Theory Generation for Security Protocols

1. Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingAssistant DirectorComputer and Information Science and Engineering DirectorateNational Science FoundationandPresident’s Professor of Computer ScienceCarnegie Mellon UniversityUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, CAFebruary 17, 2010

2. 2Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingMy Grand VisionComputational thinking will be a fundamental skill used by everyone in the world by the middle of the 21st Century.Just like reading, writing, and arithmetic.Incestuous: Computing and computers will enable the spread of computational thinking.In research: scientists, engineers, …, historians, artistsIn education: K-12 students and teachers, undergrads, …J.M. Wing, “Computational Thinking,” CACM Viewpoint, March 2006, pp. 33-35.Paper off http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~wing/

3. AbstractionsAutomationComputing is the Automation of Abstractions1. Machine2. Human3. Human + Machine4. Networks of 1, 2, or 3Computational Thinking focuses on the process of abstraction - choosing the right abstractions - operating in terms of multiple layers of abstraction simultaneously - defining the relationships the between layersguided by the following concerns…3CT & TCJeannette M. Wing

4. 4Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingAbstractionsAutomationComputing is the Automation of Abstractions1. Machine2. Human3. Human + Machine4. Networks of 1, 2, or 3Computational Thinking focuses on the process of abstraction - choosing the right abstractions - operating in terms of multiple layers of abstraction simultaneously - defining the relationships the between layersas in Mathematicsguided by the following concerns…4CT & TCJeannette M. Wing

5. 5Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingMeasures of a “Good” Abstraction in C.T.EfficiencyHow fast?How much space?How much power?CorrectnessDoes it do the right thing?Does the program compute the right answer?Does it do anything?Does the program eventually produce an answer? [Halting Problem]-ilitiesSimplicity and eleganceUsabilityModifiabilityMaintainabilityCost…as in EngineeringNEW

6. 6Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingComputational Thinking, PhilosophicallyComplements and combines mathematical and engineering thinkingC.T. draws on math as its foundationsBut we are constrained by the physics of the underlying machineC.T. draws on engineering since our systems interact with the real worldBut we can build virtual worlds unconstrained by physical realityIdeas, not artifactsIt’s not just the software and hardware that touch our daily lives, it will be the computational concepts we use to approach living.It’s for everyone, everywhere

7. 7Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingSample Classes of Computational AbstractionsAlgorithmsE.g., mergesort, binary search, string matching, clusteringData StructuresE.g., sequences, trees, graphs, networksState MachinesE.g., finite automata, Turing machinesLanguagesE.g., regular expressions, …, VDM, Z, …, ML, Haskell, …, Java, PerlLogics and semanticsE.g., Hoare triples, temporal logic, modal logics, lambda calculusHeuristicsE.g., A* (best-first graph search), cachingControl StructuresParallel/sequential composition, iteration, recursionCommunicationE.g., synchronous/asynchronous, broadcast/P2P, RPC, shared memory/message-passingArchitecturesE.g., layered, hierarchical, pipeline, blackboard, feedback loop, client-server, parallel, distributed…

8. 8Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingExamples of Computational Thinking in Other Disciplines

9. 9Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingOne Discipline, Many Computational Methods

10. 10Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingComputational Thinking in BiologyShotgun algorithm expedites sequencingof human genomeDNA sequences are strings in a languageBoolean networks approximate dynamicsof biological networksCells as a self-regulatory system are like electronic circuitsProcess calculi model interactions among moleculesStatecharts used in developmental geneticsProtein kinetics can be modeled as computational processesRobot Adam discovers role of 12 genes in yeastPageRank algorithm inspires ecological food web

11. counterexampleyesFis falsified here.Model Checking PrimerFinite State Machine model MTemporal LogicpropertyFF =AG pAF p, EG p, EF pM’s computational treeModel Checker11CT & TCJeannette M. Wing

