Theories of communication 2
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The document discusses several theories of language development in children: - The learning perspective argues that children learn through imitation, punishment and reinforcement. B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning also suggested children learn language through reinforcement. - The nativist perspective, associated with Noam Chomsky, argues that humans have an innate language acquisition device that allows them to instinctively learn language without instruction. - Interactionists, such as Lev Vygotsky, believe that both biological and social factors influence language development. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development describes how children learn through interactions with more knowledgeable others. - Other theories discussed include Piaget's concepts of assimilation and accommodation, the theory of language codes,
Theories of communication 2
- 1. Theories of Communication By: Vina Clarisa Degoma
- 2. The Learning Perspective The Learning perspective argues that children imitate what they see and hear,and that children learn from punishment and reinforcement.
- 3. Skinner: Operant Conditioning B. F. Skinner believed that children learn language through operant conditioning; in other words, children receive "rewards" for using language in a functional manner.
- 4. For example, a child learns to say the word "drink" when she is thirsty; she receives something to drink, which reinforces her use of the word for getting a drink, and thus she will continue to do so. This follows the four-term contingency that Skinner believed was the basis of language development—motivating operations, discriminative stimuli, response, and reinforcing stimuli. Skinner also suggested that children learn language through imitation of others, prompting, and shaping.
- 5. The Nativist Perspective The nativist perspective argues that humans are biologically programmed to gain knowledge.The main theorist associated with this perspective is Noam Chomsky.
- 6. Chomsky: Language Acquisition Device Noam Chomsky's work discusses the biological basis for language and claims that children have innate abilities to learn language. Chomsky terms this innate ability the "language acquisition device. " He believes children instinctively learn language without any formal instruction.
- 7. Interactionist Theory Interactionists argue that language development is both biological and social. Interactionists argue that language learning is influenced by the desire of children to communicate with others. The main theorist associated with interactionist theory is Lev Vygotsky.
- 8. Interactionists focus on Vygotsky's model of collaborative learning Collaborative learning is the idea that conversations with older people can help children both cognitively and linguistically.
- 9. Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development Lev Vygotsky's theory of language development focused on social learning and the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD is a level of development obtained when children engage in social interactions with others; it is the distance between a child's potential to learn and the actual learning that takes place.
- 10. The following timeline gives an overview of the ages at which children generally acquire language: 4–6 months: Babbling using all sounds. 6–9 months: Babbling becomes more focused—narrowing of sounds. 10–12 months: First words develop. 18–24 months: Children begin using two-word phrases (example: "Me up" or "Get milk"). 2–3 years: Children begin using three-word phrases in correct order with inflection. 4–5 years: Children start speaking with nearly complete syntax. 5–7 years: Children begin using and understanding more complex language. 9 years and older: Children understand almost all forms of language.
- 11. Piaget: Assimilation and Accommodation Jean Piaget's theory of language development suggests that children use both assimilation and accommodation to learn language. Assimilation is the process of changing one's environment to place information into an already- existing schema (or idea). Accommodation is the process of changing one's schema to adapt to the new environment.
- 12. Theory of language code Theory shows how the language people use in everyday conversation both reflects and shapes the assumptions of a certain social group. Furthermore, relationships established within the social group affect the way that group uses language, and the type of speech that is used.
- 13. The Discourse Theory The Discourse Theory has resulted from a theory of language use. The theory emphasizes that language development should be viewed within the framework of how the learner discover the meaning capacity of language by taking part in communication.
- 14. The Speech Act Theory This theory holds that saying something is a way of doing something. In speech act theory, two kinds of meaning are seen in utterances. prepositional meaning-refers to the basic literal meaning of the utterance conveyed by the particular words or structures. illocutionary meaning -refers to the “effect” the spoken or written text has on the listener or reader. For instance the utterances including “threatening” or “apologizing” might have “presupposition” or “implicature” effects that listeners strive to figure out. language.
- 15. Thank You