii SDN software-defined networking SDT selective data transmission SDTO software defined task offloading SK secret-key SNAPP social networks adapting pedagogical practice SNR signal-to noise ratio SOA service oriented architecture SoC system on chip SOM self-organizing map SQL structural query language SSS safe, scalable, and secure SVM support vector machine SWOOP semantic web ontology overview and perusal TDMA time-division multiple access TDS total dissolved solids TDT time space transmission VM virtual machine VSWR voltage standing wave ratio WHO World Health Organization WPAN wireless personal area network WSN wireless sensor network
- 30. Preface Blockchain technology is receiving growing attention from various orga nizations and researchers as it provides magical solutions to the problems associated with the classical centralized architecture. Blockchain, whether public or private, is a distributed ledger with the capability of maintaining the integrity of transactions by decentralizing the ledger among participating users. On the other hand, the Internet of Things (IoT) represents a revolution of the Internet that can connect nearly all environment devices over the Internet to share their data to create novel services and applications for improving our quality of life. Although the centralized IoT system provides countless benefits, it raises several challenges. Resolving these challenges can be done by integrating IoT with blockchain technology. The Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the GIET University has organized the AICTE sponsored international conference on Recent Trends in IoT and Blockchain (ICRTIB-2019) during 19–20 October, 2019. The current book provides an overview of IoT and blockchain concepts, IoT solutions with blockchain in the current business scenario, and much more.
- 32. Part I IoT Techniques and Methodologies
- 34. CHAPTER 1 Data Mining Algorithms for IoT: A Succinct Study CHANDRAKANTA MAHANTY,1 BROJO KISHORE MISHRA,1 and RAGHVENDRA KUMAR2 1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India 2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, LNCT College, Jabalpur, India ABSTRACT IoT is a fresh idea which enables people to connect different sensors and intelligent machines to gather information from the surroundings in real time. It is anticipated that the number of effective IoT machines will increase to 0.01 trillion and 0.022 trillion by 2020 and 2025, respectively. Lots of analytical techniques are brought into IoT to render IoT smarter; data mining is among the most precious techniques. Data mining is the method of finding interesting knowledge and possibly relevant patterns from big data sets and using algorithms to extract crucial information. This article focuses on data mining framework for IoT, data mining functionalities and usage of data mining in IoT applications. After that, a survey on different data mining algorithms is presented. We also analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of different data mining algorithms (K-nearest neighbors, Naïve Bayes, support vector machine (SVM), C5.0, deep learning artificial neural networks (ANN), and ANNs). We reviewed the above mentioned algorithms and concluded that DLANNs, ANNs, C5.0 give relatively higher accuracy and memory-efficient as compared to other algorithms. To address IoT data mining problems such as managing large quantities of information, data analysis (DA), a big data mining system is suggested.
- 35. 4 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications 1.1 INTRODUCTION Internet of things (IoT) relates to the next stage of the internet, containing hundreds of billions of nodes covering different elements from tiny ubiq uitous sensor systems and portable equipments to big web servers and supercomputer clusters [1]. IoT operates with linking the entire world’s stuff via the internet [2]. IoT incorporates fresh computing and communications systems (wireless communications systems, radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies, actuators, and sensors) and develops the next genera tion of internet [3]. Several scientists who work in multiple areas such as scholars, institutes, and departments of government gave a lot of importance in changing the today’s internet by developing multiple technologies such as smart city, smart transportation, smart healthcare [4], smart home, and smart agriculture. IoT gets and stores a lot of information from sensors, wearables, smartphones, and other devices that are activated on the internet. In order to convert information into implementable information, it must be assessed utilizing suitable data mining techniques. Sensor information from a smart home, for example, is used for safety surveillance or home automation for elderly or disabled individuals, or traffic data is evaluated to determine an optimal ambulance path. The information gathered from IoT systems is being utilized for comprehend and supervise complicated environments within us, providing better decision-making, higher accuracy, effectiveness, and productivity. Analysis of the produced information must be recorded effectively in order to make this choice more precise and processing the same needs techniques. Data mining is among the most helpful techniques. Datasets store the information produced from IoT devices. The big volume of information processed using data mining technique estimates the model, generalizing it to fresh information as well. Data mining is therefore the method of finding precious data from bulk quantities of information stored in databases (DB) and data warehouses. 1.2 DATA MINING FOR IOT Data mining in IoT is used to handle the big volume of information that IoT devices collect. Data mining includes discovering and analyzing informa tion from the huge information set. Data mining’s primary aim is to explore helpful patterns from big knowledge set obtained from machines, sensors, IoT devices [5]. Discovery of knowledge, analysis of patterns and collection
- 36. 5 Data Mining Algorithms for IoT: A Succinct Study of data are the words used in the IoT for data mining. Data mining’s main goal is to create an effective and concise framework that is suited to the knowledge set. Thus, a number of researches focus on the use or develop ment of efficient IoT data mining techniques. The findings outlined in [6] indicate that it is possible to utilize data mining algorithms to create IoT smarter which could provide better services. Based on prior information, a DM method could also be used to create a choice that let us tell the sale of a specific product, as example, cold drink sales higher in summer as compared to winter [7]. Data mining converts a set of data into a comprehensible framework and incorporates significant information that helps to gain insight into the raw data gathered from different IoT apps. IoT thus forms a network of devices that implanted with sensor, electronics, and network connectivity through which devices can gather and exchange information. The ideal combination of IoT and data mining leads to an innovative technology that benefits every part of the population. We were inspired to evaluate a data mining structure for IoT apps by the enormous quantity of data produced by IoT apps and knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). The IoT data mining framework is shown below by considering data mining for IoT. Data mining is primarily divided into two procedures. First procedure is descriptive and the second procedure is predictive. Data mining is repre sented in a short and aggregated manner called descriptive data mining and it provides important overall information. In predictive information mining, information is evaluated in a series to build one or more information frame works to estimate the actions of freshly created information sets [8] utilizing methods such as classification, clustering, regression, and trend analysis. In the course of knowledge discovery, data mining can be seen as an important technique. The stages which are required for this method depicted as below: • Stage 1: Cleaning of Data: Noise and inconsistent information will be deleted in this process. • Stage 2: Data Integration: It brings various sources of information. • Stage 3: Selection of Data: In this level important information is recovered that is important to the method of evaluation. • Stage 4: Data Transformation of Data: Aggregation activities is conducted in this stage in order to convert or enhance information into adequate knowledge for data extraction. • Stage 5: Data Mining: Using smart techniques, the required infor mation and patterns are obtained in this phase.
- 37. 6 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications • Stage 6: Evaluation of Patterns: Exploration of interesting patterns which depict expertise based on certain pleasant procedures. • Stage 7: Knowledge Presentation: Using visualization and informa tion depiction methods, information is provided to the customer in this phase (Figure 1.1). FIGURE 1.1 Data mining framework for IoT. 1.2.1 DATA MINING FUNCTIONALITIES 1. Classification allocates objects to target types or classes in a set. Its objective is to forecast the target class correctly in the information for each situation. 2. Clustering identifies clusters of comparable information objects and forms a cluster group. 3. Association assessment is the identification of membership rules that exhibit circumstances of object-value that often happen in a specified set of information. 4. Time series assessment includes techniques and tools for the assess ment of time series data to obtain reliable data and other information features. 5. Outer assessment defines and models conceptual frameworks or patterns for objects whose conduct evolves over time. 1.2.2 IOT APPLICATIONS BASED ON DATA MINING [9] 1. Health Care: The development of the healthcare sector is apparent owing to the use and advances of IoT technologies. IoT technolo gies provide countless facilities to their consumers regarding their health like weight monitoring equipment, blood sugar levels, heart rate, and blood pressure information and stored it on a cloud-based system. To incorporate the above diverse information and provide precise patient information, a smart system must be evolved. The
- 38. 7 Data Mining Algorithms for IoT: A Succinct Study information can be extracted from text using particular prescription medications and medical records of the patient doctor and from this; we can derive significant findings about the patient’s current situa tion and the patient’s survival chances. Clustering method is used to improve the patient’s therapy and care. Outlier assessment may also be performed to recognize any uncommon trends that will be simple to detect any falsification. 2. Home Automation: Several IoT systems are used in the home auto mation scheme. The sensors used in IoT systems generate valuable information and patterns. The above crucial information and patterns are utilized to forecast forthcoming occurrences which will provide the consumer with effective automated communication. Data mining utilizes time series and classification analysis functionalities for smart home. Classification is being utilized by categorizing associated equip ments which are strongly related and dependent on their use.Time series assessment is used for information that is produced by these instruments with their respective time stamps and can be forecast utilizing linear regression for a specific time using this future occurrence. 3. In Controlling Traffic: The traffic control systems based on IoT are global positioning system (GPS), smartphones, car sensors disposed throughout the town can produce information features like accident- prone zones, light car and heavy car occurrences and approximate driving time to a particular destination. The classification algorithm can be used in this situation to fix the issue of traffic jams. Depending on the elevated, medium, low chance of traffic jam occurrence in a specific region, selected regions can be grouped. After applying clas sification algorithm a novel classified framework is developed. This framework can be utilized to forecast the future time where more traffic jams occurred. According to the above forecast, the vehicle can pick the alternate path to reach the targeted station so that over crowding issues will be prevented. 4. Detection of Pipeline Leakage: Maintaining leaks from water pipes for municipality is a very complicated task. Sensors will be utilized to analyze the noise of water that crosses via the tube using data mining methods, particularly by using the outdated tubes. To detect leaks in the tubes, the outlier detection algorithm is used. By applying this methodology in pipeline leakage, testing tasks can be simplified to detect water leaks and maintenance costs can be lowered to half as opposed to standard testing methods.
