The strategic analysis and operation of the multiservice model used for synchronous transmission in communication networks

BOHR Journal of Computational Intelligence
and Communication Network
2023, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 47–53
DOI: 10.54646/bjcicn.2023.08
www.bohrpub.com
REVIEW
The strategic analysis and operation of the multiservice
model used for synchronous transmission in communication
networks
T. Kiruthiga1* and A. Vaniprabha2
1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vetri Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology,
Thottiyam, India
2Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SNS College of Engineering, Kurumbapalayam, India
*Correspondence:
T. Kiruthiga,
drkiruthigaece@gmail.com
Received: 05 June 2023; Accepted: 16 June 2023; Published: 30 June 2023
The core idea of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology was revealed a long time ago. The main technology
under development at the time was time-division multiplexing (TDM) technology, which consisted of synchronous
switching based on the sequence number of bytes in the integrated frame. The main disadvantage of TDM
technology, also known as synchronous transport module (STM) synchronous transmission technology, is the
inability to reallocate the bandwidth of the integrated channel between subchannels. During those periods when
no user data is sent on the subchannel, the aggregated channel still sends the bytes of this subchannel filled with
zeros. Efforts to load sub channels’ idle periods necessitate the introduction of a header for each subchannel’s
data. In intermediate statistical time-division multiplexing (STDM) technology, which allows idle periods to be filled
by transmitting bursts of traffic from other sub channels, headers that actually have a subchannel number are
introduced. In this paper, the strategic analysis and operation of technologies used in multiservice networks were
discussed. Simultaneously, the structure of data sets is drawn into sets resembling computer networks. The fact
that each packet has an address allows it to be transmitted asynchronously since its location relative to data on
other subchannels is not its address. Asynchronous packets from one subchannel are inserted into the free time
slots of another subchannel, but they are not mixed with the data of this subchannel because they have their
own address.
Keywords: ATM, TDM, synchronous, switching, transmission, subchannels, STDM, multiservice networks
Introduction
Nowadays, passive networks based on optical fiber are
becoming more widespread. Copper twisted pairs do not
compete with passive optical networks (PON) in terms of
size, speed, and data transmission range, noise immunity,
and scalability (1–3). If initially twisted pair cables were
preferred due to the high cost of optical raw materials and
equipment, now they differ little in terms of capital costs and
labor intensity of computer installation (4, 5).
It is still popular to build integrated-type networks – fiber
to the home (FTTH), where the copper pair is used only in
the section from the switch to the subscriber (6). However,
the dynamics are increasingly moving toward PON, and the
installation of a passive network allows for modifications
without interfering with the system architecture and allows
cable rerouting (7–10).
However, installation is capital-intensive and complex, so
it is important to entrust this work to trusted professionals
(11). They can create thoughtful system configurations
with the ability to optimize customer needs for seamless
operation (12). The services of the upper layers of the
network should be similar to the services of the integrated
services digital network (ISDN) network—a variety of
47

48 Kiruthiga and Vaniprabha
interactive services such as fax transmission, distribution
of television (TV) pictures, voice mail, email, and video
conferencing (13, 14).
The high speed of ATM technology creates many more
opportunities for high-end services that cannot be realized by
ISDN networks—for example, the transmission of color TV
images requires bandwidths in the region of 30 Mbps (15–
17). ISDN technology cannot support such speeds, and this
is not a major problem for ATM (18). ATM standards are
developed by a group of organizations known as the ATM
Forum under the auspices of an Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ad hoc committee and ITU-T
and ANSI committees (19).
ATM is a very complex technology that requires
standardization in various aspects, therefore, although the
main core of standards was adopted, standardization work is
actively underway (20, 21). All interested parties participate
in the ATM Forum—telecom equipment manufacturers,
equipment manufacturers, local area networks (LANs),
telecom network operators, and network integrators (22).
Passive optical networks is a highly promising broadband
multiservice technology for transmitting data to multiple
subscribers using optical fiber (23, 24). This networking
method has become popular due to its clear advantages in
speed and transfer rates; and room for improvement (25).