12. 12Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingModel Checking ProblemLet M be a finite state machine.Let  be a specification in temporal logic.Find all states sofM such that: M, s Efficient algorithms: [CE81, CES86, Ku94, QS81, VW94]Efficient data structures: binary decision diagrams [Br86]

13. 13Computational ThinkingJeannette M. Wing1. Finite State Machine Mrepresents 3-residue protein1’. BDDefficiently represents MEnergy Profile for FKBP-12, Computed via MethodModel Checking in BiologyGoal: Predict Rate of Folding of Proteins2. Temporal Logic Formula  a. Will the protein end up in a particular configuration? b. Will the second residue fold before the first one? c. Will the protein fold within t ms? d. What is the probability that (c)?e. Does the state s have k folded residues and have energy c?Method easily handles proteins up to 76 residues.Model checking can explorestate spaces as large as 276  1023,14 orders of magnitude greater thancomparable techniques [LJ07].

14. 14Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingOne Computational Method,Many DisciplinesMachine Learning has transformed the field of Statistics.

15. 15Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingMachine Learning in the SciencesMedicine - Anti-inflammatory drugs - Chronic hepatitis - Mammograms - Renal and respiratory failureMeteorologyCredit: LiveScience- Tornado formationNeurosciences- fMRI data analysis to understand language via machine learningAstronomy- Brown dwarfs and fossil galaxies discovery via machine learning, data mining, data federation- Very large multi-dimensional datasets analysis using KD-treesCredit: SDSSCredit: Eric Nguyen, Oklahoma University

16. 16Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingMachine Learning EverywhereSupermarketsCredit CardsWall StreetEntertainment:Shopping, Music, TravelCredit: WikipediaSportsCredit: Wikipedia

17. 17Computational ThinkingJeannette M. Wing

18. ?18CT & TCJeannette M. Wing

19. 19CT & TCJeannette M. Wing

20. 20Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingQuestion (Kearns): Can a Set of Weak Learners Create a Single Strong One?Answer: Yes, by Boosting Algorithms (e.g., [FS99])

28. 28Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingComputational Thinking in the Sciences and Beyond

29. 29Computational ThinkingJeannette M. Wing- Atomistic calculations are used to explore chemical phenomena Optimization and searching algorithms identify best chemicals for improving reaction conditions to improve yieldsChemistryPhysics[York, Minnesota]- Adiabatic quantum computing: How quickly is convergence?- Genetic algorithms discover laws of physics.CT in Other SciencesCredit: NASAGeosciencesCredit: Oxford University- Abstractions for Sky, Sea, Ice, Land, Life, People, etc. - Hierarchical, composable , modular, traceability, allowing multiple projections along any dimension, data element, or query - Well-defined interfaces

30. 30Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingMathematics - Discovering E8 Lie Group: 18 mathematicians, 4 years and 77 hours of supercomputer time (200 billion numbers). Profound implications for physics (string theory) - Four-color theorem proofCredit: WikipediaCredit: WikipediaEngineering (electrical, civil, mechanical, aero & astro,…)Credit: Boeing- Calculating higher order terms implies more precision, which implies reducing weight, waste, costs in fabrication- Boeing 777 tested via computer simulation alone, not in a wind tunnelCT in Math and Engineering

31. 31Computational ThinkingJeannette M. Wing - Inventions discovered through automated search are patentable -Stanford CL approaches include AI, temporal logic, state machines, process algebras, Petri nets - POIROT Project on fraud investigation is creating a detailed ontology of European law - Sherlock Project on crime scene investigationLawCT for SocietyEconomics- Automated mechanism design underlies electronic commerce, e.g., ad placement, on-line auctions, kidney exchange - Internet marketplace requires revisiting Nash equilibria model - Use intractability for voting schemes to circumvent impossibility resultsHumanities- Digging into Data Challenge: What could you do with a million books? Nat’l Endowment for the Humanities (US), JISC (UK), SSHRC (Canada)- Music, English, Art, Design, Photography, …