- 39. 8 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications 1.3 DATA MINING ALGORITHMS 1. Support Vector Machines (SVMs): It is a supervised learning para digm focused on the concept of statistical learning. It is also related with learning algorithms that analyze information and acknowledge patterns. Usage of SVM is expanded from classification to regres sion. In market basket analysis, text classification [10] and acknowl edgment of patterns in detecting diseases SVM method is used. This method is also suitable for complicated and noisy domains. Initially, SVM was intended to tackle the tradeoff, overfitting, and capability regulation of bias fluctuation. 2. K-Nearest-Neighbor (KNN): It is a voting algorithm as it uses sample points in terms of a given distance, measure to persuade the categories of information points being considered. KNN is also used efficiently for the identification of intrusion for multiple activities in wireless sensor networks (WSN) and IoT domains [11]. KNN is robust to noisy training data and is efficient when there are big training data. 3. Naïve Bayes Classifier: Purpose of Naïve Bayes is to build a policy that adds new items to the class. It provides Bayesian networks which are aligned with acyclic graphs and the nodes serve arbitrary variables. Edges are conditional dependencies; unconnected nodes are variables that are conditionally isolated from one another. These classifiers have a lot of power based on Bayesian networks, such as model interpretability and fitting to complicated contexts of infor mation and classification issues. NB is a straightforward and robust classifier such as KNN. It derives the probability. 4. C5.0: It provides more precise and effective results among all these classifiers. C5 is a classifier that compares information to other classifiers with less time. Memory utilization is minimal in order to generate a decision tree and it also improves the precision. C5.0 algorithm offers selection of features, cross validation and decreased equipment for trimming errors. Quinlan subsequently created C5.0 which is the updated version of C4.5. C5.0 version is used to handle boosting and weighting [12]. 5. Artificial Neural Network (ANN): These are focused on the imitation of the human brain neural system. These are highly effective in solving data mining duties with higher accuracy. ANNs are complicated and a large quantity of information processing is needed to solve a greater accuracy issue. Revolutionary learning algorithms which are focused on deep learning are further extensions of ANNs [13].
- 40. 9 Data Mining Algorithms for IoT: A Succinct Study 6. Deep Learning Artificial Neural Networks (DLANNs): These have an excessive capacity to learn and process huge data and deliver highly precise findings that other traditional machine and data mining algorithms cannot achieve. Deep learning can provide us with innovative ideas on IoT information that other data mining algorithms do not allow [14]. 1.4 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT DATA MINING ALGORITHMS All the mentioned data mining algorithms are implemented in the R language. We use machine learning (ML) repository dataset [15]. We preprocess the data at first and make it appropriate for the classifier. We can understand the complete amount of instances correctly and incorrectly categorized with the aid of confusion matrix [16]. Comparisons of different data mining algo rithms are depicted in Figure 1.2. FIGURE 1.2 Classification accuracy and elapsed time for different algorithms (KNN, SVM, NB, ANN, C5.0, and DLANN). ANN, C5.0, and DLANNs are having higher accuracy as compared to other algorithms. By rising the ages, hidden layers and neurons, classifica tion accuracy could be accomplished. Because of complicated design, the DLANN algorithm has the largest runtime. A great deal of system resources are needed for DLANNs. 1.5 SUGGESTED BIG DATA FRAMEWORK FOR IOT We recommend five layers of IoT and big data mining architecture which is illustrated in Figure 1.3:
- 41. 10 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications 1. Devices: IoT equipments (cameras, sensors, RFIDs, mobile phones, and smart devices) are coordinated into IoT frameworks. 2. Raw Data: IoT devices generate data, which can be integrated into the big data mining system, in different forms, such as structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data. 3. Data Gather: Data generated to produce clusters for storage and retrieval. Batch and real-time information can be endorsed and all information can be analyzed, combined, and reviewed. 4. Processing of Data: MapReduce, Hadoop, Storm, HDFS, and Oozie techniques are integrated for data processing. 5. Service: All data mining functions have come under this layer. 6. Security and Privacy: This safeguard information is carried against unauthorized access and confidentiality. FIGURE 1.3 Big data mining architecture for IoT. 1.6 CONCLUSION The idea of IoT emerges from a commitment to handle, automate, and discover all the world’s smart devices, machines, actuators, auto-computing devices, and sensors. To make choices for both end-user and IoT devices, it is necessary to integrate data mining technique that supports strategy- making and system enhancement. Data mining includes the discovery of novel, exciting, and possibly helpful data patterns and the use of algorithms to obtain hidden information. It is a difficult job in information mining to collect this hidden insight from IoT data. In order to manage enormous IoT info, data mining algorithms are required. This article focuses on IoT data
- 42. 11 Data Mining Algorithms for IoT: A Succinct Study mining structure, data mining features, and data mining utilization in IoT apps. We also investigated the applicability of some data mining algorithms and found that, compared to other algorithms, DLANNS, ANN, and C5.0 can offer comparatively greater precision findings. This article discusses learning perspective implementation for IoT data mining, layers linked to IoT mining, and summary of IoT big data analytics (BDA). Big data mining mechanism is suggested to address the problems of IoT data mining. KEYWORDS • artificial neural networks • big data mining system • data mining algorithms • internet of things • radio frequency identification • raw data REFERENCES 1. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M., (2013). Internet of things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29(7), 1645–1660. 2. Chen, F., Deng, P., Wan, J., Zhang, D., Vasilakos, A. V., & Rong, X., (2015). Data mining for the internet of things: Literature review and challenges. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 11(8), 431047. 3. Tsai, C. W., Lai, C. F., Chiang, M. C., & Yang, L. T., (2013). Data mining for internet of things: A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 16(1), 77–97. 4. Chen, H., Chung, W., Xu, J. J., Wang, G., Qin, Y., & Chau, M., (2004). Crime data mining: A general framework and some examples. Computer, 4, 50–56. 5. Shobanadevi, A., & Maragatham, G., (2017). Data mining techniques for IoT and big data: A survey. In: 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS) (pp. 607–610). IEEE. 6. Ragavi, R., Srinithi, B., & Sofia, A., (2018). Data mining issues and challenges:A review. IJARCCE, 7, 118–121. doi: 10.17148/IJARCCE.2018.71125. 7. Batra, I., & Verma, S., (2018). Performance analysis of data mining techniques in IoT. In: 2018 4th International Conference on Computing Sciences (ICCS) (pp. 194–199). IEEE. 8. Meghana, D., & Akarte, S. P., (2014). Predictive data mining: A generalized approach. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, 3(1), 519–525. 9. Tapedia, K., & Wagh, A. M., (2016). Data mining for various internets of things applications. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology.
- 43. 12 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications 10. Burges, C. J., (1998). A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 2(2), 121–167. 11. Yang, X. S., (2019). Introduction to Algorithms for Data Mining and Machine Learning. Academic Press. 12. Hssina, B., Merbouha, A., Ezzikouri, H., & Erritali, M., (2014). A comparative study of decision tree ID3 and C4. 5. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 4(2). 13. Mishra, M., & Srivastava, M., (2014). A view of artificial neural network. In: 2014 International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology Research (ICAETR-2014) (pp. 1–3). Unnao. doi: 10.1109/ICAETR.2014.7012785. 14. Schmidhuber, J., (2015). Deep learning in neural networks: An overview. Neural Networks, 61, 85–117. 15. Lichman, M., (2013). UCI Machine Learning Repository. Irvine, CA: University of California, School of Information, and Computer Science. http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml (accessed 20 July 2020). 16. Alam, F., Mehmood, R., Katib, I., & Albeshri, A., (2016). Analysis of eight data mining algorithms for smarter internet of things (IoT). Procedia Computer Science, 98, 437–442.