The main difference between PON and other optical systems
is the use of only passive equipment in the entire area, from
the core module that transmits and receives information
streams to the end user (26, 27).
That means no active switches, routers, media converters,
multiplexers, or other equipment that requires additional
power or maintenance (28). In a PON system, an optical
splitter (splitter, multiplexer, or PLC) is used to split a stream
into multiple subscribers. With its help, a transceiver module
[junction box, switch cabinet, optical line termination (OLT)]
can distribute the signal to unlimited consumers—all this
depends on its power and speed indicators (29, 30).
One of the most significant trends in the
telecommunications market is the growing popularity
of multiservice communication networks (31). In past years,
the services of such networks were primarily aimed at
intensive business development, cost optimization, business
process automation, modern management methods, and
organizations (32). The most effective use of multiservice
networks is found in traditional telecommunications
operators, thus significantly expanding the range of services
offered (33).
For the corporate market, unifying all remote segments
into a single pulse service network increases the efficiency
of information transfer by an order of magnitude, ensuring
data availability at any time (34, 35). Thanks to the ability
to exchange large amounts of data between offices, we can
organize conference calls and video conferences with remote
departments (36). All of this speeds up the organization’s
response to changes and ensures real-time control of all
processes (37).
Literature review
A multiservice network is a multipurpose environment
designed to transmit voice, images, and data using packet-
switched (IP) technology (8). It is distinguished by the
reliability characteristics of telephone networks (in contrast
to the non-guaranteed quality of communication on the
Internet) and provides a low transmission cost per unit
of information (closer to the cost of data transmission
on the Internet) (9). Generally speaking, the main task
of multiservice networks is to ensure the operation of
heterogeneous information and telecommunication systems
and applications by allowing the transmission of normal
traffic (data) and traffic of other types of information (voice,
video, etc.) in the same traffic environment (20). A single
infrastructure is used.
PON is a technology with a common data transmission
medium; therefore, separate streams of information must
be encrypted (21). This may reduce the effective transfer
rate and not protect the information from physical damage.
Diagnosing problems in the system between separators is
difficult (22).
When choosing a professional installer, it is important to
remember that network problems are minimized to ensure
proper installation, condition monitoring, and complete
service (23). Ethernet passive optical network (EPON), which
is based on Ethernet technology, is the next generation of
passive networks. Currently, gigabit passive optical network
(GPON) is the most modern, convenient, and promising
system for building large branch networks (24).
Gigabit passive optical network is based on the
synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) platform [generic
framing procedure (GFP) protocol] and allows up to 64
subscribers to connect to one transmitting module at a
distance of 20 km (25). The use of splitters and connectors
increases the range to 60 km. The average transfer speed
reaches 2.5 Gb, although it is technically possible to create
a system that can reach speeds of 4–10 Gb/s in each
direction (26).
In particular, it lacks specific TDM support, timing, and
security switching functions. Such a system works well for
smaller operators that focus on Internet protocol (IP) traffic,
including IPTV. In general, the choice of technology to
build or upgrade a passive fiber-optic network depends on
customer conditions, subscriber needs, and development
opportunities (35). The installer should thoroughly examine
the original data in order to select the technology and create
an optimal plan for the future PON (36).
Often, a tree-like PON network topology is used for
residential premises. It optimizes fiber utilization by placing
as many subscribers as possible on one cable (37). Depending

10.54646/bjcicn.2023.08 49
on the final number of users and the needs of the network, the
stream can be branched into one or more layer levels (38).
With fewer numbers, it is easier to maintain the system
and perform necessary repairs, and there is less loss in speed
and data volume for the end user (39). However, a multilevel
system allows the creation of precise settings that make the
network more responsive to customer needs.
Proposed model
Heterogeneity is an inherent quality of any large computer
network, and system integrators and administrators spend
their time reconciling disparate components. Therefore, any
approach that promises the possibility of reducing network
heterogeneity attracts intense interest from network experts.