32. 32Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingEducational Implications

33. 33Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingPre-K to GreyK-6, 7-9, 10-12Undergraduate coursesFreshmen year“Ways to Think Like a Computer Scientist” aka Principles of ComputingUpper-level coursesGraduate-level coursesComputational arts and sciencesE.g., entertainment technology, computational linguistics, …, computational finance, …, computational biology, computational astrophysicsPost-graduateExecutive and continuing education, senior citizensTeachers, not just students

34. 34Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingEducation Implications for K-12Question and Challenge for the Computing Community:What is an effective way of learning (teaching) computational thinking by (to) K-12? - What concepts can students (educators) best learn (teach) when? What is our analogy to numbers in K, algebra in 7, and calculus in 12? - We uniquely also should ask how best to integrate The Computer with teaching the concepts.Computer scientists are now working with educators and cognitive learning scientists toaddress these questions.

35. 35Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingComputational Thinking in Daily Life

36. 36Computational ThinkingJeannette M. Wingstraws,stirrers,milk coffee soda cupssugar,creamerslidsnapkinsGetting Morning Coffee at the Cafeteria

37. 37Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingGetting Morning Coffee at the Cafeteriastraws,stirrers,milk coffee soda cupssugar,creamerslidsnapkinsEspecially Inefficient With Two or More Persons…

38. 38Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingBetter: Think Computationally—Pipelining!straws,stirrers,milk coffee soda cupssugar,creamerslidsnapkins

39. Computational Thinking at NSF

40. 40Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingCDI: Cyber-Enabled Discovery and InnovationParadigm shiftNot just computing’s metal tools (transistors and wires) but also our mental tools (abstractions and methods)It’s about partnerships and transformative research.To innovate in/innovatively use computational thinking; andTo advance more than one science/engineering discipline.Investments by all directorates and officesFY08: $48M, 1800 Letters of Intent, 1300 Preliminary Proposals, 200 Full Proposals, 36 AwardsFY09: $63M+, 830 Prelimary Proposals, 283 Full Proposals, 53+ AwardsComputational Thinking for Science and Engineering

41. 41Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingRange of Disciplines in CDI AwardsAerospace engineeringAstrophysics and cosmologyAtmospheric sciencesBiochemistryBiomaterialsBiophysicsChemical engineeringCivil engineeringCommunications science and engineeringComputer scienceCosmologyEcosystemsGenomicsGeosciencesLinguisticsMaterials engineeringMathematicsMechanical engineeringMolecular biologyNanocomputingNeuroscienceProteomicsRoboticsSocial sciencesStatisticsStatistical physicsSustainability…… advances via Computational Thinking

42. 42Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingRange of Societal Issues AddressedCancer therapyClimate changeEnvironmentSustainabilityVisually impairedWater

43. ACM-EdCRA-ECSTANSFCollege BoardRebootingNational AcademiesworkshopsK-12CPATHBPCAPC.T. in Education: National EffortsComputingCommunityComputational ThinkingCSTB “CT for Everyone” Steering Committee Marcia Linn, Berkeley

44. Al Aho, Columbia

45. Brian Blake, Georgetown

46. Bob Constable, Cornell

47. Yasmin Kafai, U Penn

48. Janet Kolodner, Georgia Tech

49. Larry Snyder, U Washington

50. Uri Wilensky, Northwestern43CT & TCJeannette M. Wing

51. 44Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingComputational Thinking, InternationalUK Research Assessment (2009) The Computer Science and Informatics panel said “Computational thinking is influencing all disciplines….”