- 44. CHAPTER 2 Information Technology Evolutions in the Manufacturing Sectors: Industry 4.0, IoT, and Blockchain KALI CHARAN RATH,1 RAKESH SAHU,2 and TAPAS CHHUALSINGH2 1 Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GIETU Gunupur – 765022, Odisha, India, E-mail: kalimtech@gmail.com 2 Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, GIETU, Gunupur – 765022, Odisha, India ABSTRACT Manufacturing is an important contributor to productivity, innovation, and trade. Technological revolution occurred with the change in time. After passing some revolution, today’s industry handshake is with Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 is a rising period of network and collaboration among parts, machines, and people that can possibly make huge creation and proficiency profits, upgrades in the personal satisfaction and maintainable natural results. India is now rolling with digitalization and it has been seen its important and attractive growth market. Innovation is one of numerous components making makers reevaluate the manner in which they work. Computerization, apply autonomy, and the usage of cutting edge fabricating strategies have drastically changed the industrial facility floor and the assembling forms that happen there. This study provides an introduction to Industry 4.0 with the help of the cyber manufacturing system in association with IoT and blockchain. 2.1 INTRODUCTION Manufacturing is the way of transforming various kinds of raw materials to final product and can be sold in the commercial center. Each physical item
- 45. 14 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications that one can purchase in a store or online is produced in some other place. Today, innovation is making the nation’s economy move towards offering administrations rather than creating merchandise. Nonetheless, it is ending up clear to financial experts that a solid assembling industry is one of the trademark pointers of a sound, flourishing economy. Producers’ supply chains are modern, complex associations with various subtleties that can make straightforwardness and responsibility testing, particularly with regards to the co-ordinations of structure and sending new hardware and administration parts. In an industry that computerizes things to help mankind, IT makes the assembling procedure not so much bulky but rather more mechanized. IT helps radically in conveying in the nick of time experiences, quick perceiv ability and consistent advancement for executing new age arrangements. Makers need to push their industry further and more distant as far as intricate schedules particularly, specially make and make-to-stock procedures so they can convey items on a design to-arrange necessity advertise. Countering supply chain multifaceted nature is significant since the conventional production system is presently not being used. The profoundly mind-boggling supply chains are consequently loaded with issues, which provoked the requirement for effective administration and enhancement. The fourth industrial revolution will be established on trusted networks that remove the need for middlemen. Simple processes that are currently tackled manually or in a segregated manner will be undertaken in an inte grated way using digital, autonomous systems, underpinned in many cases by blockchain technology. Extended number of model ventures with shorter between times drive the necessities for generation. The ability to reproduce manufacture growth thusly ends up being logically notable [1]. Potential zones for usage of IoT, Industry 4.0 in modern mechanization segment to satisfy the worldwide need is accessible in different businesses. The impact and the system of improvement is examined and proposed different strategies for the fourth era industrial revolution [2]. IoT based system can be best implemented and the data can be well assessed by user whereas the technology behind the block- chain can be implemented to provide the security and to keep away from the centralized system which avoids a common data sharing with others and improves security [3]. The applied structure takes into consideration multi move activity dependent on security encryption and information obtaining that gives a security certification, various activity, unwavering quality, and classification for execution upgrade in a framework [4]. Technological
- 46. 15 Information Technology Evolutions in the Manufacturing Sectors methodology supported by the horticultural and agricultural division on finding the issue, giving feasible, moderate, security, and adequate nourish ment, feed, fiber, and fuel to purchasers, it is basic to guarantee these worth chains running easily and effectively by applying propelled web advances [5]. Multi-criteria examination is utilized by the blockchain innovation to assess and control the conceptual information for a synthetic industry and the models are altered for the business integrated with industry 4.0 [6]. Blockchains guarantee straightforward companion investigated works and activities in the vitality part in recognizing the specialized difficulties can illuminate for that application just as its potential downsides, and mechanical undertakings and new companies that are right now applying blockchain innovation to that zone [7]. Fundamental executions in assembling have likewise developed with regards to decentralizing 3D printing asset accessibility and in rethinking how information combination crosswise over assembling supply chains are actualized [8]. The expansion of IoT and selection of industrial internet undertakings has allowed security experts the chance to assess the new dangers and vulner abilities that are being brought into associations around the globe. IoT and cybersecurity cross with various existing security disciplines. These orders include: (1) information technology (IT security) for ensuring data frame works; (2) physical security to secure structures, workplaces, offices, and so forth; and (3) operational technology (OT) security to ensure operational frameworks for plant computerization and natural observing frameworks. Verifying IoT conditions will require drawing from every one of these three orders. The mix of the components can be depicted as computerized security. The internet of things (IoT), particularly the modern IoT (IIoT), has quickly created and is getting a great deal of consideration in scholastic regions and industry, yet IoT protection dangers and security vulnerabilities are rising up out of absence of central security innovation. The blockchain procedure, because of its decentralization and data acknowledgment, was proposed as a decentralized and disseminated way to deal with assurance security prerequisites and rouse the improvement of the IoT and IIoT. IoT based industrial research work is a hot cake in the research field. Cyber manufacturing is a challengeable area for software engineers and IT sectors to provide a challengeable security with smooth function of industry to put the customer satisfaction in an excellent manner. This chapter provides a prologue to Industry 4.0 with the assistance of cyber manufacturing system in relationship with IoT and blockchain.
- 47. 16 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications 2.2 CYBER MANUFACTURING Cyber manufacturing is an idea gotten from digital (cyber) physical frame works (CPS) that alludes to a cutting edge fabricating framework that offers a data straightforward condition to encourage resource the executives, give reconfigurability, and look after efficiency. The possibility of digital assembling originates from the way that internet-empowered administrations have included business esteem in financial parts, for example, retail, music, purchaser items, transportation, consumer products and medicinal services, etc. In any case, contrasted with existing internet-empowered parts, producing resources are less associated and less open progressively. In action the executives because of absence of linkage between manufacturing plants, conceivable overload in extra part stock, just as startling machine personal time. Such circumstance calls for network between machines as an establishment and examination over that as a need to make an interpretation of simple information into data that really encourages client basic leadership. Expected functionalities of cyber manufacturing frameworks incorporate machine network and information securing, machine wellbeing prognostics and assembling reconfigurability. 2.2.1 CYBER MANUFACTURING ASSOCIATED WITH INDUSTRY 4.0 Assembling industry has been in a consistent battle to deliver excellent prod ucts at the rate that customer’s request. The mechanical time has enabled machines to determine the amount issue of assembling by IT framework through digital assembling. Digital assembling based on: simultaneous designing, disseminated fabricating, light-footed assembling, virtual assem bling, virtual undertaking, digital/electronic business, web empowered CAD/CAM/PDM. In cyber manufacturing, it is imagined that we will have fast appointing and decommissioning of framework components, which means critical time and cost will should be put into verifying trust in an arranged condition spreading over different business associations. Cyber manufacturing (Figure 2.1) condition, the thought of arranged associations and machines makes an open door for item plans to be quickly created and afterward made with constrained human intercession through reuse of PC produced code or through programmed compilers that make an interpretation of structure information to machine guidelines.