ATM technology was created to serve as a unified global
transport for a new generation of integrated service networks.
Multiservice networks can be built more fundamentally
based on different technologies, an IP platform [IP virtual
private network (VPN)], and dedicated communication
channels. At the backbone level, the most popular
technologies today are IP/multiprotocol label switching
(MPLS), packet over SONET/SDH, point of sale (POS),
ATM, xGE, dense wavelength-division multiplexing
(DWDM), coarse wavelength-division multiplexing
(CWDM), and RPR. In fact, today most of the backbone
multiservice networks are built on the basis of POS and
DWDM technologies, which are noticeable in Russia, as well
as IP/MPLS, which are considered especially promising for a
large coverage area and a large number of people. According
to the developers’ plans, the uniformity provided by ATM,
a transport technology, can provide the following several
capabilities: these are shown in Figure 1.
• The transmission of computer and multimedia (voice,
video) traffic within a transport system is sensitive to
delays, and the quality of service for each type of traffic
corresponds to its requirements;
• Hierarchy of data transfer rates from tens of megabits
to several gigabits per second with guaranteed band-
width for mission-critical applications;
FIGURE 1 | Capabilities of proposed model.
• Common transport protocols for local and global
networks;
• Preserving the existing infrastructure of physical
channels or physical protocols: T1/E1, T3/E3, SDH
STM-n, and FDDI; and
• Communication with legacy protocols of local and
global networks: IP, systems network architecture
(SNA), Ethernet, and ISDN.
The proposed model combines the approaches of two
technologies—packet switching and circuit switching. The
former resulted in the adoption of addressable packet data
transmission, while the latter resulted in the use of smaller
fixed-size packets, resulting in more predictable network
delays. It is possible to transmit different types of traffic
in the same network by using the virtual circuit technique,
preordering the parameters of the channel’s quality of service,
and prioritizing the service of virtual circuits with different
quality of service.
Although ISDN networks were designed to carry different
types of traffic within the same network, voice traffic was
clearly a priority for developers. ATM technology has been
developed since its inception as a technology capable of
serving all types of transportation according to their needs.
Any PON has three main components:
• Station terminal optical line terminal (OLT);
• Passive optical splitter; and
• Subscriber terminals are optical network termination
(ONT) or optical network unit (ONU).
Figure 2 demonstrates the PON infrastructure. The OLT
transceiver connects the PON to external networks and
receives the stream sent to the subscribers via the cable
network. A splitter multiplies the signal by 8, 16, 32,
or 64 subscribers.
FIGURE 2 | Passive optical network.

Each branch shortens the transmission channel somewhat,
giving some signal attenuation and reducing its bandwidth.
The terminal subscriber equipment is equipped with the
interfaces required by the user, including outputs for IP
telephony, Ethernet, and Wi-Fi. A multiservice network
opens up many opportunities to build a wide variety
of redundant services on top of the global transport
environment—from pocket telephony to interactive TV
and Internet services. The new-generation network has the
following features:
• Universal nature serving various applications;
• Independence from the technologies of
communication services and flexibility in obtaining
the package, volume, and quality of services; and
• Complete transparency of relationship between service
provider and users.
Integration of heterogeneous data and speech traffic allows
us to qualitatively improve the efficiency of information
support for enterprise management; at the same time, the use
of an integrated transport environment reduces the costs of
building and operating the network. A multiservice network
uses a single channel to transmit different types of data,
minimizes the variety of equipment, uses uniform standards
and technologies, and centrally manages the communication
environment. Many service networks support services such
as telephone and fax communication, allocated digital
channels with a fixed transmission rate, packet data transfer
(FR) with required quality of service, image transfer,
video conferencing, TV, on-demand services, IP phones,
broadband Internet access, the interface of remote LANs
operating in various standards, and the creation of user-
modifiable virtual corporate networks.
