![Year Name of famine (if any) Mortality 1769–70 Great Bengal Famine 10 million [2] (about one third of the then population of Bengal). [3] Disputed as excessive. [ citation needed ] 1782–83 See below. 1783–84 Chalisa famine Severe famine. Large areas were depopulated. Up to 11 million people may have died during the years 1782–84.[4] 1791–92 Doji bara famine or Skull famine One of the most severe famines known. People died in such numbers that they could not be cremated or buried. It is thought that 11 million people may have died during the years 1788–94.[5] 1837–38 Agra famine of 1837–38 800,000.[6] 1860–61 Upper Doab famine of 1860–61 2 million.[6] 1865–67 Orissa famine of 1866 1 million (814,469 in Orissa, 135,676 in Bihar and 10,898 in Ganjam)[7] 1868–70 Rajputana famine of 1869 1.5 million (mostly in the princely states of Rajputana)[8] 1873–74 Bihar famine of 1873–74 An extensive relief effort was organized by the Bengal government. There were no mortalities during the famine. [9] 1876–78 Great Famine of 1876–78 (also Southern India famine of 1876–78 ) 5.5 million in British territory. [6] Mortality unknown for princely states. Total famine mortality estimates vary from 6.1 to 10.3 million. [10] 1888–89 150,000 deaths in Ganjam. Deaths were due to starvation as famine relief was not provided in time.[11] 1896–97 Indian famine of 1896–97 5 million in British territory.[6] 1899–1900 Indian famine of 1899–1900 1 million (in British territories).[6] Mortality unknown for princely states. 1905–06 235,062 in Bombay (of which 28,369 attributed to Cholera). Mortality unknown for Bundelkhand.[12] 1943–44 Bengal famine of 1943 1.5 million from starvation; 3.5 million including deaths from epidemics.[12]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/swindonpresentationdec2a-120207104307-phpapp02/85/Theories-matter-or-why-capabilities-approach-9-320.jpg)
Theories matter or why capabilities approach
- 2. Proclamation Durbar Queen Victoria, Empress of India
- 4. Robert Bulwer-Lytton Viceroy of India, 1876-1880
- 5. The Great Famine 1876-78
- 7. 6 to 10 million deaths 1876 -1878
- 9. Year Name of famine (if any) Mortality 1769–70 Great Bengal Famine 10 million [2] (about one third of the then population of Bengal). [3] Disputed as excessive. [ citation needed ] 1782–83 See below. 1783–84 Chalisa famine Severe famine. Large areas were depopulated. Up to 11 million people may have died during the years 1782–84.[4] 1791–92 Doji bara famine or Skull famine One of the most severe famines known. People died in such numbers that they could not be cremated or buried. It is thought that 11 million people may have died during the years 1788–94.[5] 1837–38 Agra famine of 1837–38 800,000.[6] 1860–61 Upper Doab famine of 1860–61 2 million.[6] 1865–67 Orissa famine of 1866 1 million (814,469 in Orissa, 135,676 in Bihar and 10,898 in Ganjam)[7] 1868–70 Rajputana famine of 1869 1.5 million (mostly in the princely states of Rajputana)[8] 1873–74 Bihar famine of 1873–74 An extensive relief effort was organized by the Bengal government. There were no mortalities during the famine. [9] 1876–78 Great Famine of 1876–78 (also Southern India famine of 1876–78 ) 5.5 million in British territory. [6] Mortality unknown for princely states. Total famine mortality estimates vary from 6.1 to 10.3 million. [10] 1888–89 150,000 deaths in Ganjam. Deaths were due to starvation as famine relief was not provided in time.[11] 1896–97 Indian famine of 1896–97 5 million in British territory.[6] 1899–1900 Indian famine of 1899–1900 1 million (in British territories).[6] Mortality unknown for princely states. 1905–06 235,062 in Bombay (of which 28,369 attributed to Cholera). Mortality unknown for Bundelkhand.[12] 1943–44 Bengal famine of 1943 1.5 million from starvation; 3.5 million including deaths from epidemics.[12]
- 10. East India Company College 1806 – 1858 Malthus, taught political economy from 1805- 1834
- 12. 6 to 10 million deaths 1876- 1878
- 13. ‘ ..a misconceived theory can kill, and the Malthusian perspective has much blood on its hands…’ A. Sen. Development as freedom.