- 48. 17 Information Technology Evolutions in the Manufacturing Sectors FIGURE 2.1 Cyber-physical interface. Quite a bit of this anticipated development is predicated on the utilization of IoT advancements, combined with distributed computing, information investigation,AI. In this, it is IoTthat gives the extension between the comput erized space, including new scientific techniques, and the physical area of the plant and inside the store network. This adjusts well to the Industry 4.0 vision of changing the supply chains into a keen system with good judgment and self-governing items that impart and interface with one another continu ously. Especially as Industry 4.0 will involve the interlinkages of different specialized orders with minimal past association, for example, mechanical designing with data and interchanges innovation through information and communication technology. System based correspondence for Industry 4.0 involves all innovations, systems, and conventions required technologies, networks, and protocols required to facilitate a communication relationship in the manufacturing network system. 2.2.2 CYBER MANUFACTURING PYRAMID Cyber manufacturing is a noteworthy innovative technological part in the worldwide development on open manufacturing system. As digitalization
- 49. 18 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications have taken a significant and alluring development showcase, So, it is excep tionally fundamental requirement for the assembling ventures to make reconciliation of information technologies with items, frameworks, arrange ments, and administrations over the total worth chain extending from design structure to production to the supportable maintenance. In today’s world, developments that incorporate IoT, 3D printing, man-made brainpower (AI), driverless vehicles, hereditary building, apply autonomy and savvy machines, drives us into the Fourth Industrial Revolution, or Industry 4.0. Another specialized development is bitcoins and its hidden blockchain innovation. Blockchains are viewed as the core of the Industry 4.0 where bitcoins enables a huge number of savvy gadgets to perform straightforward and frictionless budgetary exchanges, without human mediation however completely self-sufficient, in the IoT universe. From the beginning of time, the assembling business has been in a consistent battle to create fantastic products at the rate that purchasers request them. While the mechanical time has enabled machines to determine the amount issue of assembling, it has prompted a flood of inferior low-quality merchandise. The new thought was found through cyber manufacturing. This idea exploits the progressions in data innovation, applying these plans to the assembling procedure. With a cyber manufacturing model, prescient investigation advancements will help organizations with operational choices by finding and featuring potential issues or changes in machine wellbeing and execution. By and large, this arrangement of cyber manufacturing will give ongoing linkage between the status of an organization’s plants, current stock status, and conveyance framework through a progressive “cloud-based administration.” Cyber manufacturing has certain levels in its system, like: manufacturing resource, connection level, conversion level, cyber level, cognition level, and configuration level as shown in Figure 2.2. The cyber manufacturing system uses ongoing improvements in IoT, distributed computing, haze figuring, administration arranged innovations, among others.Assembling assets and capacities can be exemplified, enrolled, and associated with one another legitimately or through the internet, in this manner empowering astute practices of assembling segments and frame works, for example, self-awareness, self-expectation, self-advancement, and self-setup.
- 50. 19 Information Technology Evolutions in the Manufacturing Sectors FIGURE 2.2 Cyber manufacturing pyramid. 2.3 IOT, BLOCKCHAIN, AND INDUSTRY-4.0 Today’s world advancement is incorporate with IoT, 3D printing, computer ized reasoning (AI), driverless vehicles, hereditary designing, mechanical autonomy and savvy machines, drives us into the Fourth Industrial Revolu tion, or Industry 4.0. Another specialized advancement is bitcoins and its hidden blockchain innovation. Blockchains are viewed as the core of the Industry 4.0 where bitcoins enables a huge number of shrewd gadgets to perform straightforward and frictionless money related exchanges, without human intercession yet completely self-sufficient, in the IoT universe. IoT must be viewed as a series of advancements that have customarily not been associated and will presently be associated with an IP-based system. These advances are the most significant drivers of the computerized development. In the focal point of the institutionalization is the supposed “machine-to-machine” (M2M) correspondence. IoT for corporate/mechanical use is an arrangement of incorporated PC organizes and associated modern offices with implicit sensors and programming for information accumulation and trade with the chance of
- 51. 20 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications computerized remote control and the executives without human intercession. The accompanying highlights describe the use of IoT are: 1. Generation of enormous information streams; 2. Multilevel information stockpiling; 3. Real-time preparing; 4. Big data analytics (BDA); 5. Forecasting; 6. Control and the executives. In the event that all definitions are decreased to one shared factor, IoT just signifies: “the systems administration of articles which have the avail ability that empowers them to discuss freely with each other by means of the internet.” The items are associated with a cloud-put together server with respect to which the information is accumulated, connected, and examined. For a model, being the “mind” of the machine, CNC assumes a key job in this: CNC gives significant creation information to improving generation groupings, just as machine status information for prescient upkeep of the machine. The IoT is the thing that empowers articles and machines, for example, cell phones and sensors to “impart” with one another just as individuals to work out arrangements. The mix of such innovation enables items to work and take care of issues freely. The compelling advancement and usage of IoT will rely upon the quickened progress to the internet convention. Blockchain innovation imitates a wedding function by utilizing the intensity of a conveyed record to keep confided in records of the “under standing/exchange” inside a welcoming network. The repeated records over various clients can approve the credibility of the synchronized substance of the understanding or exchange. Since 2008, the improvement of bitcoin turned into the principal case of a blockchain application. This across the board digital money gives a genuine answer for the test of trust in a decentralized framework. So, the blockchain is a developing rundown of records, called obstructs, that are connected utilizing cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the past block, a timestamp, and exchange information. In other structure, blockchain can be characterized as decentralized, dispersed, and open advanced record that is utilized to record exchanges crosswise over numerous PCs so any included record can’t be modified retroactively, without the change of every consequent block model.
- 52. 21 Information Technology Evolutions in the Manufacturing Sectors In the course of the most recent decade, a few imaginative industrial facility computerization designs have been built up that influence the cloud computing (CC) worldview to improve the adaptability and adaptiveness of the shop floor. Be that as it may, their genuine reception by the assembling business is as yet restricted, due predominantly to execution and security requirements. The fourth modern insurgency incorporates IT frameworks with physical frameworks to get a digital physical framework (Figure 2.3) that gets this present reality a computer generated experience. FIGURE 2.3 Digital physical framework. Some central parts of Industry 4.0 are: CPF, digitization, integration of vertical and even worth chains, digitization of item and administration, innovative computerized plans of action, IoT or remote, automation or man- made reasoning or apply autonomy, and simulation/enlarged/augmented experience (Table 2.1). The Fourth Industrial Revolution, authored by the World Economic Forum’s Klaus Schwab a couple of years back, is no exemption. One of the additionally fascinating trendy expressions inside this is Industry 4.0, with supporters guaranteeing that the development of amazing registering and
- 53. 22 The Role of IoT and Blockchain: Techniques and Applications AI-based advancements will change modern procedures. With the goal for organizations to change their modern procedures with problematic innova tions, they first need to comprehend what those advancements are able to do, how they will affect the current biological system and what advantages they will bring. TABLE 2.1 Advantages of Industry 4.0 Over Manual Manufacturing Industry General Manufacturing Industry Industry 4.0 Subjects Data Source Attributes Technology Attributes Technology Components Machine Production system Sensor Controller Manufacturing system Precision Operation and quality control Productivity and quality control Smart sensor and fault detection Condition- based diagnostics Work and waste reduction Self- aware and self-predict Self-aware, self- predict and self-compare Self-confi- guration, self- maintenance and self- organize for the system Useful life prediction by simulation softwares Health monitoring Worry-free production system Assembling organization can change to assembling 4.0 through certain substance, for example, the keen production line, digital physical observing frameworks, and extensively pursues these four standards: • Straightforward Data: It is imperative that a virtual duplicate of the physical world can be made, and this must be done if information is uninhibitedly accessible, from crude sensor information appended to machines as far as possible up to a higher-esteem, logical data. • Interoperability of Parts: The IoT supports Industry 4.0 and takes into consideration the different machines, gadgets, and sensors to discuss adequately with each other. • Specialized Help: Innovation ought not to be put resources into only for it, yet rather on the grounds that it gives clear help to people, either in carrying out their responsibility or settling on educated choices.
- 54. 23 Information Technology Evolutions in the Manufacturing Sectors • Decentralized Choices: By making data progressively straightfor ward and promptly accessible, it should move the basic leadership process nearer to the point of activity, with just remarkable choices raised up the chain of command. Here the organization’s recommendation to set up an assembling organi zation for Industry 4.0 with the following significant territories, are: 1. Create industry 4.0 methodology; 2. Select the correct group and the privilege computerized instruments; 3. Focus on improving procedures; 4. Implement new advances; 5. Improve data the board; 6. Appoint an individual or a group to lead the computerized change; 7. Understand shopper/customer needs. As a modern innovation, blockchain offers a reachable reply for allowing a protected and decentralized open file that a significant mass of stimulating new innovation applications in a few regions such as IoT, cyber-physical systems (CPS), manufacturing, supply-chain, etc. 2.4 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATIONS Digitalization offers the assembling business fresh out of the box new chances and choices for successfully reacting to these market patterns. On the off chance that organizations need to misuse the maximum capacity of digitalization notwithstanding, they should have a correspondence arrange that is customized to their particular necessities. There is no other method to ensure far reaching access to every pertinent datum-nonstop and progres sively. This thus makes the conditions for fundamentally quicker, progres sively adaptable, and increasingly proficient generation forms. 1. Level 1: Keen Association: The capacity to oversee and secure information set aside a few minutes because of smart sensors and to move them with explicit correspondence conventions. 2. Level 2: Information to-Data Change: The capacity to total infor mation and convert it to esteem included data.