Multiservice networks is a technological theory or
a new approach to understanding the current role of
telecommunications, given that computers and data take
precedence today compared to voice communication.
Built on next-generation broadband communications, this
business model enables a wide range of services and the
flexibility to build, manage, and customize them. The main
differences between such networks are as follows:
• The ability to transmit very large amounts of
information to a large number of users in real time
using the necessary synchronization and complex
connection configurations;
• Intelligence (service, call, and connection control
by user or service provider, separate billing, and
conditional access control);
• Variation of access (system of access to services
regardless of the technology used);
• The complexity of the service (the possibility of several
providers participating in the provision of the service
and dividing their responsibility and income according
to the type of activity of each).
The major issues limiting the spread of broadband access
today and the introduction of multiple service networks
require significant investments in the industry. Let’s not
forget about “theft” and IP enforcement. After all, the
fight against fraud requires a business model based on
content sales with complex management systems, access
control, and billing.
Results and discussion
The proposed multiservice model (MSM) was compared
with the existing data gathering and incident response
model (DGIRM), array signal synchronous transmission
method (ASSTM), symbol-synchronous transmission (SST),
and many-to-many data sharing (M2MDS).
Transfer rate management: PON supports speeds from
155 Mbps to 2.5 Gbps, enabling the fastest data transfer
at the moment. Protection against voltage surges: unlike
systems using twisted pair (FTTH, etc.), PON is unaffected
by outside influences and is protected against voltage surges,
pickups, and interference. The comparison of transfer rate
management is shown in Figure 3.
The density of the signal (multiplexing) allows, if
necessary, to start additional information streams on the
existing cable—for this, light waves of different lengths are
used. Therefore, the existing cable system can be used to add
services like security systems, video surveillance, security, fire
protection, etc.
Multimodal transport management: A computer can
send any type of information (data, video, and voice)
and information flows of any origin to an apartment or
office. PON uses passive tubes that do not require electrical
power or additional maintenance. The development of
capabilities, speed, and cost reduction of components allows
FIGURE 3 | Comparison of transfer rate management.

10.54646/bjcicn.2023.08 51
this technology to be considered one of the most promising
data transfer methods. The comparison of multimodal
transport management is shown in Figure 4.
Capacity management: The system can process streams
from multiple sources simultaneously without losing quality.
Multiple computers, TVs, IP phones, etc. can be connected
to one subscriber port. Subscribers are connected to the
network quickly and without communication interruptions.
The comparison of capacity management is shown in
Figure 5.
Optimum utilization management: Connecting as many
subscribers as possible to a single fiber reduces cable
usage, which can result in significant cost savings. There
is no need to house the equipment for the PON network
FIGURE 4 | Comparison of multimodal transport management.
FIGURE 5 | Comparison of capacity management.
FIGURE 6 | Comparison of optimum utilization management.
in external boxes, so the system is easily accessible for
inspection, modification, and repair during the cold season
and stored in all-weather equipment. The comparison of
optimal utilization management is shown in Figure 6.
The circle of potential users of multiservice networks
is quite extensive. These are, first of all, business centers,
companies located in the same building.
Conclusion
In general, the topology is selected from various options
and the actual conditions of the design based on the
principle of maximum convenience for subscribers. Another
existing change is GEPON technology. It can be called
very economical, but this advantage means some costs in
comparison with GPON networks.
Corporate clients have a lot of demand for telephone
connections, high-speed Internet access, audio and video
conferencing, and alarm and telemetry systems. These
are large holdings with geographically distant branches
and subdivisions, companies that use remote automated
terminals (ATMs, vending machines). These are telemedicine
systems of different levels and organizations with mobile
communications, distributed offices, switching centers, and
base stations that can be connected to a multiservice network.
In addition, our country does not have a powerful multi-
gigabit backbone infrastructure or well-developed subscriber
networks. It is necessary to completely change the business
model for operators, and a large territory and uneven
solution depending on the geography and population of a
particular region require careful selection of technologies and
their combination.

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