52. 45Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingSpread the WordHelp make computational thinking commonplace!To fellow faculty, students, researchers, administrators, teachers, parents, principals, guidance counselors, school boards, teachers’ unions,congressmen, policy makers, …

53. Thank you!

54. 47Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingReferences (Representative Only)Computational ThinkingUniversity of Edinburgh, http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/research/programmes/comp-think/[Wing06] J.M. Wing, “Computational Thinking,” CACM Viewpoint, March 2006, pp. 33-35, http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~wing/ Model Checking, Temporal Logic, Binary Decisions Diagrams[Br86] Randal Bryant, “Graph-Based Algorithms for Boolean Function Manipulation,” IEEE Trans. Computers, 35(8): 677-691 (1986).[CE81] E. M. Clarke and E. A. Emerson, “The Design and Synthesis of Synchronization Skeletons Using Temporal Logic,” Proceedings of the Workshop on Logics of Programs, IBM Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science, #131, pp. 52–71, May 1981.[CES86] E. M. Clarke, E. A. Emerson, and A. P. Sistla, “Automatic Verification of Finite State Concurrent Systems Using Temporal Logic Specifications,” ACM Trans. Prog. Lang. and Sys., (8)2, pp. 244-263, 1986.[CGP99]Edmund M. Clarke, Jr., Orna Grumberg and Doron A. Peled, Model Checking, MIT Press, 1999, ISBN 0-262-03270-8. [Ku94] Robert P. Kurshan, Computer Aided Verification of Coordinating Processes: An Automata-theoretic Approach, Princeton Univ. Press, 1994.[Pn77] Amir Pnueli, “The Temporal Logic of Programs,” Foundations of Computer Science, FOCS, pp. 46-57, 1977.[QS82] Jean-Pierre Queille, Joseph Sifakis, “Specification and verification of concurrent systems in CESAR,” Symposium on Programming, Springer LNCS #137 1982: 337-351.[VW86] Moshe Y. Vardi and Pierre Wolper, “An Automata-Theoretic Approach to Automatic Program Verification (Preliminary Report),” Logic in Computer Science, LICS 1986: 332-344.Computational Thinking and BiologyAllessina and Pascual, “Googling Food Webs: Can an Eigenvector Measure Species' Importance for Coextinctions?”, PLoS Computational Biology, 5(9), September 4, 2009. http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000494Executable Cell Biology, Jasmin Fisher and Thomas A Henzinger, Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 25, No. 11, November 2007. (See paper for many other excellent references.)[LJ07] Predicting Protein Folding Kinetics via Temporal Logic Model Checking, Christopher Langmead and Sumit Jha, WABI, 2007. Systems Biology Group, Ziv Bar-Joseph, Carnegie Mellon University, http://www.sb.cs.cmu.edu/pages/publications.html

55. 48Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingReferences (Representative Only)Machine Learning and ApplicationsChristopher Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer, 2006.[FS99] Yoav Freund and Robert E. Schapire, “A short introduction to boosting.” Journal of Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence, 14(5):771-780, September, 1999. Tom Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw Hill, 1997Symbolic Aggregate Approximation, Eamonn Keogh, UC Riverside, http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~eamonn/SAX.htm (applications in Medical, Meteorological and many other domains)The Auton Lab, Artur Dubrawski, Jeff Schneider, Andrew Moore, Carnegie Mellon, http://www.autonlab.org/autonweb/2.html (applications in Astronomy, Finance, Forensics, Medical and many other domains)Computational Thinking and AstronomyJ. Gray, A.S. Szalay, A. Thakar, P. Kunszt, C. Stoughton, D. Slutz, J. vandenBerg, “Data Mining the SDSS SkyServer Database,” in Distributed Data & Structures 4: Records of the 4th International Meeting, W. Litwin, G. Levy (eds), Paris France March 2002, Carleton Scientific 2003, ISBN 1-894145-13-5, pp 189-210. Sloan Digital Sky Survey @Johns Hopkins University, http://www.sdss.jhu.edu/Computational Thinking and Chemistry[Ma07] Paul Madden, Computation and Computational Thinking in Chemistry, February 28, 2007 talk off http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/research/programmes/comp-think/previous.htmlComputational Thinking and EconomicsAbraham, D., Blum, A. and Sandholm, T., “Clearing algorithms for barter exchange markets: enabling nationwide kidney exchanges,“ Proc. 8th ACM Conf. on Electronic Commerce, pp. 295–304. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery, 2007.Conitzer, V., Sandholm, T., and Lang, J., When Are Elections with Few Candidates Hard to Manipulate? Journal of the ACM, 54(3), June 2007. Conitzer, V. and Sandholm, T., Universal Voting Protocol Tweaks to Make Manipulation Hard. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), 2003.Michael Kearns, Computational Game Theory, Economics, and Multi-Agent Systems, University of Pennsylvania, http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~mkearns/#gamepapersAlgorithmic Game Theory, edited by Noam Nisan, Tim Roughgarden, Eva Tardos, and Vijay V. Vazirani,September 2007, http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521872829David Pennock, Yahoo! Research, Algorithmic Economics, http://research.yahoo.com/ksc/Algorithmic_Economics