- 55. Another Random Scribd Document with Unrelated Content
- 56. Bran are there alone. Rupert wrote and told me too." "That is understood," said Westenra coldly. "Or I should n't let you go to her, even for a few days." "Where are you going?" "To a hotel, of course. I 've arranged for a room at the Metropole." Haidee mused awhile, her brows knitted. "And afterwards, Garry--when you have got Bran?" "God knows, Haidee." He did not speak like a man who has won fame and renown and almost all he set out to get--except one small thing! But rather as one whose golden gifts have turned to ashes in the mouth, whose laurels have fallen to dust. Inspiration shot into Haidee's eyes. "Then you haven't got a wife at all, Garry?" "Devil a wife!" "Then I don't see why I can't marry you at last. I 've always wanted to." Westenra began to laugh. "There's nothing to laugh at. Lots of girls marry their guardians. Oh, do let me marry you, Garry. I do love you so." "Dear Silly Billy, I couldn't possibly." "Why not? Why not? How can I come back to America with you and Bran unless I am married to you? It would not be at all correct." (Haidee had not been brought up in conventional France for nothing!) Westenra grinned sardonically. "And if you get Bran away from Val, he will need a mother, and you surely would n't marry some old strange pig of a woman to mind him. He 's a gentle little kid and he must be mothered. I believe he
- 57. 'd just die if he did n't have love and kindness round him all the time." Westenra left off laughing and for the first time considered her seriously. "Do you think you 'd make him a good step-mother, Haidee?" "I love Bran, though I 've often been a pig to him--but that's Val's fault," she ended vindictively. "Oh, do have me, Garry." "Well, we 'll think about it," said he gravely, though the suspicion of a smile hovered in his eyes. Haidee pounced upon him with her fresh lips. "Won't I just run your nursing home for you!" "Oh, that!" said Westenra, startled. "It runs itself now. Besides"- -("No more experiments like that," he had been going to say, but did not)--"I have practically given it up. There'll be nothing for you to do in New York but mind Bran and amuse yourself." Haidee looked glum for a moment. It was plain she was dying to run something. "Anyway it's settled, is n't it, that I am to marry you and go back with you and Bran?" She flung her arms imploringly round his neck. Gently and a little wearily he unlaced them. "All right, dearest, if you 're so keen on it, you shall go--but we won't get married just yet, I think--" He patted her hand affectionately. "You 'll meet some one you like better than me on the voyage, perhaps." "Never, never," she said almost viciously, and her eyes seemed to look down a long passage which had some one at the end of it.
- 58. "At last I 've got some one away from her!" she murmured to herself. Westenra, even though in the past few weeks he had grown used to her extraordinary childish innocence and ignorance of life, mixed with a leaning for outlawry, an amazing respect for étiquette, and an anxiety to keep up a conventional appearance, found this new phase incomprehensible. He could not understand the gloating triumph of her manner. She behaved as if he were a hunting trophy which she had long yearned to bag. A dozen times she would jump up from her seat, examine him proudly, hug him, and sit down again murmuring: "I've got you--I've got you, haven't I, Garry? No one can get you away again, can they?" "Of course not, Silly Billy," came to be his standard reply. ―――― Times are when a traveller arriving at Cannes railway station needs the physique and temper of a thoroughly-aroused buffalo to make any impression on the crowd that surges and sways and laughs and greets and grumbles there. But on the early June morning when Westenra and Haidee Halston descended from the P.M.L. Express there was no one in sight expect a few somnolent porters and a tall woman holding a small arrow-straight boy by the hand. The woman was beautifully dressed in white linen and a hat smothered with red and yellow poppies. The arrowy boy had a waving topknot of shiny, ruddy-gold hair, with bare legs and sandalled feet to make a sculptor rave.
- 59. Haidee having seen them last recognised them first. But even she had to give a second glance to make sure that it really was Val and Bran. They both looked so well and charming and beautiful to behold. Bran had never had clothes so truly magnifique before. And Val had roses in her cheeks and lips--a strange thing in so hot a climate! Somehow the triumph Haidee had been exulting over and vengefully trumpeting in her heart died down and faded away when she saw Val coming towards her, hands out in the usual eager fashion, a kiss forming on her lips. Both she and Bran at the back of their welcoming smiles seemed to be wearing their wistful lion-cub expression, and Haidee had to grip hard on to her vengeance not to lose it altogether and just fall upon them both and hug them. Westenra, too, was aware of a sensation that surprised him, at the sight of this woman who had once been so much to his life and now was nothing, standing there with frank outstretched hands smiling a welcome from under her cool flowery hat. The fact was that she did not sufficiently look the part of a shrine-smasher. If he had not happened to know her guilty it might have been quite difficult for him to believe that this was the woman who had destroyed his life- dreams--and ruined his home. As it was he could only marvel at the strangeness of women who could do such things and yet retain a look of honesty and inward peace. He marvelled, too, that as he took her hand and looked into the eyes he knew so well his heart stirred like a live thing. He was more amazed by that strange stirring in his breast than if a body he had certified dead and seen put away into the place of dead things suddenly quickened in its shroud and returned to life. For he had in the last few years deliberately fought down and crushed out his feeling for Val as a man might crush and
- 60. kill a useless, hopeless thing. It was useless that madness he had felt for her--as useless as she was and always would be to a sane, practical man. There was no use or sense in letting the pain of his longing for her get the upper hand of him and he had not let it, but wrestled with it until he got it under. Had she not shown him in Jersey that she did not care enough for him to change? Shown him, and told him, and proved her words with deeds. And it was all old grief and pain now. Even if he had still retained any feeling for her she had gone back to Valdana. That ended it all as definitely as if she lay before him in her coffin. He would never have risked seeing her again if it had not been for his son. Ah! his son! That was different. It was natural and justifiable that his veins should thrill at the sight of such a brave stripling. Bran, for all his elfin faun-like grace of body, had a big face, with the promise of big things lurking behind its plastic contours and deep-set eyes. He sprang into his father's arms and kissed him ardently. "Oh! Daddy, I do love you." Val's face curiously gave the impression that it had grown pale, while the colour in her cheeks and lips "stayed put"--almost as if it had been "put." Haidee was interested in this phenomenon, but there was no time to give it more than passing observation, for Rupert Lorrain suddenly flashed into the scene with the announcement that he would drive them back in his motor. They engaged in a bustle for luggage, of which Haidee had apparently brought a mountain--and a few moments later all were packed into Rupert's luxurious Panhard and flying along the route Nationale, Bran tooting the siren and singing at the top of his voice.
- 61. "Sing before breakfast, you 'll cry before tea," quoted Haidee at him. She had to shriek to be heard. "Shall we drop you at your hotel, Garrett? Or will you come to breakfast with us at the Villa?" Val's voice was the casual gentle voice of a good friend. The realisation that he had been calmly and unquestioningly going back with this noisy crowd as though it belonged to him, to her villa which was not his, shocked him into a stiff answer. "At the hotel, please. And I 'd like Bran to stay with me this morning, if you don't mind." "Oh, yes," cried Bran, ecstatically. "I'll come." "I'll bring him back safely to you after lunch." "Of course," said Val, smiling radiantly. It is on record that martyrs could radiantly smile even when the slow fire was applied. So he and Bran were dropped at the Metropole, not without many proprietary grumblings from Haidee and warnings from Rupert that he would be back to join them ere long. The car drove off amidst a shower of shouts and calls and farewells. Only Val sat silent under her poppies. As soon as they were on their way once more, under cover of the motor's burr, Haidee said, staring Val defiantly in the eyes: "Garry and I are engaged." It never occurred to her that Rupert had in any way prepared the way for her announcement, and she was blinded with amazement and fury that Val took it so serenely. True she once more got the impression of pallor under that unwonted colour in Val's cheeks, but the latter's eyes were very big and bright and friendly when she said quietly:
- 62. "That is very wonderful news, chicken." That was all! The lovely dark face under the Congo orchid grew darker. "We shall be awfully happy," she said fiercely. "And never think of this rotten old Europe or any one in it again." Val spoke a strange saying, laying her hand on the girl's. "One should try alway to keep a little dew in one's heart, Haidee, or else, in the heat and weariness of the desert it may dry up and blow away like a leaf." Haidee wrenched her hand away. ―――― "And what do you think of being when you 're a man, Bran?" Bran reflected a while, balancing a spoonful of strawberry ice- cream on the edge of his glass. "Well, Daddy, sometimes I 'd like to be one of those professors that feed the animals at the Zoo, you know. But after all, I think I prefer to be an engine driver." The little golden face looked up into Westenra's with the perfect confidence and frankness of a nature that has never been snubbed or thwarted. "You see one could be always going to new places." Westenra's heart sank. He got a sudden vision of Val smiling that very smile of boyish confidence as she looked up from a deck chair saying: "I would love to wake up in a new place every morning of my life."