- 14. Modern Day 1987 – Ronald Reagan makes his first public speech about AIDS after 20,000 people have died, and 100,000s are being fatally infected. In biography, Reagan suggests that it was God’s punishment for illicit sex.
- 15. Conceptual / analytical errors Moral errors
- 16. Individual level of analysis A person starves because they have no food. A lot of people starving because they have no food is a famine.
- 17. Anomalies/ black swans People starve when there is no food available People starve when there is food available People don ’t starve when there is no food available locally Differential distribution of starvation across population
- 18. Entitlement analysis Endowments Exchanges: labour for wages & wages for ‘entitlements’ Entitlement sets expand or contract based on interaction of endowments, and two exchanges
- 19. Endowments Exchange Mapping Entitlement Sets Assets X 1 + X 2 (bundles 1…n) Labour Knowledge Govt. Trans. nutritional entitlement set capability to be adequately nourished
- 20. Commodities versus capabilities Food availability thesis (how it tolerates deaths) If there is food available then famine is not possible / happening If there is no food then it is a natural cycle Food is incredibly important for individual survival and wellbeing, but measuring the agricultural output, or grains stored in silos, or amount being exported does not tell you about how well nourished individuals are. The causation and distribution of mass starvation and low-level malnutrition is explained by the determinants of entitlement sets – ‘capability sets’ (democracy imp.)
- 21. Internal endowments + external conditions capability
- 22. Example: health
- 26. Life expectancy at birth (men) Sources: WHO World Health Statistics 2007; Hanlon, Walsh & Whyte 2006; Murray et al. 2006 UK, Glasgow (Calton) 54 India 62 US, Washington D.C. (black) 63 Philippines 64 Lithuania 65 Poland 71 Mexico 72 Cuba 75 US 75 UK 77 Japan 79 US, Montgomery County (white) 80 UK, Glasgow (Lenzie N.) 82
- 27. Long-term illness by ethnic/race group
- 29. Individual level risk factors / exposures Biology, behaviours, external exposures Not adequate Supra-individual analysis Biology, behaviour, external conditions. ‘ causes’ & ‘causes of causes’ Direct pathways Psycho-social pathways (stress, social support)
- 30. Four pillars of the capabilities approach
- 31. 1. Focus on individuals Individuals are primary focus Not aggregate or average statistics Social distribution
- 32. 2. Capabilities / freedoms The practical possibility (real freedom) of being and doing something X, Y, Z. Valuable capabilities Internal factors + external physical conditions + social conditions + behaviours
- 33. 3. Impartial and subjective assessment Need to make evaluations that include both person ’s own reporting as well as external evaluation.
- 34. 4. Equity The right thing to do is not always to equalize things, even capabilities. Maximizing capabilities is also not always right. Context and process matters Causes, levels, distribution, persistence, consequences, experience, all matter.
Editor's Notes
- #11: Political economy & demography
- #13: Two schools of thought…one of human progress/ limitless improvement and moving towards utopia. Malthus was against this view. Population growth was limited by means of subsistence…wars, famines, disease…..divine laws imposed to teach virtuous behaviour. Economy.
- #18: Black swans.
- #19: This is how theories get changed. Black swans.
- #21: 1. Social causes. Shift from scientific or natural causes to social causes. Food / Income / GDP gross or average GDP does not tell us how people are doing, especially the worst off.
- #27: Post code level for: Calton (central Glasgow) LE for men 53.9 and Lenzie (affluent village 6 miles north of Glasgow) LE: 81.7 From Figure 3.36 on page 68 of Let Glasgow Flourish