56. 49Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingReferences (Representative Only)Computational Thinking and LawThe Poirot Project, http://www.ffpoirot.org/Robert Plotkin, Esq., The Genie in the Machine: How Computer-Automated Inventing is Revolutionizing Law and Business, forthcoming from Stanford University Press, April 2009, Available from www.geniemachine.comBurkhard Schafer, Computational Legal Theory, http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/staff/burkhardschafer_69.aspxStanford Computational Law, http://complaw.stanford.edu/Computational Thinking and MedicineThe Diamond Project, Intel Research Pittsburgh, http://techresearch.intel.com/articles/Tera-Scale/1496.htmInstitute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, http://www.icm.jhu.edu/See also Symbolic Aggregate Approximation, Eamonn Keogh, UC Riverside, http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~eamonn/SAX.htmComputational Thinking and MeteorologyYubin Yang, Hui Lin, Zhongyang Guo, Jixi Jiang, “A data mining approach for heavy rainfall forecasting based on satellite image sequence analysisSource,” Computers and Geosciences, Volume 33 , Issue 1, January 2007,pp. 20-30, ISSN:0098-3004.See also Symbolic Aggregate Approximation, Eamonn Keogh, UC Riverside, http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~eamonn/SAX.htmComputational Thinking (especially Machine Learning) and NeuroscienceYong Fan, Dinggang Shen, Davatzikos, C., “Detecting Cognitive States from fMRI Images by Machine Learning and Multivariate Classification,” Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop, 2006. CVPRW '06, June 2006, p. 89.T.M. Mitchell, R. Hutchinson, R.S. Niculescu, F.Pereira, X. Wang, M. Just, and S. Newman, "Learning to Decode Cognitive States from Brain Images,"Machine Learning, Vol. 57, Issue 1-2, pp. 145-175. October 2004. X. Wang, R. Hutchinson, and T. M. Mitchell, "Training fMRI Classifiers to Detect Cognitive States across Multiple Human Subjects ," Neural Information Processing Systems 2003. December 2003. T. Mitchell, R. Hutchinson, M. Just, R.S. Niculescu, F. Pereira, X. Wang, "Classifying Instantaneous Cognitive States from fMRI Data," American Medical Informatics Association Symposium, October 2003.Dmitri Samaras, Image Analysis Lab, http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~ial/brain.htmlSingh, Vishwajeet and Miyapuram, K. P. and Bapi, Raju S., “Detection of Cognitive States from fMRI data using Machine Learning Techniques,” IJCAI, 2007.Computational Thinking and SportsSynergy Sports analyzes NBA videos, http://broadcastengineering.com/news/video-data-dissect-basketball-0608/Lance Armstrong’s cycling computer tracks man and machine statistics, website

57. 50Computational ThinkingJeannette M. WingCreditsCopyrighted material used under Fair Use. If you are the copyright holder and believe your material has been used unfairly, or if you have any suggestions, feedback, or support, please contact: kgeary@nsf.gov

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