- 63. Good God! was it possible that it was after all only a child, no better or worse than this golden-headed stripling, whom he had had in his hands all these years, treating harshly, misjudging, scolding, neglecting? The thought was horrible, but it pierced as though it were true. "What is the good of that, my boy?" he said gently. He shrank from losing that lovely confidence by an unsympathetic word, but-- "What would you do in all those new places?" "Do?" Bran mused a while. "Oh, there'd always be something to do, Daddy. Sometimes the people there would want a bridge made, or a tower built, or there might be a giant there eating all the little boys and girls. Then I would stay just long enough to kill the giant, you know, or make the bridge----" "I see." "Or sometimes I would just make a picture of the place." "A picture?" "Yes, I love to make pictures--then get on my engine again and away I 'd go." So! This was what she had made his son into? A vagabond like herself, a wanderer, a seeker after nothingness? He said it bitterly to himself, yet there was no echoing bitterness in his heart. The boy's eyes were so sweet and clear. There seemed no base thought in any corner of him. And that big head and wide glance--surely something great would come of them! The boy looked at the world as if it had been made for him. Surely Raleigh had that spirit, and Drake, and Napoleon, and Cecil Rhodes. Surely it was the spirit of great adventure!
- 64. He spent a strangely happy day with his son. Unreal, yet as natural as if he himself had lived every moment of it before. When at last they came to the Villa of Little Days it was to find the others gathered together in the garden, sitting under the spiking pines. Capacious easy-chairs with bright cushions stood about on the gravelled terrace and everywhere was colour, colour. Blue above, and blue below, and round them on shrub and tree and plant every known and lovely shade that Nature could invent, all woven and blended as skilfully as the broidering on some masterpiece of tapestry. Val too had returned in jewels and dress to her love of oriental colouring. She had two large silver rings set with turquoises in her ears, and round her neck a chain of rugged chunks of malachite and turquoise-matrix. None of these things were expensive. She never bought jewels because they were valuable, but for the sheer colour of them and the joy that colour gave. Diamonds said nothing to her and she would never have worn them if she had been a millionairess. The ear-rings were a spare pair of Marietta's which she had been delighted to sell Val for a couple of louis; matrix and malachite are, as every one knows, almost as common as sea- shells--and so are violets common, and poppies of the field, and forget-me-nots; but none the less are they the colour-gifts of God and the world would be a less beautiful place without them. Her gown of some kind of flexible opaline silk blended with the colours of the garden, even with the poppy hat which she still wore. Westenra had never seen her look so much at peace with herself and her surroundings or realised before that she possessed beauty. He did not realise indeed that never had he seen Val in beautiful clothes nor in surroundings that were full of grace and peace. Always he had the
- 65. picture of her rushing about the house in 68th Street like some driven wild thing, the worried look of a hunted creature in her eyes, the grey linen overalls typical of the grey hurrying life, making her eyes grey only, without a glint of the blueness which now made them so attractive. They sat and talked, spying with field-glasses at the warships in the bay. Naval manoeuvres had been going on for some days, and a large portion of the French fleet lay out in the blue, throwing great purple shadows upon the water and sending up streamers of black smoke to heaven. Rupert, as much at home in the family circle as if he belonged to it, seemed to wish to monopolise Haidee, but she kept withdrawing from his advances and plying herself to the task of playing proprietress to Westenra. She sat on the arm of his chair with her arm along his shoulders, deferring to him in everything, constantly referring to New York and their premeditated return there. Westenra, with Bran perched on the back of his chair, legs dangling round his father's neck, hands occupied with his father's hair, was forced into announcing plans of some kind. He disclosed a contemplated return to Paris to deliver two important lectures at the Sorbonne. That done, he should return South, and book by some tramp steamer which would take him home via Greece and Algeria, sailing from Marseilles. "Don't forget that I'm coming too," said Haidee feverishly. "How could I?" Westenra's smile was dry. "Me too, Daddy," chirruped Bran. A kind of breathless stillness fell for an instant. Every one save Bran, busy with his father's hair, looked swiftly at Val and as swiftly away again. Val sat like a stone
- 66. woman. In the silence Bran, who had gone on twisting his father's hair into little spikes, spoke again placidly: "Me too, Daddy. I don't want to be away from you any more." A pang of joy and triumph shot through Westenra, but it was mingled with something that cut like a knife on an open wound. Val was staring before her sightlessly. Yet a little smile played round her lips--a smile of some feeling Westenra hardly understood. There was something infinite in it, yet terribly human. "You would rather go back to America than stay with me, Brannie?" It was not pleading, nor sad, nor coaxing. Just a little simple question. Only she and Westenra knew how much hung on it, though one of the others had a very good notion of what was behind. Bran looked across at his mother hesitatingly. She had always trained him to truth and directness, yet he searched her face for a moment as if for a clue. Bran hated to hurt any one's feelings-- most of all his mother's. But she smiled on, and he could read nothing. He had never seen her eyes so empty before, and could not know by what great effort she had emptied them of all the fierce love and terror in her heart, so as to play fair, and not bias the issue. So after a little moment Bran said: "I like daddy. He's got a hard smell--like steel. I don't want to be away from him any more." He slid an arm round his father's neck. No one looked at Val. Suddenly and amazingly Haidee cried out in a fury of indignation: "You are a little pig, Bran! ... an ungrateful little pig!" She burst out crying, and jumping up ran to the house. Bran's eyes slowly filled with tears.
- 67. "Haidee is nasty!" he said in a trembling voice. "What have I done?" In his trouble he turned naturally to his mother and the tenderness that had never failed him. "Nothing, my Wing. Haidee will be all right by and by. Here is Marietta with the tea." But Westenra would not take tea. He appeared to stiffen at the sight of it. After Bran had swallowed a hurried goûter, as the French call it, his father took him by the hand and they went away together for a walk by the sea. When they came back at seven, Westenra excused himself, and returned to the hotel with a promise to call after dinner. ―――― That evening he and Val walked together through the twilight garden in which Gambetta had pondered his plans and philosophies. They, too, had a problem to consider. It had to come, this talk together. They both had felt the imperativeness of it. And now both were remembering that other walk on the moonlit cliffs above St. Brelade's Bay, when the curlew wailed and cruel words were said that separated them as only cruel words can separate, driving them apart for ever. Even as Val had struggled that long-ago night for words to explain and condone the situation Westenra struggled now, while Val walked beside him still and white, but with some hidden strength in her which he felt while he could not understand it. The curious thing was that, though he had meant to upbraid her, though his heart was bitter against her, he found himself speaking as if he, not she, were the defalcator.
- 68. "I suppose you think me a cold-blooded brute?" With that which Haidee had told her still tingling in her mind she could not pretend to misunderstand, but she tried to be fair. "You know your own interests best, Garrett." "Oh, as to my interests--" He found that a strange answer, and cogitated on it for a while. "Haidee is devoted to you and your interests." "Haidee? I should not be such a fool as to expect that--again?" No doubt he meant that javelin to reach her. If it did she gave no sign. Only her next words might have been a faint attempt at a return thrust. "Even Haidee would not find it a very difficult life since things are so prosperous with you now." He answered swiftly: "Yes; the law of compensation has been busy with my affairs. Unlucky in love--" The sentence remained unfinished. They found that they were standing still, staring white-faced at each other. For a moment they stayed so, then she said gently: "Surely we have not come here to gibe at one another? I--I bear you no ill-will, Garrett." It was such a strange way of expressing her feelings that she could not help but stammer a little. He laughed. Strange, that he who felt so old in the train that morning should now feel young enough for fierce anger and rage. "That is good of you. I am sorry I cannot with truth claim to reciprocate your generosity." The calmness that had amazed him sustained her now. "Well, let us leave the subject then, and speak of one that matters more to our future life--Bran. What about Bran?"
- 69. "You saw yourself to-day--you heard." He did not care to keep exultation from his voice. "You think it fair, then, to take away from me what I have lived and worked for these last six years?" "Have not I worked for him too?" "You may have done so. It has made no difference to him." "What do you mean?" "I mean that since we parted in Jersey, Bran, like myself, has neither eaten nor drunk nor been clothed at your expense." "But...?" "The exact half of all moneys you have sent is lying at the Credit Lyonnais. The other half has been spent explicitly on Haidee. You have seen the bills." His face darkened. "How dared you treat me so?--my own son!" "If you had come to see him it would have been different, but to stay away year after year, and expect money to fill the gap that a father's influence and love and tenderness should have filled ... that seemed to me too mercenary, too unworthy treatment of my son." "No matter ... no matter ... it is an infamous thing you have done--a crowning act of cruelty. I should have believed you incapable of it. By God! how dared you let any one else feed and clothe my child?" She looked at his furious face in genuine amazement. "Had I no right to work for him?" "You, yes; and I know you have--Haidee has told me. But this last year ... and now. Who is paying for all this?" He swung his arm
- 70. savagely at the beauties of the garden. His gaze was full of rage and contempt. "In leaving Bran I left my honour with you--and you have sold it for this mess of pottage! It is time he went with me!" She faced him steadily, with the calmness born of long vigils with misery. "You are insulting me unnecessarily. No one has supported your son but myself." He stared at her in unbelieving wrath. But something about her words and still gaze presently quieted the fury in his veins, and he spoke more temperately. "I will be glad to accept that. It is strange that by your own efforts you should have become wealthy enough to surround him with beauty and ease such as this--but if you say so I accept it." There was a silence. "My own efforts had nothing to do with it, Garrett. It is only that God has been good to me. Did you ever hear the saying, that 'God takes care of drunkards and children'?" He regarded her long and earnestly. "Are you a drunkard?" Anything less like one he had never seen. His medical experience told him that she could not be one. No drunkard could look as she did. "No, Garrett. I can faithfully and truthfully say that I am not a drunkard." Then she was a child. It was a child that he----! "Let me tell you about it," she was saying. "About eleven months ago something that might be regarded in the light of a family legacy came to me. The necklace my mother gave me turned
- 71. out to be of extremely valuable pearls. I sold it for seventy-five thousand pounds--it has since realised one hundred and twenty thousand. That is the secret of such comfort and ease as you now see us enjoying." The story was amazing, but Westenra instinctively knew it to be true. He had often been struck by the wonderful pearly beauty of the Comfort necklace. "I am glad for your sake," he said at last; "it must simplify the future a great deal. I beg your pardon for what I said a moment ago. It is bad enough that I should have been denied the right to support my own son--but I could not bear that that other fellow should have done it. It even sticks in my gorge that you should have allowed Bran to come into contact with him." "Whom are you speaking of, Garrett?" "Why do you ask that? Surely you do not think me unaware of the fact of your return to Valdana?" "Ah!" she said softly, and drew in her breath. "You know that?" "Of course I know. It was that knowledge which brought me to France. I could not allow Bran or even Haidee, to be anywhere within the radius of that--" He bit off "scoundrel." "Neither of them has ever seen him----" "I thank you for that at least." "Nor would ever have seen him." "Oh, as to----" "Is that the reason you would not enter my house nor accept my hospitality?" He did not answer, but his neck stiffened, and he gave her the direct look which she well knew meant assent. And she thought to
- 72. herself: "There is not anything base and odious of which he does not think me capable. It is well that he and I should part for ever. The soul constantly suspected of baseness and cruelty must become degraded in time and shrink away to nothing. I will go away from here to places where my soul can grow and not shrink." These thoughts passed swiftly through her mind. All she said aloud was: "You need not have feared. Horace Valdana has never come here, nor ever will. He and I will not meet again." They had come out of the shadowy whispering paths and reached the open gravelled terrace, with the still waters of the Mediterranean lying below, silent under the stars, sombre as a pool of blue ink. The little group of chairs stood inviting. By mutual consent they sat down. Inside the Villa Haidee was at the piano playing wide, gallant chords, to which Rupert, in a rather strong tenor, sang snatches of the Paimpolaise. "Et le pauvre gars ... fredonne tout has: * * * * * 'J'aime Paimpol et sa falaise, Son cloche et son grand Pardon. J'aime encore mieux, la Paimpolaise Qui m'attend au pays breton.'" "Of course," said Westenra slowly, "if you are alone, and are going to be alone ... I have no right to take Bran."
- 73. "There is no question of right--" She put her hand over her heart--she could not speak calmly of this last savage blow fate was dealing her by the hand of her loved son. "He wants to go. That is enough." "You know I will mind him well," he said gently. "No one can mind him as I do," was her inward cry, but she said nothing, only pressed her hand harder to her side. "----and that he will come back to you. It is only fair that I should have him for a little while, but naturally I do not want to keep him from you, and I am very sure he would not stay." She was still silent. He looked at her keenly. Each knew what the other suffered, for at the heart of each the parent hunger gnawed with cruel teeth. "You will not beguile him from his wish to come with me?--I am very sure you could. It would be natural for him to stick to you after all you 've done for him--but you won't?" Almost he was pleading with her. "Did I to-day?" Her face was bleak. "No, God knows--and it would have been easy enough!" "I know he needs you. A boy begins to need a father's influence, and Bran has always had a hunger for men and their ways ... but, oh! mind him well, Garrett Westenra ... mind him well ... give him back to me as sweet and whole in soul and body as I lend him to you--" Her voice broke. She could bear no more. Swiftly she rose, and with a little gesture full of despair and abnegation and farewell, left him. ――――
- 74. The next day Westenra was gone, presumably to Paris to give his lectures. Rupert, who had walked home with him the night before, brought a brief message of farewell to the Villa of Little Days, and the news that they might expect him back in anything under ten days. As for Val, she went to bed for a week. At least she retired to her room, declaring a fear that a slight cold she had might develop into grippe, and that summer grippe was the most boring of all illnesses, and that she was not going to risk becoming the greatest of bores. So she lay down a good deal in a darkened room. When she was not resting she wrote many letters, and in the cool of the evening she would sit on her clematis-wreathed balcony with Bran in her arms, her lips on his hair, listening to his account of the day's doings. For Rupert's car was perpetually at the gate, and never a day passed but he and Haidee and Bran set off on some long excursion into the surrounding country. Haidee came up to Val's room sometimes to make perfunctory inquiries. She would stare hard at the latter lying so lazily amongst her cushions, and narrowly search the smiling face. But, except that colour had fled from cheek and lip, Val showed no signs of trouble, only a vivid interest in all they had been doing. "You do take it easy, I must say," Haidee remarked half grudgingly the fourth evening after Westenra's departure. "Lying here in the cool while we have to scoot about in the heat and dust." Val laughed. "You don't have to, chicken. And scooting in a motor is not so very disagreeable after all. You look as if it agreed with you, anyway."
- 75. Indeed the girl was radiant, and her half-hearted grumblings were entirely contradicted by her eager air of enjoying life. She need not have resented that Val smiled so brightly from her bed, and perhaps she would not have done so if she could have seen that when the door closed on her the light went out of the smoke- coloured eyes, and the smile withered, leaving only weariness upon Val's lips. But on the day Westenra's return was notified by telegram Val came down very bright and gay and presided over the tea-table under the pines. Rupert had just brought the others back from Grasse in a condition of physical flop, and all three were distributed upon chairs in attitudes of utter abandon. Val, with all the colour back again in her pale dark face, looked fresher than any of them. Westenra's wire was a subject of great intrigue. It had come not from Paris, but from a little out-of-the-way place called Baurem les Mimosas, which lay about two hours from Cannes and not even on the main line! No one knew by which train he was coming, or where to go and meet him. "I don't believe he has been in Paris at all," said Haidee discontentedly, and certainly the man who at that moment appeared at the top of one of the winding paths and came strolling towards them bore no stamp of Paris on himself or his raiment. His face, in spite of the protecting brim of a cow-puncher's hat which had clearly seen life and experience in other climes, was badly sunburnt, and he wore a truly disreputable grey flannel suit of the reach-me-down class, and evidently made for the French figure rather than for an Irishman of large and athletic build. The waist and hip measurements were of such amplitude as to give a slightly bouffant
- 76. effect, but the calf accommodation was limited to bursting point; the rest of the trouser-leg would have hung in frills round the ankles had they not been secured tightly by large white safety-pins. A pair of "Weary Willie" canvas shoes completed Westenra's outfit. "Garry!" gasped Haidee, shocked beyond words. But Bran leaped upon his father and embraced him joyously. "Where you been, Daddy?" "I been bicycling," responded daddy affably and saluted every one, beginning with Val and ending with Rupert. "That's where I been!" "Bicycling! What a thing!" cried Haidee, while Val made him fresh tea. "How could you come through Cannes such a sight, Garry?" "What's the matter with me? I feel good in these togs. In future I shall always dress like this." Haidee shuddered. "You did n't go to Paris after all?" "No, Haidee, I did not go to Paris. I hired a bicycle, bought this bicycling suit you don't admire, and took to the open road. There isn't any village between here and Toulon that I haven't explored inside out, nor any 'café débitant' where I have n't sampled the chianti or the astispumanti or anything else that was tanti." "But what for, Garry? Why?" "I had some thinking to do," said Garry, "and I thought I could do it better on a bicycle than in Paris." "Have you thought about when you're going to take me in a ship, Daddy?" Bran had climbed on his knee.
- 77. "Yes; I 've been thinking about that, my son." Haidee said abruptly: "Did n't you say we would take one of those tramp steamers that go from Marseilles, and touch at all sorts of ports?" "That was the idea." Westenra held up a cigar to Val, and she nodded permission to smoke. "Why?" "Well, as Rupert is going to Morocco next week I thought we might as well take the same ship." Haidee sounded rather breathless. "Ah!" remarked Westenra thoughtfully and lay back in his chair, his face between the knees of Bran, who had climbed up into his favourite position. Rupert murmured something about that being "an idea bien gentille" and hunted nervously for a cigarette. "In that case," announced Val quietly, "we shall all be sailing from Marseilles at much the same time." "All?" Every eye was immediately focused upon her. "You----?" "But you 're not coming--" Haidee broke off confusedly. "No; but I am leaving France." "Leaving France?" ejaculated Rupert. "Yes, leaving France, and all cities, to go back to the life I lived as a child and which has been pulling and calling me ever since." "What, that life in a waggon?" Haidee had heard of it so often it was strange she should become so excited about it now. "Yes; a waggon that starts every late afternoon, and treks throughout the night; and brings you to a fresh place every morning." Her face suddenly lost the veil of shadows that had hung
- 78. over it so long. Space, and joy and distance, and a fierce wistfulness came into her gaze. "One goes on and on to places one has never seen before, sometimes to places no one has ever seen before--that is best, that is wonderful----" Strangely the veil that had passed from her face seemed to fall upon the faces of her listeners. Not one among them but looked curiously disturbed. "I shall see the wildebeeste grazing on the horizon once more-- and hear the guinea-fowl in the bush crying 'come back! come back!" Westenra stared at her. Was this the woman who had run his nursing home! "Everything in nature, if you leave it alone, will come back--to the ways of its early life." "If you leave it alone?" Westenra spoke almost involuntarily. She laughed. "Am not I going to be left alone?" There was a silence. Every one sat staring at her. "Who but I would care for such a foolish life!" she said more sombrely. "But wouldn't I?" burst out Rupert. "It is what I have always longed for. To coucher à la belle étoile! Zut, alors! I will come too. It is understood." Val laughed. "You would soon be bored. One must be a wanderfoot by birth and instinct." But he repudiated the saying, and there was no boredom in his eye nor in the eyes of any. An odd uneasiness possessed them all.
- 79. Haidee looked paler and was biting her lip. Bran had descended from his father's shoulders and advancing on Val stood looking at her, a startling reflection of her fierce wistfulness in his own eyes. But he still kept a hand on his father's knee. It was Marietta who broke up the séance by coming out to announce in an autocratic manner that dinner would be ready in ten minutes. No one had realised that it was so late. Westenra did not accept the invitation to stay and dine as he was, but having secured its extension to the evening sprang on his bicycle and rode for his hotel to the endangerment of several lives on the route Nationale. It hardly seemed an hour before he was back again, very big and handsome in conventional dress, among the tranquil trees of the garden. The place was silvered and transformed by the light of the moon, which, at the full, hung like a great luminous pearl on the radiant breast of heaven. The windows of the Villa were all set wide, and in the drawing-room Haidee's fingers were weaving fairy tales at the piano with such magic that they seemed real voices and hands that called and tugged at Val and Rupert under the trees. The boy stirred restlessly in his chair, gripping its sides. Since dinner Val had been sitting there, very silent, while Haidee played. When he heard the bell tinkle on the garden gate far below, and knew that some one, probably Westenra, was entering, he said suddenly: "I forgot to tell you that the other night when I walked home with the doctor I happened to mention to him ... that ... well, that I was with you at the funeral of Mr. Valdana." "Ah!" Val sighed strangely and sat up straight in her chair. It was too late for anything more to be said. Westenra was upon them.
- 80. And since Rupert, vacating his chair, was already on his way to the drawing-room, it was quite simple and natural that Westenra should sit down beside her. They talked, a little disjointedly about the beauty of the night, how well Haidee played, what a charming fellow Rupert was. Then he said suddenly: "And you are really going back to that wild wandering life of yours, Val?" It was the first time he had called her Val in all these years. She trembled a little, answering sadly: "Like water, I must return to my own level." "Then you should live on the mountain tops." She trembled again and her heart ached a little more poignantly. Why should he mock her? "You think you will be happy?" His voice was not mocking, only very gentle. "Oh! happy?" she echoed. "Who is happy? But-- 'Give me the long white road, and the grey path of the sea, And the wind's will, and the birds' will, and the heartache still in me,' and I will reproach no one." "Reproaching has never been a pastime of yours, I think--and you may be glad of it, Val, for reproaches, like curses, have a way of coming home to roost. My conscience is no better than an aviary----"
- 81. Her involuntary laugh lightened the strain a little, but Westenra was a thorough man, and did not mean to leave it at that. Sombrely he finished. "I beg your forgiveness, Val, for every reproach I have ever made you in your capacity as wife, mother--or lover. They were undeserved, every one!" Why should his voice have grown hoarse at the last, and her heart come climbing up into her throat as if to suffocate her? It was some moments before she could half-whisper, half-mutter a response. "You are too generous; I deserved everything you ever said--but after long thinking I see--that--we cannot all win out as wives and mothers. Of some of us, when you 've said we are good lovers you 've said all. I hoped I was a good mother too--but it is plain that I am not, for Bran, even Bran on whom I had staked my last throw-- even Bran leaves me--" Strange that Haidee should choose this moment to launch forth into the first trembling plaintive notes of the 17th Sonata, that wonderful pæan of terror and beauty under whose rushing spell seven and a half years agone Val had lain her face against her husband's and shared with him the greatest, sweetest secret that can ever lie between man and woman! "Bran shall never leave you--if you will have me with him--or even if you will not." "Garrett--what are you saying?" "'The years teach much that the days never know.' Val, I have realised during the last seven days what I have been learning ever
- 82. since you came into my life, that everything is worthless but the love and happiness of the woman you love." "Oh, Joe!" she cried in great humility and wonder. "You with all your gifts of mind and brain; with all you have done for science, and still will do----!" "It can all go to the devil," he said cheerfully. "I 'm coming to live with you in a waggon on the veldt, to see the wildebeeste, whatever they may be, grazing on the horizon, and hear the guinea- fowl calling from the bush. These things have got a hold on my imagination and will never let go. And if I can't do something for science, even out there on the veldt, I 'm a poor sort of fellow and will deserve to be forgotten." "But the rewards you have already won--that are just within your grasp?--the chair at Columbia--the Nobel--the--" (She herself set no store by such things, but well she knew how men value them more than their immortal souls.) "Too bad!" said Westenra, with an ironical smile. "Did you ever hear of what John L. Sullivan said the day after his defeat at New Orleans? A sympathiser came wheedling up to him, saying: 'It's too bad, Jawn! Too bad! What 'll you do now?' Sullivan, real man that he always was, even in defeat, growled back at him: 'What 'll I do now? Pugh! Ain't I John L. Sullivan still?' Pretty good philosophy for a pug, Val! I can only say in all humility--same here! Even in defeat I----" His words were cut short by a very whirlwind of lace and tears and laughter. A pair of arms were thrown round Val's neck, and a sobbing, happy voice cried, loud enough for all who wished to hear: "Oh, Val--I love you, and I beg your pardon. I am a pig from away back--and a cat and a beast--but oh! I am so happy! Rupert
- 83. and I are going to get married to-morrow, and after we have been in Morocco a little we shall come out and join you in your waggon." Westenra stood up big and grim in the moonlight. "Hell's blood and blazes!--and is this the way I am thrown down at the eleventh or any moment?--bring me the bridegroom, and I 'll eat him up at one mouthful. I 'll beat the gizzard out of him--I'll----" "M'voilà, Monsieur le Docteur! Here I am," said Rupert, not without dignity, and with great goodwill. "Well, get out," said Westenra softly, "and take your bride to be with you. That's all that's required of you for the time being." He cared not how they went nor where, so long as he was alone once more with this only woman of his life. He took her hand in his and drew her close until her cheek lay against his as on a long-ago night, driving up Broadway to 68th Street. Before them, through the trees, glimmered a silver expanse of water, with grim warships lying at rest and little red-sailed fishing boats rocking softly. "Heart of my heart--does n't this seem to you a fair sea on which to launch a new ship of dreams." "No. Not a new ship, Joe. The same old ship. I have never been out of it for an hour, or a moment." THE END
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